Hydro Energy Technology

Presentation
on
Hydro Energy Technology
Ajay Bhatnagar, POWERGRID (POSOCO), New Delhi
Mobile: 9910952459

OVERVIEW
• Advantages & other benefits of Hydro Power.
• Hydro Scenario.
• Hydro initiative.
• Terminology, used in Hydro Power stations.
• Brief about Hydro Turbines.
• Hydro Generating Power stations in Northern Region.
• Transmission line net work of Power Stations
(NHPC).
• FAQs.

Advantages of Hydro Power
• A renewable source of energy - saves scarce fuel reserves.
• Non-polluting and hence environment friendly.
• Long life - The first hydro project completed in 1897 is still in operation at
Darjeeling is still in operation.
• Cost of generation, operation and maintenance is lower than the other
sources of energy.
• Ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load acceptance/rejection
makes it suitable to meet peak demand and for enhancing system reliability
and stability.
• Has higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (around
50%).
• Cost of generation is free from inflationary effects after the initial installation.
• Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of irrigation,
flood control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation, tourism,
pisciculture etc.
• Being located in remote regions leads to development of interior/ backward
areas in the field of Education, Medical, Road, Communication,
telecommunication etc.

Other benefits of hydropower projects
Hydropower is a renewable, economic, non polluting and environment friendly source of energy. It
saves fossil fuel resources of the country, which are non renewable. The Hydropower projects have
following advantages over other sources of power generation, as discussed below:
a) Technical Benefits
Hydropower projects have much longer life and provide cheaper electricity as there is no fuel cost &
recurring cost, involved in generation and O&M is also lower than other sources of energy.
b) Environmental Benefits
· Uses renewable and pollution free source i.e water
· Increase in Agriculture Productivity and development of irrigation and multipurpose
schemes, having generation of electricity as one of the objectives.
· Avoid Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from equivalent thermal and other fuel based
power projects.
· Involve large scale afforestation activities under various schemes like Compensatory
Afforestation, Catchment Area Treatment, Green Belt Development, Voluntary Afforestation etc.
which ultimately improve the environmental quality of the project area.
· Flood Mitigation through large storage dams.
· Source of Drinking Water.
c) Social Benefits
Hydro projects are a boon to the society and the population in and around the projects. With
enhanced employment opportunities, increased earnings, enriched life style and improved standard
of living, the people in these localities experience an economic and social upliftment. Reservoir area
is an ideal place for recreation and source of eco-tourism promotion in the area. The reservoirs are
also used for promoting Pisciculture. There are other direct benefits accruing from hydro projects and
dams such as increased water for improved irrigation, and drinking water to villages and people living
in and around the project area.

Hydro Scenario
• India has extremely high level of Hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of
global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India has Hydro-power potential
of 148700 MW . The basin wise Hydro-power potential is as under :-
• Basin/Rivers Probable Installed Capacity (MW)
• Indus Basin 33,831
• Ganga Basin 20,711
Central Indian River system 4,152
Western Flowing Rivers of southern India 9,430
• Eastern Flowing Rivers of southern India 14,511
Brahmaputra Basin 66,065
Total 1,48,700
In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with
probable installed capacity of 94 000 MW.
In addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been
estimated as 6 782 MW from 1 512 sites.
Thus, India, in total, has a Hydro-potential of about 2 50 000 MW. However,
exploitation of hydro-potential has not been up to the desired level due to various
constraints.

Hydro Initiative
Govt. of India had launched a scheme which
was formulated by CEA on 24th May, 2003, for
preparation of Preliminary Feasibility Report
(PFRs) of 162 New Hydro Electric Schemes,
totaling over 50,000 MW.
PFRs of all the 162 schemes was prepared
ahead of schedule. These schemes are
located in 16 states.

Do Hydropower projects involve large submergence of land?
The following table shows that in 13 representative projects, the area
of submergence per MW is only 0.76 ha.

Does development of Hydropower project leads to large scale displacement?
The following table shows that in 17 representative projects, number of displaced
families per MW is only 0.26.

Terminology used in Hydro power Stations ½
Ancillary services: Capacity and energy services provided by power plants that are able to
respond on short notice, such as hydropower plants, and are used to ensure stable electricity
delivery and optimized grid reliability.
Catchment area: It is the complete area behind Dam as river.
Cavitation: The phase changes that occur from pressure changes in a fluid that forms bubbles,
resulting in noise or vibration in the water column. The Implosion of these bubbles against a solid
surface, such as a hydraulic turbine, may cause erosion, and lead to reductions in capacity.
Desilt Gallery: It is provided in concrete Dam for removal of silt from river bed.
Direct current (DC): Electric current which flows in one direction.
Draft tube: It allows the turbine to be set above tail water without loss of head to carry out the
inspection & maintenance. It can be straight or curved depending upon the turbine installation.
Efficiency: A percentage obtained by dividing the actual power or energy by the theoretical
power or energy. It represents how well the hydropower plant converts the potential energy of
water into electrical energy.
Head: Vertical change in elevation, expressed in feet or meters, between the head
(reservoir) water level and the tailwater (downstream) level.
Flow: Volume of water, expressed as cubic feet or cubic meters per second, passing a point in a
given amount of time.

Terminology used in Hydro power Stations 2/2
Headwater: The water level above the powerhouse or at the upstream face of a dam.
Low Head: Head of 66 feet or less.
Penstock: It is a connecting pipe between Dam & Turbine, conducting water to the powerhouse.
Runner: The rotating part of the turbine that converts the energy of falling water into mechanical
energy.
Scroll case: A spiral-shaped steel intake guiding the flow into the wicket gates located just prior to
the turbine.
Small hydro: Hydropower projects that generate 30 MW or less of power.
Sluice gate: It allows extra water to spill to maintain reservoir level.
Spill way: It is a type of canal, provided beside the dam.
Surge shaft: It is provided to avoid the Water Hammering effect.
Vortex : It is a region, in a fluid medium, in which the flow is mostly rotating on an axis line, the vortical flow
that occurs either on a straight-axis or a curved-axis.
Specific speed: It is the Speed (r.p.m) at which the Turbine runs at unit Head to produce unit Power in hp.
Turbine: It is a machine which converts Kinetic & Pressure energy of water into mechanical energy.

Classification of Turbines
•Type of Energy at Inlet: Impulse or, Reaction Turbine.
•Direction of flow: Tangential, Radial, Axial or, Mixed.
•Head at inlet: High, Medium or, Low head.
•Specific speed (Ns): High, Medium or, Low speed.
•Installed capacity:
Micro: upto 100 KW
Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
Small: 2 MW to 25 MW
Mega: Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
Typical range of heads
• Water wheel: 0.2 < H < 4 (H = head in meter)
• Screw turbine: 1 < H < 10
• VLH turbine: 1.5 < H < 4.5
• Kaplan turbine: 20 < H < 40
• Francis turbine: 40 < H < 600
• Pelton wheel: 50 < H < 1300

Comparison of Impulse & Reaction turbine
1. In Impulse turbine, the nozzle and moving blades are in series while, there are
fixed blades and moving blades, present in Reaction turbine (No nozzle is present in
Reaction turbine).
2. In Impulse turbine pressure falls in nozzle while in Reaction turbine in fixed
blade boiler pressure falls.
3. In Impulse turbine velocity (or kinetic energy) of steam increases in nozzle
while this work is to be done by fixed blades in the Reaction turbine.
4. Compounding is to be done for Impulse turbines to increase their efficiency
while no compounding is necessary in Reaction turbine.
5. In Impulse turbine pressure drop per stage is more than Reaction turbine.
6. The number of stages is required less in Impulse turbine while required more
in Reaction turbine.
7 More power can be developed in Reaction turbine than Impulse turbine.
8 Efficiency of Impulse turbine is lower than Reaction turbine.
9. Impulse turbine requires less space than Reaction turbine.
10. Blade manufacturing of Impulse turbine is less difficult as compared to
Reaction turbine.
11. Newton’s IInd & IIIrd law is followed in Impulse & Reaction turbines
respectively.

• What is the difference between Impulse & Reaction Turbine?
S.no. Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
1 The water flows through the nozzles and
impinges on the buckets.
The water is guided by the guide blades to flow over
the moving vanes.
2 The entire water energy is first converted in
kinetic energy
There is no energy conversion in reaction turbine.
3 The water impinges on the buckets with
kinetic energy.
The water glides over the moving vanes with pressure
energy.
4 The work is done only by the change in the
kinetic energy of the jet.
The work is done partly by the change in the velocity
head, but almost entirely by the change in pressure
head.
5 The pressure of flowing water remains
unchanged and is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.
The pressure of flowing water is reduced after gliding
over the vanes.
6 It is not essential that the wheel should run
full. Moreover, there should be free access of
air between the vanes and the wheel.
It is essential that the wheel should always run full
and kept full of water in reaction turbine.
7 The water may be admitted over a part of the
circumference or over the whole
circumference of the wheel.
The water must be admitted over the whole
circumference of the wheel.
8 It is possible to regulate the flow of water
without loss in impulse turbine.
It is not possible to regulate the flow without loss in
reaction turbine.

Type of turbines used in Hydro Power Plants
• 1. Pelton turbines - It is aTangential flow Impulse turbine which is
normally used for more than 250 m of water head. Newton’s 2nd law is
followed here.
• 2. Francis - This is a Radial flow Reaction turbine which is used for
head varying between 2.5m to 450m. Newton’s 3rd law is followed
here.
• 3. Kaplan – It is Axial flow Reaction turbine, used for heads varying
between 1.5 m to 70 m.
• 4. Propeller – It is same as Kaplon turbine only with a difference
that here, the vanes are fixed while, the blades are adjustable in Kaplon
turbine. This turbine is used for head between 1.5 to 30 m.
• The Kaplon turbine is more compact in construction and smaller in
size for the same power, developed as compared to Francis turbine.
The frictional losses passing through the blades are considerably lower
due to small number of blades used.

Radial flow turbine may be outward radial or, inward radial flow turbine, depending on
whether water is radially flowing from outward to inward (towards axis of rotation) or,
from inward to outward (towards casing) respectively.
Tangential flow turbine: The water flows along the tangent of runner.
Axial flow turbine: The water flows parallel to the axis of runner.
Different efficiencies of Turbine
Hydraulic efficiency: It is the ratio of Power, developed by runner (HP) to the power,
supplied by water at inlet (WHP).
Mechanical efficiency: It is the ratio of Power at shaft of turbine (SHP) to the power,
developed by runner (HP).
Volumetric efficiency: It is the ratio of volume of water, actually striking the runner to the
volume of water, supplied to the turbine.and rectangular outlet.
Overall efficiency: It is the ratio of Power, available at shaft of turbine (SHP) to the Power,
supplied by water at inlet (WHP) i.e: Hydraulic efficiency x Mechanical efficiency.
Types of Draft tube:
Conical, Simple Elbow, Moody spreading, Elbow draft tube with circular inlet.

Hydro Power
Generating stations
in
Northern Region

SALAL
BAIRA SIUL
CHAMERA - I
PARBATI - III
RAMPUR
KARCHAM WANGTOO
NAPTHA JHAKRI
TANAKPUR
CHAMERA - III
CHAMERA – II
KOLDAM
BASPA
DHAULIGANGA
SEWA - II
URI - I URI - II
DULHASTI
Location of Hydro Power stations

SJVNL's HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN NORTHREN REGION
S.no.
Name of Power
station
Location
Name
of River
Reservoir /
RoR
No. of
units
Installed
capacity in
MW
Year of
commissioni
ng
Benificiary
States
1 NJPC HP Sutlej
RoR with
small
Pondage
6*250 1500 2004 All NR States.
2 Rampur HP Sutlej
in Tandem
mode with
NJPC
6*66.67 412 2014
All NR States
except Delhi.
Total 1912
THDC's HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN NORTHREN REGION
S.no.
Name of
Power station
Location
Name of
River
Reservoir
/ RoR
No. of
units
Installed
capacity in
MW
Year of
commissionin
g
Benificiary
States
1 Tehri HPS Uttrakhand Bhagirathi Reservoir 4*250 1000 2006
All NR States
except HP.
2 Koteshwar Uttrakhand Bhagirathi Reservoir 4*100 400 2011
All NR States
except HP.
Total 1400

BBMB's POWER STATIONS IN NORTHREN REGION
S.no.
Name of Power
station
Location
Name of
River
Reservoir
/ RoR
No. of units
Installed
capacity in
MW
Year of
commissionin
g
Benificiary States
1 Bhakra lower3 HP Sutlej Reservoir
3*108+2*12
6+6*157=
1518 1948
Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, HP,
Chandigarh, Irrigation
& NFF.
2
Dehar max.
head1
HP
Beas-sutlej
bsl
Balancing
Reservoir
6*165 990 1977
Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, HP &
Chandigarh.
3 Pong 2 HP Beas Reservoir 6*66 396 1974
Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, HP,
Chandigarh & NFF.
Total 2904
IPPs HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN NORTHREN REGION
S.no.
Name of Power
station
Locati
on
Name of
River
Reservoir
/ RoR
No. of
units
Installed
capacity in
MW
Year of
commissionin
g
Benificiary States
1 AD Hydro HP Allian Reservoir 2*96 192 2010
Bilateral+ Power
exchange.
2 K.Wangtoo HPS (JP) HP Sutlej ROR 4*250 1000 2011
LTA (Haryana,
Rajasthan & UP) +
Bilateral + Power
exchange..
3 Malana - II (HPSEB) HP Malana Reservoir 2"50 100 2001
LTA (Punjab) + Bilateral
+ Power exchange..
4 Budhil HPS (Lanco) HP Ravi Reservoir 2*35 70 2012 Only Pwer exchange.
5 Baspa HPS (JP) HP Baspa RoR 3*100 300 2003 Only Bilateral.
Total 1662

NHPC's HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN NORTHREN REGION
S.no.
Name of Power
station
Location
Name
of River
Reservoi
r / RoR
No. of
units
Installed
capacity in
MW
Year of
commissioni
ng
Benificiary
States
1 Baira Siul HP
Baira &
Siul
RoR 3*66 198 1981
Punjab, Haryana,
Delhi & HP.
2 Chamera - I HP Ravi Reservoir 3*180 540 1994 All NR States.
3 Chamera - II HP Ravi Reservoir 3*100 300 2004 All NR States.
4 Chamera - III HP Ravi Reservoir 3*77 231 2012 All NR States.
5 Dhauli Ganga
Uttrakha
nd
Sharda Reservoir 4*70 280 2005 All NR States.
6 Dulhasti J&K Chandra Reservoir 3*130 390 2007
All NR States
except HP.
7 Salal J&K Chenab RoR 6*115 690 1996 All NR States.
8 Sewa - II J&K Sewa Reservoir 3*40 120 2010
All NR States
except HP.
9 Tanakpur
Uttrakha
nd
Sharda RoR 3*40 120 1992 All NR States.
10 Uri - I J&K Jhelum Reservoir 4*120 480 1997 All NR States.
11 Uri - II J&K Jhelum Reservoir 4*60 240 2012
All NR States
except HP.
12 Parbati - III HP Sainj RoR 4*130 520 2014 All NR States.
Total 4109

Introduction, Layout plan
&Technical Features
of
Hydro Power Stations
(NHPC)
in
Northern Region

INTRODUCTION
Baira Siul Power Station is constructed on the three
tributaries of the Ravi river, namely Baira, Siul and
Bhaledh for generation of power on run of the-river.
The project headquarter is at Surangani in HP. The
construction of the project was undertaken by the
Central Government under the erstwhile Ministry of
Irrigation and Power in 1970-71. The project was taken
over by the National Hydroelectic Power Corporation
on 20/01/1978. Units I, II and III were commissioned
on 18/05/1980, 19/05/1980 and 13/09/1981
respectively. The commercial production started on
01/04/1982.

Technical Features
Location Distt. Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
Approach Nearest Rail Head - Pathankot
Capacity 180 MW (3 x 60 MW)
Uprated Capacity 198 MW
Annual Generation 779.28 million units
Project Cost Rs. 142.5 Crore (Jan'81 price level)
Beneficiary States H.P., Punjab, Haryana & Delhi
Year of Completion 1981
53 m high earth and rockfill dam.
7.63 km long head race tunnel.
Surface power house containing 3units of 66 MW each.

INTRODUCTION
Chamera Power Station Stage-I is constructed
on RoR scheme on river Ravi in HP which is a
major river of the Indus Basin, originating in the
Himalayas. The project utilises the Hydro Power
potential available after the confluence of the
river Siul with Ravi.

Technical Features
Location Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh
Approach
Nearest railhead: Pathankot 120 km.
Nearest airport: Jammu 220 km
Project Cost
Rs. 2114.02 Crore, (March'94 price
level )
Beneficiary States
H.P., Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, J&K,
Rajasthan, U.P. & Chandigarh
Year of Commissioning/Completion
Schedule
1994
140 m high, 295 m long concrete arch gravity dam.
6.4 km long, 9.5 m dia head race tunnel.
2.4 km long, 9.5 m dia tail race tunnel.
Underground Power House containing 3 units of 180 MW each.

INTRODUCTION
Chamera HE Project Stage-II also has been
constructed on river Ravi in HP. This is also based
on run of the river scheme.

Technical Features
Location Distt. Chamba in Himachal Pradesh.
Approach Nearest Rail Head - Pathankot.
Annual Generation 1499.89 MUs
Project Cost Rs.1929.57 crores (Completion cost)
Beneficiary States
Uttranchal, U.P., Delhi, H.P., Haryana,
J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan & Chandigarh
Schedule
March 2004
•39 m high, 118.50 m long Concrete Gravity Dam.
• 7.0 m dia circular shape, 7.86 km long Head Race Tunnel.
• 7.0 m dia circular shape, 3.6 km long Tail Race Tunnel.
Underground Power House containing 3 units of 100 MW each.

Chamera Hydroelectric Project Stage-III is situated in
Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. This project is
situated in comparatively lower Himalayan region and is
being constructed. This power station has been
constructed on river Ravi. This is also based on run of
the river scheme.
INTRODUCTION

Technical Features
Location
Distt. Chamba in Himachal
Pradesh.
Approach
Nearest Rail Head - Pathankot,
Airport - Jammu,
Capacity 3*77 = 231 MW
Annual Generation 1104 MUs (90% dependable year).
Project Cost
Rs.1405.63 Crores (February 2005
P.L.)
Schedule
June 2012
•64 m high concrete gravity dam on river Ravi.(Max height above deepest foundation
level)
•Underground disilting arrangement with two parallel chambers each 200m x 13m x 17m
in size.
•6.5m dia horse shoe shaped tunnel 15.97 kms long HRT.
•105 m high surge shaft of 18 m dia.
Underground power house consisting of 3 units of 77 MW each.

Dhauliganga – I The Sharda river basin
(Uttrakhand) in the upper reaches of the
Himalayas comprises three main tributaries - the
Dhauliganga, Goriganga, and the Eastern
Ramganga. The power potential of these rivers
has been estimated at 1240 MW, 345 MW and 80
MW respectively.
INTRODUCTION

Technical Features
Location Distt. Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand.
Approach
370 km from Bareilly and Nearest
Airport - Pithoragarh,
Capacity 4x70 MW
Annual Generation 1134.70 MUs
Project Cost Rs.1578.31 Crores
Beneficiary States
Uttarakhand, U.P., Delhi, H.P.,
Punjab, Chandigarh, J&K, Haryana
& Rajasthan.
Year of
Commissioning/Completion
Schedule
October 2005
•56 m high concrete faced rock fill dam.
•6.5 m dia, 5.29 km long head race tunnel.
•6.5 m dia, 437 m long tail race tunnel.
Underground power house containing 4 units of 70 MW each.

Dulhasti Power Station is the second project to be
executed by NHPC in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
after Salal Stage-II. It is a run-of-river scheme.
The project is constructed on river Chandra, a tributary
of river Chenab. The project headquarter is located at
Kishtwar in district Doda of J&K.
The commercial production started on 07/04/2007.
INTRODUCTION

Technical Features
Location Distt. Doda in J & K
Approach
Nearest Rail Head / Airport -
Jammu
Capacity 390 MW (3x130 MW)
Annual Generation 1928 MUs
Project Cost Rs. 3559.77 31 Crores
Beneficiary States
J&K, H.P., Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,
U.P, Rajasthan & Chandigarh,
Uttaranchal
Year of
Schedule
March 2007
•65 m high, 186 m long concrete gravity dam.
•7.46 m & 7.7 m dia., 10.586 Km long head race tunnel
• 7.46 m dia., 298 m long tail race tunnel.

Salal Hydroelectric Project Stage-I & Stage-II is constructed
on river Chenab in J&K. The project was conceived in the
year 1920. The investigations on the project were started in
the year 1961 by the Govt. of J&K and construction was
started in 1970 by Central Hydroelectric Project Control
Board under Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Govt. of India.
In 1978 construction of the projects was entrusted to NHPC
on agency basis. After completion of project, it was handed
over to NHPC on ownership basis for operation and
Maintenance.Stage-I of the project was commissioned in
1987. First unit of Stage-II of the project was commissioned
in 1993, second in 1994 and third in 1995.
INTRODUCTION

Technical Features
Location Distt. Udhampur, J & K
Approach Nearest Rail Head - Jammu
Capacity 690 MW
Annual Generation 3101 million units
Project Cost Rs. 9288.9 million
Beneficiary States
U.P, J&K, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,
H.P. Chandigarh & Rajasthan
Schedule
Stage-I 1987 Stage-II 1st unit-1993
2nd unit-1994 3rd unit-1995.
Finally Commissioned in 1996
•118 m high, 630m long rockfill dam.
•113 m high, 450 m long concrete dam
•11 m dia, 2.46 km long tail race tunnel.
•6 nos. Penstocks 5.23 m dia, 279 m long each.
Sub-surface power house containing 6 units of 115 MW each.

Sewa Power Station - II is a RoR project,
constructed on river Sewa which is a tributary of
river Ravi in J&K.
INTRODUCTION

Technical Features
Location
State - J&K, District - Kathua, River
- Sewa (a tributary of Ravi)
Approach
Nearest Rail Head - Pathankot &
Nearest Airport - Jammu.
Capacity 120 MW (3 X 40)
Annual Generation 533.52 MU (90% dependable year)
Project Cost Rs.665.46 Crores.
Year of
Schedule
July 2010
•53 m high Concrete Gravity Dam
•6.0 m Horse Shoe Shaped, 289 m length Diversion tunnel
•3.3 m Horse Shoe Shaped concrete lined Head Race Tunnel (HRT), 10.02 Km length.
• 3 x 40 MW, vertical Pelton turbine Rated Net Head = 560 m, Max. Gross Head = 599 m
Rated Net Head = 560 m, Max. Gross Head = 599 m

Tanakpur Power Station is the first major
operational run-of-river located 5 km down
stream of Brahmadeo in the Sharda Valley.
Tanakpur Power Station is the first hydel
project commissioned by the NHPC in April
1993 in the Sharda Valley. The power from this
project is now is being supplied to neighbouring
conutry.
INTRODUCTION

Technical Features
Location
Banbassa, District Champawat,
Uttarakhand.
Approach Nearest Rail Head - Bareilly
Uprated Capacity 94.2 MW
Project Cost Rs. 379.16 Crore
Beneficiary States
U.P, Uttarakhand, J&K, Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi, H.P., Chandigarh &
Rajasthan
Year of
Schedule
1992
•475.3 m long barrage having 22 bays.
• 6.4 km long head race channel.
Surface power house having 3 units of 40 MW each.

Uri Power Station - I is a run-of-the-river
scheme, located on the downstream of Lower
Jhelum. The water conductor system upto the
tunnel intake, has been designed to cater to
both Phase-I & II.
INTRODUCTION

Location Uri Tehsil, Baramulla DIstt, J&K
Approach
75 km from Srinagar on Srinagar-Uri
National Highway. Nearest railhead-
Jammu(380 KM), Nearest airport-
Srinagar (90 KM)
Capacity 4*120 = 480MW
Annual Generation 2587.38 MU
Project Cost Rs.3300 Crores
Beneficiary States
J&K, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh & UT
of Chandigarh.
Schedule
January 1997
•10.64 km long head race tunnel.
• 2 km long tail race tunnel.
•93.5 m long barrage.
Technical Features

FAQs on Hydro power
What are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?
The major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant are:-
Dam/Barrage .
Head works i.e. power intake, head regulator and desilting
chambers etc.
Head race tunnels.
Tailrace tunnel.
Surge shaft.
Penstock .
Underground / Surface power house.
Draft tube (it may be Conical, Moody spreading, Simple Elbow &
Elbow with circular inlet & Rectangular outlet).

How energy is generated in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a
reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place.
The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel called a turbine
which converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator.
Which is the largest Hydropower station in the world?
Three Gorges project in China on Yang-Yang river is the largest power station in the world having
installed capacity of around 22,500 MW. Max. annual Power production is 84.37TWHr.
Which is the largest Operating Hydro Power Station in the World?
The world’s Largest Hydro Electric Power Station is ITAIPU with installed capacity of 12600 MW
and a reliable output of 75,000 MU in a year. It is located at the Border of Brazil and
Paraguay. Max. annual Power production is 94.70 TWHr.
Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?
SIDRAPONG plant is the oldest Hydropower Power Project in Darjeeling District in West Bengal,
having total installed capacity of (2*65) 130 kW. It was commissioned in the year 1897.
Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
Hydropower is called renewable source of energy because it uses and not consumes the water
for generation of electricity & hydropower leaves this vital resource available for other uses.
What was the Hydro potential of India at the time of independence in 1947?
It was 500 MW.

How much of the total Hydro power potential has been exploited so far in India?
Around 19.9% of Hydropower potential has been exploited in India.
What are the different types of dams?
Different types of dams are conventional concrete dam, Roller compacted concrete dam, rock fill
dam, Concrete Faced Rock fill Dam(CFRD), Earth fill dam, arch dam, barrages etc.
What is the record completion period of a Hydro Power Station in India of more than 100MW ?
Chamera – II HE Project (300 MW) in Distt. Chamba, HP. has been completed in a record period is
Four & Half years.
Which Hydro Station has been completed recently which has the lowest tariff rate?
Teesta HE Project-V (510 MW) in the State of Sikkim was completed in April, 2008. The sale rate
of this project is @Rs.1.53 / Kwh(approx.) to beneficiary states of Eastern Region as per the
petition filed in Central Electricity Regulatory Commission.(For FY 2008-09).
What are the different types of Hydro Schemes?
Different types of Hydro Schemes are :
i. Purely Run - of - River Power Station.
ii. Storage type Power Station.
iii. Run – of – River Stations with Pondage.
Why Hydropower stations are preferred solution for meeting peak loads in grids?
Due to its unique capabilities of quick starting and closing, hydropower stations are found to be
economical choice to meet peak load in the grid.

What is the standard debt equity ratio for financing a hydropower project?
Standard Debt Equity Ratio is 70:30
How much Return on Equity is allowed to Hydro Generating Stations?
Return on Equity is allowed on pre tax basis at the base rate of 15.5%.
Rate of pre tax return on equity = 15.5
(1-t)
t = applicable tax rate.
What are the ‘pass through’ components in the tariff of Hydro Generating
Stations?
The pass through componants are only Foreign Exchange Rate Variations
(FERV) as per prevailing tariff w.e.f 01.04.2009.
How many rivers are there in J&K?
There are 6 rivers in J&K (Chenab, Jhelum, Indus, Zanskar, Suru, Nubra &
Shyok)
out of which, the flow of water of first 3 rivers is controlled by Pakistan as
per Indo-Pak International river treaty (western rivers) and of latter 3 rivers is
controlled by India as per same treaty (Eastern rivers).

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