Hyvinvointivaltiomallit ovat olleet viime vuosikymmeninä kasvavan mielenkiinnon kohteena. Taloustieteellinen kiinnostus niitä kohtaan kumpuaa hyvinvointivaltiomenoihin liittyvän kasvupaineen ja niiden väitetyn talouden toimintaa heikentävän vaikutuksen kautta. Euroopan integraation myötä on kiinnitetty erilaisten hyvinvointimallien kykyyn lievittää tehokkuuden ja oikeudenmukaisuuden välistä ristiriitaa. Pohjoismainen hyvinvointivaltiomalli on näitä osin toiminut hyvin. Toisaalta senkin puitteissa on havaittavissa tuloerojen kasvupaineita, jotka saattavat tulevaisuudessa vaikuttaa mallin toimintaan.
Global poverty: definitions and developmentsteppoeskelinen
Global poverty is a complex issue with varying definitions and measurements. Roughly one third of humanity lives in material poverty concentrated in Africa, Asia, and South America. While definitions of poverty differ and include economic, ethical, and multidimensional measures, global goals aim to alleviate poverty by focusing on direct poverty reduction as well as societal changes like urbanization and climate change. Trends show that those living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day has decreased globally excluding China, though some regions like Sub-Saharan Africa have seen increases in poverty. Exact measurements are difficult and poverty lines may not fully capture the social aspects that are important to individuals' experiences with deprivation.
The allocation of financial risks and social justiceteppoeskelinen
This document discusses the allocation of financial risks and social justice. It defines risks and examines how risks have become commodified and distributed in unequal ways through the financial system. Risks are now allocated through explicit mechanisms like insurance as well as implicit logic like bank bailouts. This has led to the emergence of a "financial risk society" and questions the classical justifications of capitalism. The document considers different perspectives on the relationship between risks, finance, and justice.
This document summarizes a presentation on equality, risks, and certainty in modern society. It discusses different interpretations of equality, from negative rights to addressing economic inequality. It also analyzes financial capitalism, noting how financial imperatives now dictate production decisions and government policy. Finally, it examines the temporal aspect of justice in a risk society dominated by financial interests, where exceptions to rules benefit the financial sector over ordinary workers. The presentation argues that theories of justice must account for hierarchies created by the current financial system.
Hyvinvointivaltiomallit ovat olleet viime vuosikymmeninä kasvavan mielenkiinnon kohteena. Taloustieteellinen kiinnostus niitä kohtaan kumpuaa hyvinvointivaltiomenoihin liittyvän kasvupaineen ja niiden väitetyn talouden toimintaa heikentävän vaikutuksen kautta. Euroopan integraation myötä on kiinnitetty erilaisten hyvinvointimallien kykyyn lievittää tehokkuuden ja oikeudenmukaisuuden välistä ristiriitaa. Pohjoismainen hyvinvointivaltiomalli on näitä osin toiminut hyvin. Toisaalta senkin puitteissa on havaittavissa tuloerojen kasvupaineita, jotka saattavat tulevaisuudessa vaikuttaa mallin toimintaan.
Global poverty: definitions and developmentsteppoeskelinen
Global poverty is a complex issue with varying definitions and measurements. Roughly one third of humanity lives in material poverty concentrated in Africa, Asia, and South America. While definitions of poverty differ and include economic, ethical, and multidimensional measures, global goals aim to alleviate poverty by focusing on direct poverty reduction as well as societal changes like urbanization and climate change. Trends show that those living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day has decreased globally excluding China, though some regions like Sub-Saharan Africa have seen increases in poverty. Exact measurements are difficult and poverty lines may not fully capture the social aspects that are important to individuals' experiences with deprivation.
The allocation of financial risks and social justiceteppoeskelinen
This document discusses the allocation of financial risks and social justice. It defines risks and examines how risks have become commodified and distributed in unequal ways through the financial system. Risks are now allocated through explicit mechanisms like insurance as well as implicit logic like bank bailouts. This has led to the emergence of a "financial risk society" and questions the classical justifications of capitalism. The document considers different perspectives on the relationship between risks, finance, and justice.
This document summarizes a presentation on equality, risks, and certainty in modern society. It discusses different interpretations of equality, from negative rights to addressing economic inequality. It also analyzes financial capitalism, noting how financial imperatives now dictate production decisions and government policy. Finally, it examines the temporal aspect of justice in a risk society dominated by financial interests, where exceptions to rules benefit the financial sector over ordinary workers. The presentation argues that theories of justice must account for hierarchies created by the current financial system.
Think tanks operate in an increasingly blurred landscape between research, advocacy, and politics. While some think tanks focus more on research, others function more like lobbying organizations or NGOs. There is diversity in the producers of social scientific knowledge, including different levels of reliability. Think tanks are not bound by the same peer review standards as academia and can choose propaganda over impartial analysis, like with climate change denial. Social science does not have definitive criteria to separate facts from values, and think tanks have flexibility in whether or not to adhere to scientific standards of integrity. Think tanks can point out wrong claims in politics but also pick their topics more freely than political institutions.
This document discusses two critiques of the concept of financial risk:
1) Risks cannot be objectively quantified and are socially constructed, yet claiming objectivity in risk assessments gives power to certain groups.
2) Risk allocation determines whose interests are prioritized in a crisis and has led to increasing social disparities.
While risks may be socially constructed, their distribution is real and shapes the social order of who is protected. Both the construction of risks and their unequal effects need addressing to build more egalitarian and secure financial and social systems.
Risk distribution and threats to democracyteppoeskelinen
This document discusses how the distribution of risks in the economy can threaten democracy by narrowing the democratic policy space. It argues that the increasing role of finance has externalized many risks from their originators onto governments and individuals. This has restricted policy options and encouraged antidemocratic tendencies as governments feel compelled to avoid risks materializing. The document calls for analyzing risk distribution through theories of justice and making these political choices around risk more explicit. Remedies proposed include re-regulating finance and shifting power from civil servants back to politicians.
Economics can be ideological by highlighting certain viewpoints over others and influencing perceptions of social and economic reality. While economics claims objectivity, some of its rules are descriptive and others are normative. Economics is also accused of reproducing class society by describing the bourgeois viewpoint and producing the idea of economic man. Additionally, economics can disguise politics and present market interventions as distortions from a free market norm, though historically markets have been created through political interventions. The essence of a "market economy" is changes in ownership structure and money/debt relations, not changes in markets, and most modern economic activity occurs within firms or through non-market mechanisms.
This document discusses how globalization is shaped by domestic political decisions rather than a lack of politics. While pressures of competition and economic theories promote uniform policies across countries, democracies still allow for political struggle. The document presents an empirical study of economic experts in Finland's Ministry of Finance who aim to influence political alternatives through framing issues like public finance crises and references to other international experts. These experts work to define what is politically feasible and establish institutional logics that prioritize their expertise and maintaining economic stability.
1) Traditionally, development policy aimed to increase production in low-income countries through capital injection, but this deepened inequality and modern poverty.
2) Poverty is multidimensional, involving a lack of both resources and basic functionings; its reduction requires both political organization and basic income support.
3) Unconditional basic income provides future orientation, micro-investment opportunities, and can reduce poverty cheaply in poor, unequal conditions, though it cannot address all development needs like maternal health or replace basic services.
This document discusses the varieties and stages of capitalism. It covers different theoretical perspectives on varieties of capitalism such as liberal market economies versus coordinated market economies. It also discusses the emergence and crisis of the Keynesian welfare state and post-Keynesian theories including the financialization of capitalism and emerging forms such as Asian capitalism. The document concludes by noting there are varieties of capitalism but theoretical and political uncertainty around the emerging form after the Keynesian welfare state.
This document discusses the role of the state in capitalism and accumulation. It argues that the common narrative of globalization leading to less government and more markets is questionable. The state plays a key role in fostering capital accumulation by supporting the profit motive through guaranteeing ownership rights and maintaining stability, while also taxing labor to fund necessary state functions. The tensions between the profit motive, wages, finance/production, and conditions of accumulation have led states to develop various responses, like controlling migration, increasing debt, and prioritizing certain economic interests. The state and market have always had a symbiotic relationship with internal tensions in capitalism.
1) The ecological crisis stems from simultaneous shortages of resources, pollution sinks, and certainty within capitalism. Any attempt to decrease production will lead to social crisis given the current system.
2) Addressing the crisis through consumer awareness, immaterial production, degrowth, or green investments does not overcome capitalism's driving force of endless accumulation and expansion into new areas of exploitation.
3) A truly ecological society requires revolutionizing social and productive relations to sustain ecological reproduction long-term, rather than prioritizing profitability and growth. Struggles over commons, cooperatives, and alternative economic systems are needed to impose limits on the destructive aspects of capitalism.
Think tanks operate in an increasingly blurred landscape between research, advocacy, and politics. While some think tanks focus more on research, others function more like lobbying organizations or NGOs. There is diversity in the producers of social scientific knowledge, including different levels of reliability. Think tanks are not bound by the same peer review standards as academia and can choose propaganda over impartial analysis, like with climate change denial. Social science does not have definitive criteria to separate facts from values, and think tanks have flexibility in whether or not to adhere to scientific standards of integrity. Think tanks can point out wrong claims in politics but also pick their topics more freely than political institutions.
This document discusses two critiques of the concept of financial risk:
1) Risks cannot be objectively quantified and are socially constructed, yet claiming objectivity in risk assessments gives power to certain groups.
2) Risk allocation determines whose interests are prioritized in a crisis and has led to increasing social disparities.
While risks may be socially constructed, their distribution is real and shapes the social order of who is protected. Both the construction of risks and their unequal effects need addressing to build more egalitarian and secure financial and social systems.
Risk distribution and threats to democracyteppoeskelinen
This document discusses how the distribution of risks in the economy can threaten democracy by narrowing the democratic policy space. It argues that the increasing role of finance has externalized many risks from their originators onto governments and individuals. This has restricted policy options and encouraged antidemocratic tendencies as governments feel compelled to avoid risks materializing. The document calls for analyzing risk distribution through theories of justice and making these political choices around risk more explicit. Remedies proposed include re-regulating finance and shifting power from civil servants back to politicians.
Economics can be ideological by highlighting certain viewpoints over others and influencing perceptions of social and economic reality. While economics claims objectivity, some of its rules are descriptive and others are normative. Economics is also accused of reproducing class society by describing the bourgeois viewpoint and producing the idea of economic man. Additionally, economics can disguise politics and present market interventions as distortions from a free market norm, though historically markets have been created through political interventions. The essence of a "market economy" is changes in ownership structure and money/debt relations, not changes in markets, and most modern economic activity occurs within firms or through non-market mechanisms.
This document discusses how globalization is shaped by domestic political decisions rather than a lack of politics. While pressures of competition and economic theories promote uniform policies across countries, democracies still allow for political struggle. The document presents an empirical study of economic experts in Finland's Ministry of Finance who aim to influence political alternatives through framing issues like public finance crises and references to other international experts. These experts work to define what is politically feasible and establish institutional logics that prioritize their expertise and maintaining economic stability.
1) Traditionally, development policy aimed to increase production in low-income countries through capital injection, but this deepened inequality and modern poverty.
2) Poverty is multidimensional, involving a lack of both resources and basic functionings; its reduction requires both political organization and basic income support.
3) Unconditional basic income provides future orientation, micro-investment opportunities, and can reduce poverty cheaply in poor, unequal conditions, though it cannot address all development needs like maternal health or replace basic services.
This document discusses the varieties and stages of capitalism. It covers different theoretical perspectives on varieties of capitalism such as liberal market economies versus coordinated market economies. It also discusses the emergence and crisis of the Keynesian welfare state and post-Keynesian theories including the financialization of capitalism and emerging forms such as Asian capitalism. The document concludes by noting there are varieties of capitalism but theoretical and political uncertainty around the emerging form after the Keynesian welfare state.
This document discusses the role of the state in capitalism and accumulation. It argues that the common narrative of globalization leading to less government and more markets is questionable. The state plays a key role in fostering capital accumulation by supporting the profit motive through guaranteeing ownership rights and maintaining stability, while also taxing labor to fund necessary state functions. The tensions between the profit motive, wages, finance/production, and conditions of accumulation have led states to develop various responses, like controlling migration, increasing debt, and prioritizing certain economic interests. The state and market have always had a symbiotic relationship with internal tensions in capitalism.
1) The ecological crisis stems from simultaneous shortages of resources, pollution sinks, and certainty within capitalism. Any attempt to decrease production will lead to social crisis given the current system.
2) Addressing the crisis through consumer awareness, immaterial production, degrowth, or green investments does not overcome capitalism's driving force of endless accumulation and expansion into new areas of exploitation.
3) A truly ecological society requires revolutionizing social and productive relations to sustain ecological reproduction long-term, rather than prioritizing profitability and growth. Struggles over commons, cooperatives, and alternative economic systems are needed to impose limits on the destructive aspects of capitalism.
2. Talous – mitä?
Yhteiskunnan materiaalinen perusta
Miten suoraan talous vaikuttaa yhteiskunnan
muihin ilmiöihin?
Talous alana vs talous näkökulmana
Näkökulmana talous leviää jatkuvasti, samoin
kuin kulttuurisesti
Tästä huolimatta talouden alaa voidaan tutkia
järkevästi ja siihen on vaihtoehtoja
3. Kuvauksia taloudesta
Uusklassinen: talous toimii ”itsestään”, erilaiset
puuttumiset ”häiritsevät”
Kuitenkin: omistusoikeudet eivät ”luonnollisia”,
markkinat eivät koskaan ”täydelliset”,
nykyaikaiset markkinat eivät syntyneet ennen
valtiota.
Mikä on teorian ”lähtöpiste”: markkinoihin
puuttuminen / yhteiskunnallinen
epäoikeudenmukaisuus
4. Hyvinvointikäsitys
Viime kädessä taloustiede nojaa suosituksensa
käsitykseen hyvinvoinnista. Siksi talouden kritiikki
on tärkeää esittää hyvinvoinnin kentällä.
Jokaisella on käsitys siitä, mikä tuo hyvinvointia
Taloudellinen käsitys: hyvinvointi syntyy
preferensseistä, jotka maksimoituvat täydellisillä
markkinoilla
Noudatammeko kannustimia? (Esim työnteon
lisääminen)
5. Talous on aina poliittista
Esimerkki: inflaatio
Esimerkki: työn tarjonta
Esimerkki: velka
”Lainalaisuudet”, virkamiesvalta
6. Talouskasvu (1)
Miksi niin tärkeää? Vrt mittausongelmat,
yhteisvaurauden merkitys…
Kapitalismissa perinteisesti työllisyyden ylläpitämisen
väline, finanssikapitalismissa yhteys heikkenee:
arvonlisäys valuu pääomatuloihin
Mutta kasvua kuitenkin halutaan -> miten se syntyy?
Säästövetoinen käsitys vs investointivetoinen käsitys
Finanssitalouden vaikutus
”Kannustimet”
8. Talouskasvu (2)
Kysynnän merkitys: kulutusta, ei säästämistä…
Pienet tuloerot olennaiset
Viimeaikainen kehitys: palkkatuloista velkaan
Järjestelmän loppu -> mitä sitten? Paluu
keynesiläisyyteen vai jotain muuta
(taantumuksellinen/edistyksellinen
investointivaltio)
9. Investoinnin merkitys
Mikä tahansa rahan liikuttelu
VAI rakentava tulevaisuuteen suuntautuva toimi
->Investoinnin käsitteen valtaaminen takaisin
->Ydinkysymys: uskotaanko minkä tahansa
yksityisen voittoa tuottavan asian olevan
hyväksi?
10. Demokratia ja talous
Taloudellisen näkökulman ydin: kuka saa
päättää?
Tämän hetken Eurooppa: keskuspankkimalli
pakottaa luottoluokittajien armoille, valtiot
kilpailevat ”sisäisillä devalvaatioilla” kun ei
kannata elvyttää, komission säännöt
jäsenvaltioille (esim 60%)…
Ydinkysymys: miksi talouspolitiikkaa
kontrolloidaan ennalta?