Dr. Jitendra Sinha

1. 1
Water lifts and Pumps
Speaker
Dr. Jitendra Sinha, Associate Professor
Department of Soil and Water Engineering,
SVCAETRS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur
jsvenusmars@gmail.com, 7000633581

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

6. Hydraulic Ram
• The hydraulic ram is a device to raise a part of a
large amount of water available at some height to a
greater height.
• It is specially suitable in hilly areas where there is
considerable slope in rivers and streams, which
could be harnessed to operate the ram.
• In its simplest form, the ram consists of an inclined
supply pipe terminating in a valve box.
• The valve box is fitted with a waste valve opening
inwards and a discharge valve opening outwards
,delivering water under pressure into an air vessel
from which it is delivered .
• Steady stream through the discharge pipe goes to
the discharge point at a higher level than the level
of the supply channel. 6

7. Principles of operation:
• In principle, the hydraulic ram is an impulse pump. The impulse is
developed at the expense of the dynamic inertia possessed by a moving
column of water.
• Water flows from the supply source through the supply pipe to the
waste valve. The waste valve being opened, water is free to escape and
the flow is set up along the supply pipe.
• The velocity of flow is increased under the influence of the supply head
until the dynamic pressure on the side of the valve becomes sufficiently
great to overcome its weight.
• The valve now closes rapidly and the supply column suffers consequent
retardation which gives rise to a rapid increase of pressure in the valve
box until this pressure becomes sufficiently great to open the delivery
valve. Water then escapes through this valve into the air vessel,
compresses the air and flows out through the discharge pipe.
7

8. • As soon as the momentum of the supply column is destroyed the
delivery valve closes and a backward motion of water is
instituted. This motion, once set up, can only be checked by a
reduction of pressure in the valve box below that corresponding
to the static head and consequently the pressure in the valve box
is reduced rapidly until at some instant the waste valve reopens,
and the whole cycle of operations is repeated.
• In order to develop maximum impulse, the supply pipe should be
as long as possible. Installation of a ram close to the source of
supply will reduce the impulse and consequently the delivery
head.
• Advantage is taken of the reduction of pressure to keep the air
vessel charged. By the introduction of a shifting valve, air is drawn
through this valve into the valve box, when the pressure falls
below that of atmosphere. The whole cycle, which may only take
a fraction of a second to complete, may be divided into four
periods, during which the waste valve is respectively opening,
wide open, closing and closed.
8

9. Body
Waste valve
Delivery valve
Delivery pipe stub
Drive pipe stub
Air vessel
Snifter hole
MAJOR PARTS OF A TYPICAL
HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP
Ram pumps have only two
moving parts: the delivery
valve and the waste or
impulse valve.

10. Operational Cycle
Of A Ram Pump
Delivery
valve closed
Waste valve
open
Water enters the
RAM through the
drive pipe
Most of this
water exits
through the open
waste valve

11. Waste valve
closes
Operational Cycle
Of A Ram Pump
Delivery valve
opens
Water enters
air chamber,
compresses
air inside
Pressurized water
exerts downward force
on delivery valve
making it close
Water goes out
and up the
delivery pipe
Pressure inside the
pump builds up
Water pressure
builds up under the
delivery valve
Pressure under the waste
valve begins to decrease
Waste valve
opens to
begin a new
cycle

12. • Efficiency: The efficiency of the ram may be considered
from two points of view. If q is the volume of water
delivered by the ram, and Q that is escaping through the
waste valve, H being the effective supply head and hd the
effective delivery head measured from the level of the
waste valve and including the friction in the delivery pipe
line, the total input of energy to the ram is (Q +q)H and the
total output is qhd, known as D'Aubuission's efficiency
ratio,
• then gives the efficiency of the ram as a machine.
𝑞ℎ 𝑑
𝑄 + 𝑞 𝐻
• The main advantage of the hydraulic ram is that once
installed, it needs hardly any running cost. The machine
can work continuously for all the 24 hours and provide
regular water supply.
12

13. The President’s Message: Independence
• Cut down energy losses
• Utilize technologies to provide a
diverse supply of environmentally
friendly energy
• “We must achieve Energy
Independence by 2030”, including
a cut down in ALL sectors
• Increase the power generated
through renewable energy
sources from 5% to 25%
• This is the nation’s “first and
highest priority”
President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
(Rocket Scientist)

14. President’s Solar Message
• Kalam pushes solar as a key
part of the 2030 energy
independence plan
• Agricultural sector - both for
powering farms and for
desalination plants to bring in
fresh water
• Nanotechnology research --
something that India has
already embraced -- to a drive
to improve solar efficiencies.

15. Brief Overview of Solar PV Technology
• Solar cells are made of silicon (microelectronics/semiconductors)
• Treated to be positive on one side and negative on the other.
• When light energy hits the cell, electrons are knocked loose from the
atoms in the semiconductor material.
• If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides,
forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of
an electric current.

17. What is a solar cell?
• Solid state device that converts incident solar
energy directly into electrical energy
• Efficiencies from a few percent up to 20-30%
• No moving parts
• No noise
• Lifetimes of 20-30 years or more

18. Cross Section of Solar Cell

19. How Does It Work?
• The junction of dissimilar materials (n and p type
silicon) creates a voltage
• Energy from sunlight knocks out electrons, creating a
electron and a hole in the junction
• Connecting both sides to an external circuit causes
current to flow
• In essence, sunlight on a solar cell creates a small
battery with voltages typically 0.5 v. DC

20. Combining Solar Cells
• Solar cells can be electrically connected in
series (voltages add) or in parallel (currents
add) to give any desired voltage and current
(or power) output since P = I x V
• Photovoltaic cells are typically sold in modules
(or panels) of 12 volts with power outputs of
50 to 100+ watts. These are then combined
into arrays to give the desired power or watts.

21. Cells, Modules, Arrays

22. Rest of System Components
While a major component and cost of a PV system is
the array, several other components are typically
needed. These include:
• The inverter – DC to AC electricity
• DC and AC safety switches
• Batteries (optional depending on design)
• Monitor – (optional but a good idea)
• Ordinary electrical meters work as net meters

23. n-type
semiconductor
p-type
semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Physics of Photovoltaic Generation
Depletion Zone

24. Photovoltaic System
Typical output of a module (~30 cells) is ≈ 15 V, with 1.5 A current

25. Environmental Aspects
 Exhaustion of raw materials
 CO2 emission during fabrication process
 Acidification
 Disposal problems of hazardous semiconductor material
In spite of all these environmental concerns,
Solar Photovoltaic is one of the cleanest form of energy

26. Payback Time
• Energy Payback Time:
EPBT is the time necessary for a photovoltaic panel to
generate the energy equivalent to that used to
produce it.
A ratio of total energy used to manufacture a PV
module to average daily energy of a PV system.
• At present the Energy payback time for PV systems is
in the range
8 to 11 years, compared with typical system lifetimes
of around 30 years. About 60% of the embodied
energy is due to the silicon wafers.

27. PV’nomics ….
 Module costs typically represents only 40-60% of
total PV system cost and the rest is accounted by
inverter, PV array support, electrical cabling and
installation
 Most PV solar technologies rely on
semiconductor-grade crystalline-silicon wafers,
which are expensive to produce compared with
other energy sources
 The high initial cost of the equipment they
require discourages their large-scale
commercialization

28. ‘ The basic commercialization problem PV
technology has faced for 20 years : markets will
explode when module costs decline, but module
costs can't decline much, until the market grows
much larger ‘
-PV Insider's Report

29. The Other Side
• Use newer and cheaper materials like amorphous
silicon , CuInSe2 , CdTe.
• Thin-film solar cells use less than 1% of the raw
material (silicon) compared to wafer based solar cells,
leading to a significant price drop per kWh.
• Incentives may bring down the cost of solar energy
down to 10-12 cents per kilowatt hour - which can
imply a payback of 5 to 7 years.

30. However ….
• If a location is not currently connected to the “grid”, it is less
expensive to install PV panels than to either extend the grid or set
up small-scale electricity production .
• PV : Best suited for remote site applications having moderate/small
power requirements consuming applications even where the grid is
in existence.
• Isolated mountaintops and other rural areas are ideal for stand-
alone PV systems where maintenance and power accessibility
makes PV the ideal technology.

31. Applications @ PV
• Water Pumping: PV powered pumping systems are excellent
,simple ,reliable – life 20 yrs
• Commercial Lighting: PV powered lighting systems are reliable
and low cost alternative. Security, billboard sign, area, and outdoor
lighting are all viable applications for PV
• Consumer electronics: Solar powered watches, calculators, and
cameras are all everyday applications for PV technologies.
• Telecommunications
• Residential Power: A residence located more than a mile from the
electric grid can install a PV system more inexpensively than
extending the electric grid
(Over 500,000 homes worldwide use PV power as their only source
of electricity)

32. “ By the year 2030, India should achieve
Energy Independence through solar power
and other forms of renewable energy ”
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
President of India
Independence Day Speech, 2005

33. ‘ Can technological developments and the
transition to a culture that is more aware
of the need to safeguard the environment
help create a world powered by the Sun’s
Energy ? ‘

34. 34

35. LARGE TURBINES:
• Able to deliver electricity at lower cost
than smaller turbines, because foundation
costs, planning costs, etc. are independent
of size.
• Well-suited for offshore wind plants.
• In areas where it is difficult to find sites,
one large turbine on a tall tower uses the
wind extremely efficiently.

36. SMALL TURBINES:
 Local electrical grids may not be able to handle the large electrical
output from a large turbine, so smaller turbines may be more
suitable.
 High costs for foundations for large turbines may not be
economical in some areas.
 Landscape considerations

37. Wind Turbines: Number of Blades
 Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the
stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three
blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic
properties of the machine.
 A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine
with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade
bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost
blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

38. • Wind power generators
convert wind energy
(mechanical energy) to
electrical energy.
• The generator is attached
at one end to the wind
turbine, which provides
the mechanical energy.
• At the other end, the
generator is connected to
the electrical grid.
• The generator needs to
have a cooling system to
make sure there is no
overheating.

43. 43
Biogas Engine Powered Pumping Plants
• The potential of biomass as an energy source is being increasingly realised.
Biomass constitutes a significant, clean and renewable energy source. The
biomass in the biological system may be classified in two broad categories:
terrestrial biomass (organic residues and higher plants) and aquatic biomass
(fresh-water aquatic plants, seaweeds, micro-algae and floating marine plants).
• Biogas is a mixture of gases containing methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and
traces of a few other gases produced by the anaerobic fermentation of easily
decomposable cellulosic materials. Animal manure (cattle dung) and municipal
sewage have been the main materials used for producing biogas.
• The process has the advantage that animal and human waste can be used to
generate energy while, at the same time, retaining their nutrient value for use
as organic fertilizer. The production of methane gas from crop residues and
aquatic plants like water hyacinth have also been attempted with considerable
success.
Operation of biogas plants: To operate the biogas plant, a mixture of cattle dung
or other animal excreta and water, in the ratio 1:1 is added as slurry to fill the
digester. In a new plant, the production of gas may start in 5 to 10 days in summer,
and 15 to 20 days in winter When fresh dung is added into the digester, the
digested slurry overflows into a collection pit.

44. 44
Biogas plants: Biogas plants may be classified into two, namely drum type and
drumless type. The conventional biogas plant, originally developed at the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi in 1935, is the drum type. It consists of
a masonry digester (fermentation tank), with an inlet pipe on one side for feeding
cattle dung mixed with water into the plant an outlet pipe on the other side for
discharging the spent slurry. The gas collects in a gas holder or drum made of
mild steel. The gas holder is inverted over the slurry and moves up and down
with the accumulation and discharge of gas.
Biogas engine pumping set: Ordinary (petrol/ gasoline) engines can be adapted
to run on biogas. In case of compression-ignition engines (diesel) adapted to run
on biogas, a small part of the fuel continues to be diesel. A popular commercial
make of biogas-run internal combustion engine working on the diesel cycle is
designed to use about 80 per cent biogas and 20 per cent diesel oil. Minor
modifications are made in the combustion chamber of the conventional diesel
engine to adapt it for use with biogas. The engine is started on diesel oil and after
warming, is made to run on the biogas-diesel mixture for continued operation.
The gas consumption of biogas engines is about 450 litres (0.45 m) per brake
horse power per hour of operation.

45. 45

46. 46

47. 47

48. 48

49. Types of Pumps
• Dynamic Pumps
– Centrifugal
– Special effect pumps
• Displacement Pumps
– Rotary
– Reciprocating

50. Order of Preference
• Centrifugal
• Rotary
• Reciprocating

51. Pumps Used in Building Services
• Sump Pumps
– Monobloc
• Bore well Pumps
– Submersible Pumps
– Jet Pumps

52. Centrifugal Pumps
• Very simple design
• Two main parts are the impeller and the
diffuser
• Impellers
– Bronze
– poly carbonate
– cast iron
• stainless steel

53. Pressure developed by the Pump
• depends upon
– Impeller dia
– No.of impellers
– size of the impeller eye
– shaft speed

54. Size of the pump
• Depends on
– Head
– Capacity

55. Advantages of centrifugal Pump
• Very efficient
• Produce smooth and even flow
• Reliable with good service life

56. Disadvantages
• Loss of priming easily
• Efficiency depends upon operating
design head & speed.

57. • Centrifugal pump closely coupled with motor
• Does not require long drive shaft
• Motor operates at a cooler temperature.
• Noiseless operation.
• High efficiency
• Smooth and even flow
• In case of repair full pump to be removed.
Submersible Pumps

58. Jet Pumps
• Combination of a surface centrifugal
pump, nozzle and venturi arrangement.
• Used in small dia bore wells.
• Simple design
• Low purchase and maintenance cost.
• Easy accessibility to all moving parts.
• Low efficiency.

59. PUMP TERMINOLOGY
• Pumping, the addition of energy to a fluid
• Pumping action creates a partial vacuum while atmospheric
pressure forces liquid up.
• Pump performance, specified in terms of Q and H:
)()
22
()(/
22
,,
sd
sdgsgd
ZZ
g
V
g
VPP
tQH 




60. • Displacement, the discharge of a fluid from a vessel
• Centrifugal Force, used to produce kinetic energy

61. PISTON PUMPS
PLUNGER PUMPS
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
RECIPROCATING PUMPS
GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
PUMPS

62. RECIPROCATING PUMPS
• Based on two stroke principles:
√ High pressure, high efficiency
√ Self-priming
X Small quantity, vibration, physical dimension, uneven flow
• Used mainly for handling slurries in plant processes and pipeline
applications

63. PISTON PUMPS
PLUNGER PUMPS
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
RECIPROCATING PUMPS
• Two valves and one stuffing box
• A rotating mechanism for the reciprocating
piston
• Uses suction to raise liquid into the
chamber.

64. • Two ball check valves on each side
• Low pressure on the upward part, high
pressure on the downward part
PISTON PUMPS
PLUNGER PUMPS
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
RECIPROCATING PUMPS

65. • Rod is moved to push and pull the
diaphragm.
• Can be used to make artificial hearts.
PISTON PUMPS
PLUNGER PUMPS
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
RECIPROCATING PUMPS

66. ROTARY PUMPS
• Positive displacement type
CHigh pressure, high efficiency
DLiquids must be free of solids
CHandle viscous fluids
• Used mainly in, oil burners, soaps and cosmetics,
sugars, syrup, and molasses, dyes, ink, bleaches,
vegetable and mineral oils

67. GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS
• Gears create voids as they come out of mesh
and liquid flows into the cavities
• As the gears come back into mesh, the
volume is reduced and the liquid is forced
out of the discharge port

68. GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS
• As the teeth come out of mesh, liquid
flows into the pump and is carried
between the teeth and the casing to
the discharge side of the pump
• The teeth come back into mesh and
the liquid is forced out the discharge
port

69. • Fluid is carried between the rotor
teeth and the pumping chamber
• The rotor surfaces create continuous
sealing
• Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and
multi-lobe configurations
GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS

70. • Screw pumps carry fluid in the spaces
between the screw threads.
• The fluid is displaced axially as the screws
mesh.
GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS

71. • Piston slide arm moves around inside
a slot in the casing.
• An eccentric cam rotates the circular
plunger (shown in gray) around the
edge of the casing, fluid is swirled
around the edge to the outlet port.
• It is not in use now and is mainly of
historical curiosity.
GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS

72. GEAR PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
SCREW PUMPS
CAM PUMPS
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS
• The vanes are in slots in the rotor.
• Rotor spins, centrifugal force pushes the vanes
out to touch the casing, where they trap and
propel fluid.

73.  VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
The distinguishing feature of variable displacement pumps is the
inverse relationship between the discharge rate and the pressure
head. As the pumping head increases, the rate of pumping
decreases. Unlike positive displacement pumps, variable
displacement pumps require the greatest input of power at a low
head because of the increase in discharge as the pumping head is
reduced.
Variable displacement pumps of the impeller type, including
centrifugal, mixed flow and propeller pumps are predominantly
used in irrigation pumping. They use a rotating impeller to pump
water. In general, they range from pumps with small discharges and
high heads to large discharges with low heads
73

74. Specific Speed of Pumps
Specific speed is often used as an index to the operating characteristics of pumps.
It expresses the relationship between speed, discharge and head. The index
originally developed for FPS units, is the speed in revolutions per minute at which
a theoretically and geometrically similar pump would run if proportioned to
deliver one gallon per minute against one foot total head at its best efficiency.
In metric units, specific speed may be defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump when delivering one cubic metre/second of
water against a total head of one metre (Church and Jagdish Lal, 1973).
Expressed mathematically,
𝑛 𝑠 =
𝑛𝑄1/2
𝐻3/4
in which, ns = specific speed (rpm)
n = pump speed (rpm)
Q = pump discharge ( 𝑚3 /sec)
H = total head (m)
74

75. Example 3.3. A centrifugal pump at its best point of efficiency
discharges 0.03 cubic metres of water per second against a total
head of 40 m when the speed is 1450 rpm. Compute the specific
speed of the pump
Solution:
Specific speed 𝑛 𝑠 =
𝑛𝑄1/2
𝐻3/4
=
1450×(0.03)3/4
401/2 = 15.9 rpm
75

76. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?
• WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• ADVANTEGAES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS

77. 77

78. WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?
• Convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy by centrifugal force on the liquid
• Constitute the most common type of pumping
machinery
• Used to move liquids through a piping system
• Has two main components:
1. Stationary componets, casing, casing cover
and bearings
2. Rotating components, impeller and shaft
• Classified into three categories ; Radial Flow,
Mixed Flow, Axial Flow

79. WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
• Simplest piece of equipment in any
process plant
• Energy changes occur by virtue of
impeller and volute
• Liquid is fed into the pump at the
center of a rotating impeller and
thrown outward by centrifugal force
• The conversion of kinetic energy into
pressure energy supplies the
pressure difference between the
suction side and delivery side of the
pump Liquid flow path inside a
centrifugal pump

80. ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL PUMPS
Advantages
• Simple in construction and cheap
• Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
• No metal to metal fits
• No valves involved in pump operation
• Maintenance costs are lower

81. DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Disadvantages
• Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently
• Cannot be operated at high heads
• Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of conditions

82. PUMP SELECTION
The amount of fluid
The properties of the fluid
Type of power supply
Cost and mechanical efficiency of the pump

83. CAPACITY
LOW HIGH
GEAR LOBE CENTRIFUGAL
PRESSURE
SMALL OR
MODERATE
MODERATEOR
HIGH
ROTARY
PLUNGER
or
ROTARY PISTON
RECIPROCATING or
RIGID SCREW
HIGHER

84. REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
2. www.cheresources.com
3. www.pumpworld.com/contents.htm
4. www.rpi.edu./dept/chem-eng/ Biotech-
Environ/PUMPS/intro.html
5. Irrigation: Theory and Practice, AM Michael

85. Be Indian
Buy Indian

86. 86
?
THANK YOU