This document outlines the steps taken to conduct a questionnaire survey on wastewater management in urban areas in India. It involved identifying civic agencies, distributing questionnaires, collecting and validating data on water supply, wastewater generation, collection, and treatment. Key data points gathered included population served, water supply volumes, wastewater volumes generated and collected, sewage treatment capacity and performance. Limitations included lack of standardized record keeping, data variation between agencies, and incomplete infrastructure development resulting in gaps in wastewater management data.
Use of Water Supply Atlas in Water Sector Performance Monitoring in UgandaIRC
Prepared by Eng. Ian Arebahona (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Ministry of Water and Environment) for the Monitoring Sustainable WASH Service Delivery Symposium, 9 - 11 April 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
D1.4: Anil Vyas: Sustainable Access to Clean Drinking Water to 300,000 Urban ...Debbie_at_IDS
This document summarizes a key initiative in Madhya Pradesh, India to provide sustainable access to clean drinking water to 300,000 urban poor residents. It discusses the current water and sanitation situation in India and Madhya Pradesh, as well as several programs and projects being implemented to improve access, including the Madhya Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Investment Programme funded by UK DFID. The initiative focuses on reducing non-revenue water losses and providing solar water purification in urban slums to benefit the pro-poor, child-friendly urban planning in the state.
This document proposes a solution to improve access to clean drinking water and sanitation in rural India. Key points:
1) It suggests implementing a "Water Card" system to assess and track households' access to water. Volunteers would conduct surveys to assign each household a "water score" and designate them as either "Above Water Line" or "Below Water Line".
2) The Water Card database would be used to analyze existing water schemes, identify deficiencies, and improve solutions. Households would regularly update their water situation in a "Water Book".
3) The proposed implementation approach includes training volunteers, conducting surveys, generating Water Cards, collecting ongoing feedback, and analyzing village water issues every 6 months to improve community
Smart cities technologies can help improve water management, waste management, and healthcare. For water management, technologies like smart meters, leak detection sensors, and water quality meters can improve efficiency, reduce non-revenue water, and ensure adequate supply. For waste management, technologies such as sensor-based waste collection, GPS on trucks, and analytics can optimize collection and ensure waste is disposed of properly. For healthcare, technologies including electronic medical records, remote patient monitoring, and telemedicine can enhance access to care, improve outcomes, and reduce costs.
Assessing water supply coverage and water lossesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study assessing water supply coverage and water losses in Axum town, Ethiopia. The study found that the average daily per capita water consumption was 12.8 liters/person/day, below the basic standard of 20 liters/person/day. Approximately 75% of the population received less than this basic level. The total water loss from the system was 39.1% of input volume. Meter under-registration accounted for 8.84% of losses. Performance indicators showed infrastructure leakage was 1.47 times higher than the unavoidable level, indicating potential for reducing losses. The study aims to identify water loss issues and develop strategies to significantly reduce losses.
This document discusses factors related to determining water demand and quantity. It explains that water demand is the rate of water required for a town or city's daily activities. Key factors to consider include population, per capita demand, base and design periods. Water demand includes domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire demands. Domestic demand depends on economic status and ranges from 200 l/person/day for rich to 135 l/person/day for middle class. Industrial demand varies by type of industry. A per capita demand of 335 l/person/day is typical for an average Indian city. Factors like city size, climate, cost, supply system, habits, and quality affect per capita demand. Design period is estimated based on
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand and population for municipal water supply design. It covers estimating total water demand based on per capita demand and population. Factors affecting per capita demand are discussed. Methods for population forecasting include arithmetic increase, geometric increase, incremental increase, and graphical methods. Design periods, fluctuations in demand, and components of total water demand like domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire and losses are also summarized.
Use of Water Supply Atlas in Water Sector Performance Monitoring in UgandaIRC
Prepared by Eng. Ian Arebahona (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Ministry of Water and Environment) for the Monitoring Sustainable WASH Service Delivery Symposium, 9 - 11 April 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
D1.4: Anil Vyas: Sustainable Access to Clean Drinking Water to 300,000 Urban ...Debbie_at_IDS
This document summarizes a key initiative in Madhya Pradesh, India to provide sustainable access to clean drinking water to 300,000 urban poor residents. It discusses the current water and sanitation situation in India and Madhya Pradesh, as well as several programs and projects being implemented to improve access, including the Madhya Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Investment Programme funded by UK DFID. The initiative focuses on reducing non-revenue water losses and providing solar water purification in urban slums to benefit the pro-poor, child-friendly urban planning in the state.
This document proposes a solution to improve access to clean drinking water and sanitation in rural India. Key points:
1) It suggests implementing a "Water Card" system to assess and track households' access to water. Volunteers would conduct surveys to assign each household a "water score" and designate them as either "Above Water Line" or "Below Water Line".
2) The Water Card database would be used to analyze existing water schemes, identify deficiencies, and improve solutions. Households would regularly update their water situation in a "Water Book".
3) The proposed implementation approach includes training volunteers, conducting surveys, generating Water Cards, collecting ongoing feedback, and analyzing village water issues every 6 months to improve community
Smart cities technologies can help improve water management, waste management, and healthcare. For water management, technologies like smart meters, leak detection sensors, and water quality meters can improve efficiency, reduce non-revenue water, and ensure adequate supply. For waste management, technologies such as sensor-based waste collection, GPS on trucks, and analytics can optimize collection and ensure waste is disposed of properly. For healthcare, technologies including electronic medical records, remote patient monitoring, and telemedicine can enhance access to care, improve outcomes, and reduce costs.
Assessing water supply coverage and water lossesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study assessing water supply coverage and water losses in Axum town, Ethiopia. The study found that the average daily per capita water consumption was 12.8 liters/person/day, below the basic standard of 20 liters/person/day. Approximately 75% of the population received less than this basic level. The total water loss from the system was 39.1% of input volume. Meter under-registration accounted for 8.84% of losses. Performance indicators showed infrastructure leakage was 1.47 times higher than the unavoidable level, indicating potential for reducing losses. The study aims to identify water loss issues and develop strategies to significantly reduce losses.
This document discusses factors related to determining water demand and quantity. It explains that water demand is the rate of water required for a town or city's daily activities. Key factors to consider include population, per capita demand, base and design periods. Water demand includes domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire demands. Domestic demand depends on economic status and ranges from 200 l/person/day for rich to 135 l/person/day for middle class. Industrial demand varies by type of industry. A per capita demand of 335 l/person/day is typical for an average Indian city. Factors like city size, climate, cost, supply system, habits, and quality affect per capita demand. Design period is estimated based on
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand and population for municipal water supply design. It covers estimating total water demand based on per capita demand and population. Factors affecting per capita demand are discussed. Methods for population forecasting include arithmetic increase, geometric increase, incremental increase, and graphical methods. Design periods, fluctuations in demand, and components of total water demand like domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire and losses are also summarized.
IRJET- Design and Laying of Sewerage System in Wagholi(Ward No. 5&6), PuneIRJET Journal
This document presents the design of a sewerage system for Wagholi village in Pune district of Maharashtra, India. It begins with an introduction describing the need for an efficient sewerage system in the village. The methodology section outlines the process used, including data collection through surveys, analysis of existing conditions, hydraulic analysis, and design of sewer lines, manholes, and house connections. Design considerations like flow rates, pipe sizes, gradients and materials are discussed. The existing condition of open waste water drainage and lack of a treatment system are cited as problems the new design aims to address. The objectives are to collect data, design the system manually and using software, and provide a cost estimate. The conclusion states
This document presents the findings of a national inventory of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in India conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board in 2021. Some key findings:
- India's urban population has tripled since 1971, increasing pressure on water resources and wastewater treatment. Sewage generation rose from 7,067 MLD in 1978 to an estimated 62,000 MLD in 2014, while treatment capacity grew more slowly from 2,758 MLD to 23,277 MLD.
- The inventory identified STPs across 28 states/UTs, finding a total installed capacity of 23,277 MLD from 816 plants - 522 operational, 79 non-operational, and 145 under construction
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
Smart Water and Wastewater Management For Smart Cities - Mr. Anjum ParwezIPPAI
The document discusses smart water and wastewater management in Indian cities. It provides data on water availability, sources of drinking water, wastewater treatment, and initiatives to improve services in various cities. It highlights challenges like inadequate and inequitable water supply, high non-revenue water, and lack of sewerage infrastructure. Recent initiatives by organizations like BWSSB and under programs like AMRUT and JnNURM aim to ensure regular water supply, reduce losses, recycle wastewater, and improve cost recovery through measures like metering and tariffs. Public-private partnerships are also being used to enhance water and sanitation services in cities.
Country-led and country-wide monitoring of rural and small towns water suppliesIRC
This document discusses rural water supply monitoring in Uganda. It provides an overview of Uganda's sector performance measurement system, which includes key "golden indicators" to track access, functionality, and other metrics. Data is collected from various sources and compiled in an annual Sector Performance Report, which is used for sector planning, decision making, and joint sector reviews. The document outlines ten "golden rules" for establishing an effective country-wide performance measurement system, such as integrating it within existing processes, keeping it simple, using both quantitative and qualitative data, and disseminating results widely.
The document provides guidelines for urban planning techniques and practices in India according to UDPFI (Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation) standards. It outlines the need for guidelines to promote orderly and efficient urban development. The urban planning system involves perspective plans, development plans, annual plans and project plans. Norms and standards are provided for land use distribution, infrastructure, commercial facilities, recreation, transportation, and population densities for different sizes of urban areas. Recommendations include increasing densities in metro areas and encouraging renewable energy and waste management techniques.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the water demand in Avadi Municipality, India using the EPANET water distribution modeling software. The study examined existing water usage data from 2004-2007 to determine factors like average daily demand, maximum monthly demand, and unaccounted water losses. It then used population projections and a standard demand calculation formula to estimate future water demands. The document describes how EPANET was used to distribute the water demands across the modeled network nodes and calibrate peaks. The study aimed to help plan infrastructure improvements like expanding the supply network or adding new facilities.
Three key points:
1) Water supply schemes must be designed to meet current and future population needs over at least 3 decades. They should account for domestic, industrial, public, and other water demands as well as losses.
2) Water demands vary based on factors like population, climate, industries, cost of water, and more. Methods are used to estimate typical per capita demands and total demands.
3) Water demands fluctuate daily, seasonally, and hourly. Peak and maximum daily demands are higher than average daily demands to ensure adequate supply during high usage periods. Water supply schemes must be designed to meet fluctuating demands.
This document discusses institutionalizing water accounting in order to better manage water resources. It provides an overview of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), which conducts research on innovative water solutions. Water scarcity is a growing challenge in many regions. Water accounting can help fill information gaps and support decision making by regularly reporting on water availability, use, rights, and changes over time. It discusses elements like temporal and spatial scales to consider. The benefits of water accounting include increased transparency, comparable data to guide policies, and improved awareness. Institutionalizing water accounting requires establishing purposes, data sources, stakeholders, and aligning with existing policies and plans. It is a collective effort that can help answer key questions about water management and allocation.
The document discusses water accounting and integrated water resource management in South Africa. It provides background on South Africa's water policy, including the National Water Policy and National Water Act, and describes how water resource accounts have been constructed in South Africa using an input-output framework. The accounts analyze water flows between the environment, distributors, and sectors of production. Monetary analyses of water use and expenditures are also discussed. Comparisons of water use between South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana are presented.
Introduction to water supply scheme requiredHarshadaWagh7
The document discusses water supply schemes and quality of water. It provides an overview of key aspects of water supply schemes including the necessity of water, various phases of a water supply scheme from source selection to distribution, components of a water supply scheme and typical layout. It also discusses parameters for determining water quality such as physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics and provides a table outlining Indian drinking water quality standards.
IRJET- Assessment of Non-Revenue Water in a Water Distribution System and Str...IRJET Journal
This document discusses strategies for managing non-revenue water (NRW) in water distribution systems. It begins by defining NRW as water that enters the distribution system but is not billed to customers. This includes physical water losses from leaks as well as commercial losses from meter under-registration and theft. The document estimates that NRW accounts for 40% of water in Indian distribution systems, representing lost revenue. It advocates assessing and reducing NRW through techniques like district metered areas to improve revenue collection and ensure sufficient water access for future population growth. The methodology discussed is preparing a water balance to estimate the components of NRW and identify strategies to reduce losses in the specific distribution system studied.
This document provides an overview of water supply engineering. It discusses the key components of a water supply scheme including water sources, intake structures, pumping units, treatment units, elevated storage reservoirs, and distribution systems. It also outlines the important factors to consider such as water quantity requirements based on population, water quality parameters, and design period for different infrastructure. Physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics that determine water quality are also defined. The document concludes by listing the Bureau of Indian Standards permissible limits for different water quality parameters for drinking water.
Setting the scene, including updates on our work around our global demonstrator regions, and then talk through WASH priorities and available data (based on a structure we will provide in advance), identifying gaps with you and how we might address them.
This document discusses integrated urban water management (IUWM) as an approach to address water security challenges in cities. IUWM takes a holistic view of the urban water cycle and involves stakeholders across sectors. The document outlines the principles of IUWM, including considering the entire water cycle as one system and integrating social, institutional, geographic, inter-sectoral and governance aspects. Case studies from Durban, Singapore, and Dakar demonstrate benefits of IUWM such as cost savings, job creation, increased water supply and improved sanitation. The document concludes by describing IUWM modules and programs that can be implemented to plan and finance IUWM projects at the city level.
Water auditing involves analyzing water consumption to identify ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle water. It is important for efficient water management in India due to increasing water scarcity issues. A water audit quantifies water inputs and outputs to determine water losses. This allows utilities to reduce leakage and non-revenue water. Water audits have benefits like financial savings, public awareness of conservation, and identifying unauthorized water uses.
Priodeep Chowdhury is a lecturer in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Uttara University. The document discusses the process of designing small water supply systems. It covers determining water demand, factors that influence demand, defining different service levels, population projections, water consumption calculations, non-revenue water allowances, fire flow requirements, storage needs, and analyzing pipe networks. Key steps include assessing existing and projected populations, estimating domestic and non-domestic water usage, accounting for system losses, and sizing infrastructure to reliably meet demand under various conditions.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
IRJET- Design and Laying of Sewerage System in Wagholi(Ward No. 5&6), PuneIRJET Journal
This document presents the design of a sewerage system for Wagholi village in Pune district of Maharashtra, India. It begins with an introduction describing the need for an efficient sewerage system in the village. The methodology section outlines the process used, including data collection through surveys, analysis of existing conditions, hydraulic analysis, and design of sewer lines, manholes, and house connections. Design considerations like flow rates, pipe sizes, gradients and materials are discussed. The existing condition of open waste water drainage and lack of a treatment system are cited as problems the new design aims to address. The objectives are to collect data, design the system manually and using software, and provide a cost estimate. The conclusion states
This document presents the findings of a national inventory of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in India conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board in 2021. Some key findings:
- India's urban population has tripled since 1971, increasing pressure on water resources and wastewater treatment. Sewage generation rose from 7,067 MLD in 1978 to an estimated 62,000 MLD in 2014, while treatment capacity grew more slowly from 2,758 MLD to 23,277 MLD.
- The inventory identified STPs across 28 states/UTs, finding a total installed capacity of 23,277 MLD from 816 plants - 522 operational, 79 non-operational, and 145 under construction
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
Smart Water and Wastewater Management For Smart Cities - Mr. Anjum ParwezIPPAI
The document discusses smart water and wastewater management in Indian cities. It provides data on water availability, sources of drinking water, wastewater treatment, and initiatives to improve services in various cities. It highlights challenges like inadequate and inequitable water supply, high non-revenue water, and lack of sewerage infrastructure. Recent initiatives by organizations like BWSSB and under programs like AMRUT and JnNURM aim to ensure regular water supply, reduce losses, recycle wastewater, and improve cost recovery through measures like metering and tariffs. Public-private partnerships are also being used to enhance water and sanitation services in cities.
Country-led and country-wide monitoring of rural and small towns water suppliesIRC
This document discusses rural water supply monitoring in Uganda. It provides an overview of Uganda's sector performance measurement system, which includes key "golden indicators" to track access, functionality, and other metrics. Data is collected from various sources and compiled in an annual Sector Performance Report, which is used for sector planning, decision making, and joint sector reviews. The document outlines ten "golden rules" for establishing an effective country-wide performance measurement system, such as integrating it within existing processes, keeping it simple, using both quantitative and qualitative data, and disseminating results widely.
The document provides guidelines for urban planning techniques and practices in India according to UDPFI (Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation) standards. It outlines the need for guidelines to promote orderly and efficient urban development. The urban planning system involves perspective plans, development plans, annual plans and project plans. Norms and standards are provided for land use distribution, infrastructure, commercial facilities, recreation, transportation, and population densities for different sizes of urban areas. Recommendations include increasing densities in metro areas and encouraging renewable energy and waste management techniques.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the water demand in Avadi Municipality, India using the EPANET water distribution modeling software. The study examined existing water usage data from 2004-2007 to determine factors like average daily demand, maximum monthly demand, and unaccounted water losses. It then used population projections and a standard demand calculation formula to estimate future water demands. The document describes how EPANET was used to distribute the water demands across the modeled network nodes and calibrate peaks. The study aimed to help plan infrastructure improvements like expanding the supply network or adding new facilities.
Three key points:
1) Water supply schemes must be designed to meet current and future population needs over at least 3 decades. They should account for domestic, industrial, public, and other water demands as well as losses.
2) Water demands vary based on factors like population, climate, industries, cost of water, and more. Methods are used to estimate typical per capita demands and total demands.
3) Water demands fluctuate daily, seasonally, and hourly. Peak and maximum daily demands are higher than average daily demands to ensure adequate supply during high usage periods. Water supply schemes must be designed to meet fluctuating demands.
This document discusses institutionalizing water accounting in order to better manage water resources. It provides an overview of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), which conducts research on innovative water solutions. Water scarcity is a growing challenge in many regions. Water accounting can help fill information gaps and support decision making by regularly reporting on water availability, use, rights, and changes over time. It discusses elements like temporal and spatial scales to consider. The benefits of water accounting include increased transparency, comparable data to guide policies, and improved awareness. Institutionalizing water accounting requires establishing purposes, data sources, stakeholders, and aligning with existing policies and plans. It is a collective effort that can help answer key questions about water management and allocation.
The document discusses water accounting and integrated water resource management in South Africa. It provides background on South Africa's water policy, including the National Water Policy and National Water Act, and describes how water resource accounts have been constructed in South Africa using an input-output framework. The accounts analyze water flows between the environment, distributors, and sectors of production. Monetary analyses of water use and expenditures are also discussed. Comparisons of water use between South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana are presented.
Introduction to water supply scheme requiredHarshadaWagh7
The document discusses water supply schemes and quality of water. It provides an overview of key aspects of water supply schemes including the necessity of water, various phases of a water supply scheme from source selection to distribution, components of a water supply scheme and typical layout. It also discusses parameters for determining water quality such as physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics and provides a table outlining Indian drinking water quality standards.
IRJET- Assessment of Non-Revenue Water in a Water Distribution System and Str...IRJET Journal
This document discusses strategies for managing non-revenue water (NRW) in water distribution systems. It begins by defining NRW as water that enters the distribution system but is not billed to customers. This includes physical water losses from leaks as well as commercial losses from meter under-registration and theft. The document estimates that NRW accounts for 40% of water in Indian distribution systems, representing lost revenue. It advocates assessing and reducing NRW through techniques like district metered areas to improve revenue collection and ensure sufficient water access for future population growth. The methodology discussed is preparing a water balance to estimate the components of NRW and identify strategies to reduce losses in the specific distribution system studied.
This document provides an overview of water supply engineering. It discusses the key components of a water supply scheme including water sources, intake structures, pumping units, treatment units, elevated storage reservoirs, and distribution systems. It also outlines the important factors to consider such as water quantity requirements based on population, water quality parameters, and design period for different infrastructure. Physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics that determine water quality are also defined. The document concludes by listing the Bureau of Indian Standards permissible limits for different water quality parameters for drinking water.
Setting the scene, including updates on our work around our global demonstrator regions, and then talk through WASH priorities and available data (based on a structure we will provide in advance), identifying gaps with you and how we might address them.
This document discusses integrated urban water management (IUWM) as an approach to address water security challenges in cities. IUWM takes a holistic view of the urban water cycle and involves stakeholders across sectors. The document outlines the principles of IUWM, including considering the entire water cycle as one system and integrating social, institutional, geographic, inter-sectoral and governance aspects. Case studies from Durban, Singapore, and Dakar demonstrate benefits of IUWM such as cost savings, job creation, increased water supply and improved sanitation. The document concludes by describing IUWM modules and programs that can be implemented to plan and finance IUWM projects at the city level.
Water auditing involves analyzing water consumption to identify ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle water. It is important for efficient water management in India due to increasing water scarcity issues. A water audit quantifies water inputs and outputs to determine water losses. This allows utilities to reduce leakage and non-revenue water. Water audits have benefits like financial savings, public awareness of conservation, and identifying unauthorized water uses.
Priodeep Chowdhury is a lecturer in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Uttara University. The document discusses the process of designing small water supply systems. It covers determining water demand, factors that influence demand, defining different service levels, population projections, water consumption calculations, non-revenue water allowances, fire flow requirements, storage needs, and analyzing pipe networks. Key steps include assessing existing and projected populations, estimating domestic and non-domestic water usage, accounting for system losses, and sizing infrastructure to reliably meet demand under various conditions.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. R.M.Bhardwaj,
Scientist ‘C’
Central Pollution Control Board,
Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar,
Delhi-110032 (INDIA)
rmbdelhi@yahoo.co.in, scrmb.cpcb@nic.in
Questionnaire survey and data acquisition
on
Status of Wastewater Management in India
2. Increase in Urban Population
26 26 28 33
44
62
78
107
156
218
285
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
POPULATION,
million
1901 1921 1941 1961 1981 2001
Y E A R
3. Steps followed for Questionnaire survey on Water
Supply, Wastewater Generation, Collection,
Treatment in Urban Centres in India and
limitations of study
Step 1
• List out candidate Cities/Towns for data collection-various
classes categorised by Census Deptt.(Calcutta case)
• Information is available for city specific rather than outer
growth/urban agglomeration.civic agencies does not keep record
for non municipal areas.
• Information is difficult to obtain for development
region/authority area as the census is held once in a
decade.Growth rate figures are used for estimation wherever
information gaps are observed.
4. Step 2
Identification of Civic Agency & Dispatch of Questionnaire
• Multiple agencies are involved in providing civic
services and the administrative set up varies from State
to State. The civic agency may be Municipality/
Corporation/ State Water Board/ Public Health
Engineering Deptt or Private Agencies.There may be
gaps in information/data
• Dispatch of Questionnaire for Data Acquisition to one
and all possible sources, followed by reminders
periodically. Persuasion and follow up through
concerned Ministries of State Govt. and Union
Ministries. Ultimate option-use of Statutory power.
• Personal visit to urban centres for Questionnaire survey
and to verify contents wherever doubt arise.
5. Step 3
Data receipt, entry,Checking, Validation and Processing
• Data received from Civic agencies is entered in dbase/ Excel
format.Replies received from multiple agencies for the same
city needs careful integration.
• Data checking to find errors in reporting of population
figures, units on volume of water supply/ wastewater
generation, per capita figures, checks on the ratio of water
supply v/s wastewater generation, level of % wastewater
collection, treatment capacity, type of treatment process and
mode of disposal(irrigation, recipient water body etc.)
• Checking, if data is within the limits of national norms, if the
data is within the expected ranges for a parameter, if data are
physically or scientifically possible(general checks),if the
correlation of parameters(some conditional checks) does
exist.
6. Step 3(Contd.)
• Data verification/validation by using maps/atlas, topo
sheets, past records for each city, water mission reports on
per capita level of water supply for different classes of
urban centers in the country and various studies carried out
by the organisation on environmental issues
• Personal experience of Scientists/Engineers on specific
urban centers
• Data processed to prepare National,State wise and river
basin wise tables on class I cities and Class II towns
covering a number of parameters i.e population, volume of
water supply in a city,per capita water supply,source of
water supply, % of population covered with water supply,
wastewater generation, sewered population, wastewater
collection, treatment and place of disposal.
7. Step 3 (Contd)
• Another study on performance evaluation of sewage
treatment plants(STPs) is carried out to assess the efficiency
of units and compliance level for discharge of pollutants
such as pH,Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand
and Biochemical Oxygen Demand in the treated wastewater,
apart from a number of other parameters.The performance of
the STPs is inconsistent due to a number of reasons and
frequent monitoring is not possible.
8. generation
Trend of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation and
Treatment in Class-I Cities
142 603
8638
7007
2756
212
1023
15191
12145
2485
299
1281
20607
16662
4037
423
1870
29782
23826
6955
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Number Popn (100,000) Water supply (mld) Wastewater(mld) Treatment(mld)
1978-79
1989-90
1994-95
2003-04
9. Trend of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation and Treatment in Class-
II Towns
190 128
1533
1226
67
241 207
1622
1280
27
345
236
1936
1650
62
498
375
3035
2428
89
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
1978-79
1989-90
1994-95
2003-04
generation
10. Data on Water Supply
• Source of Organised Water Supply and Volume
(mld/mgd)-River / Canal /Lake / Subsurface/Sea-
need caution on the unit/source/multiple source
• % of population covered-information not précised
• Source of unorganised water supply
• Proposed plan for augmentation of water Supply
(source/Volume) and target year of commissioning
• In case of multiple supplying agencies-verification
of figures/ sources/ jurisdiction is difficult,
estimation based on pumping hours are made-Case
of NCT of Delhi-DDA/CPWD/Private builders
Discussion on Questionnaire and Data
Collection Exercise
11. Data on Treatment of Raw Water for municipal
supply
• Type of treatment-Conventional/only Chlorination/
Raw water Supply
• Number and name of Treatment Plant(Govt.owned or
under BOOT)
• Design Capacity of each Plant
• Actual Volume of Water Treated (not metered only
pumping capacity and period of pumping is available)
• Disposal of back wash water(Volume/Place) and does
alum recovery process adopted
• Continuous/Intermittent Supply
12. Generation of Wastewater
• Volume of Wastewater Generation (mld/mgd) –Municipal
Domestic/Industrial-information provided is based on engineering
estimates i.e 80% of water supply-industrial figures are based on
production that is under reported.
• Volume of Wastewater reaching pump houses through sewers
(mld/mgd)- calculated figures are based on pumping hours.Pumping
capacity reduce considerably by ageing of pumps.
• % of population covered by sewers-information is estimated zone wise.
• Volume of wastewater flowing in open drains (old city areas/unplanned
growth) is difficult to account
• Specific studies undertaken indicates wastewater generation is more
than the water supply figures- unaccounted water-bore wells by
individuals due to inadequate supply from civic agency.Official figures
of water supply in Delhi is 640 mgd whereas measured flow of drains
is 727 mgd. Possibility of effluent from subsurface does not arise in
case of Delhi because the water table is quite deep and going down
further due to over abstraction.
13. Waste water Collection
• Volume of Wastewater Collected through sewerage system(mld/mgd)
–Municipal Domestic/ Industrial-estimated figures-Total generated
volume is not collected due to settlement/choking of sewers and
disruption of pumping due to power shortages.
• Volume of Wastewater collected through open drains/storm water
drains and pumped for irrigation or pumped for treatment
(mld/mgd)-objective of data is to prioritise efforts for sewerage.
• Is there separate sewers for domestic and industrial wastewater-only
planned industrial estates have separate sewers
• % of wastewater collected-figures are not available with civic
agencies.Attempt made to estimate in Delhi during the performance
assessment of sewage treatment plants indicates that only about 42%
wastewater is collected through sewers rest is flowing in open
drains.Figures varies widely from city to city.
14. Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment
• Installed Treatment Capacity (mld/mgd)
• Number and name of Sewage Treatment Plant (Govt.owned
or under BOOT), specify agency
• Level of treatment plant-Primary/Secondary/Tertiary
• Treatment Technology and Design Capacity of each Plant
(mld/mgd)-Primary/Secondary/Tertiary. Activated Sludge
Process/Trickling Filter/Upflow Anaerobic Sludge
Blanket/Other Anaerobic (Bio Filter) process, Oxidation
pond,any other process
• Actual inflow of Wastewater in each Sewage Treatment
Plant (mld/mgd)
• Actual volume of wastewater (Sewage) Treated (mld/mgd).
• Experience of Delhi indicates that despite having sewage
treatment capacity of 2300mld only about 1400 mld is treated
upto secondary level through ASP.
15. Performance Evaluation of Sewage
Treatment Plants
• Sewage treatment plants evaluated based on
composite sampling of each treatment unit to assess
the efficacy of system and compliance to prescribed
standards.
• Intermittent Power Supply is one of the main
constraint in activated bio mass treatment systems
that reduces the performances to a great extent.
• It is observed that non energy intensive technologies
such as Oxidation Pond/Facultative Pond are
performing relatively better than mechanised
systems.Reduction percentages vary from parameter
to parameter.
16. Harmonisation with International Questionnaires
and availability of data
• Methodology adopted in India is quite similar to International pattern
however there are number of issues needs to addressed for data gaps in
respect of developing economies.
• Population is growing at fast pace and process of infrastructure
development is a dynamic in developing economies.Frequent updating
of information is not possible as being followed in EU.Records are not
computerised, Data variation are evident.
• Statistics on water/wastewater management is not compiled,collated
and published by civic agencies and State Govt.Hence methods for
gross estimates are required to be designed .
• Infrastructure development for municipal water supplies is priority, in
contrast to wastewater collection and treatment.Hence data is broadly
lacking for the letter part.
• Data related to treatment of wastewater and their performance may be a
difficult proposition.
17. Thanks to UNSD for giving me
this opportunity to share findings.