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Vitamins Summary .pdf
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- 2. Vitamin Name. Source.Function. De2ciency. Toxicity. Comment Vitamin A Retinoids (retinol, retinal and retinoic acid) from animals Carotenoids (ß- carotene) from plants, Retinyl palmitate in liver - Carrots - fortified milk - Cold-water fish (salmon) Antioxidant, Night vision, treat skin diseases (acne), hormone actions in gene expression, glycoprotein synthesis, - Night blindness - dry skin - susceptibility to infections Liver damage, Alopecia, headache, dry skin, birth defects, yellow/orange skin In vision cycle, Trans-retinol converted to 11- cis-retinal and bound to opsin to form Rhodopsin Vitamin D Ergocalciferol (D2) from plants Cholecalciferol (D3) from animals and endogenous cholesterol - Butter - fortified milk - Fatty saltwater fish (salmon, tuna) Steroid hormone regulating calcium & phosphorus, bone and teeth, formation Maintain stable nervous system and heart action, - Rickets (infants) - Osteomalacia (adults) - tooth decay - retention of phosphorus 25,000-200,000 IU, Calcification, damage to kidneys & heart, waek bones & muscles Regulated by PTH. In liver, hydroxylated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) & in kidney further hydroxylation to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) Vitamin K Phylloquinone (K1) from plants Menaquinone (K2) intestinal flora Menadione (K3) synthetic provitamin of K2 - 65 micrograms (women) & - 80 mcg (men). - Broccoli, spinach, milk - Formation of blood - clotting proteins (prothrombine, factor 7,8, and 10) Caused by Coumarin derivatives such as Warfarin and dicumarol. Causes Liver disease, Intestinal disease Hemolytic anemia, Jaundice Cofactor to carboxylase that generates gamma- carboxyglutamic acid Vitamin E Tocopherols, eight forms (Alpha tocopherol most active) - Almonds, salmon Antioxidant Deficiency symptoms are very rare 3,000 IU. May interfere with Vitamin K activity leading to prolonged clotting and bleeding time Vitamin C Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized) - 75 mg (women) - 90 (men). - Orange, Citrus fruits - Guava, Broccoli, Spinach Antioxidant, protects cells and keeps them healthy, aid absorption of iron, synthesis of carnitine & collagen Scurvy, breakdown of connective tissue, spotted skin, inflamed gums, Vitamin B1 Thiamine, Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP, active form) - 1.1 mg (women) - 1.5 (men). - Fortified breads & cereals, - fish, milk Coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids Beriberi, weight loss, edema, increase lactic acid & pyruvic acid, high-output cardiac failure Vitamin B2 Riboflavin forms two coenzymes: Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) by riboflavin kinase, Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by FMN & adenylyltransferase - 1.3 mg. beef - milk - spinach - almonds Coenzymes in growth of cells, energy production, maintaining normal levels of homocysteine Appear pale, cracks in mouth & lips, tongue may turn magenta, patches FAD in conversion of tryptophan to niacin (vitamin B3). FMN in conversion of vitamin B6 to pyridoxal 5'- phosphate -Vitamins Summary- Jahfar 1 Beriberi types: Wet (cardiovascular system), Dry (nervous system) Acute (babies), Gastrointestinal (digestive system). Risk factors include a diet of mostly white rice, alcoholism, dialysis, diuretics. ↑ %.••aMr•
- 3. Vitamin Name. Source.Function. De2ciency. Toxicity. Comment Vitamin B3 - 14 mg (women) - 16 (men) - Meat - fish, nuts Coenzyme for 400 enzymes, keeps nervous & digestive systems & skin healthy - Pellagra - dark scaly rash - constipation/ diarrhea - bright redness of tongue High-dose supplements of nicotinic acid, not nicotinamide. A reddened skin flush with itchiness on face & arms Pellagra has two types: Primary (not enough in diet), Secondary (unable to absorb niacin) Vitamin B5 Pantothenate ,pantothenic acid - 5 mg. All foods (meat vegetables milk) biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier proteins in Very rare, only in severe malnutrition Phosphorylated by ATP to form coenzyme A Vitamin B6 1.3 mg. Beans, nuts, eggs, meat Formation and breakdown of amino acids, neurotransmitter & hemoglobin synthesis, gene expression Because: Celiac disease, homocystinuria, antiepileptic drugs. Causes: Microcytic anemia, dermatitis with cheilosis, glossitis Prevent or treat peripheral neuropathy caused by medications such as isoniazid Vitamin B9 Folic acid, Folate 400 micrograms. Spinach, broccoli, fruits Prevent birth defects of the baby's brain (anencephaly) & spine (spina bifida) Because: lack of dietary folate in unbalanced & unhealthy diet, alcohol. Causes: Extreme tiredness, mouth ulcers, muscle weakness. Implicated in the development of colorectum cancer Vitamin B12 Cobalamins(contains cobalt). Methylcobalamin & 5- deoxyadenosylcob alamin are active forms 2.4 micrograms. Meat, fish & dairy products Required for myelination & function of CNS, RBC formation, DNA synthesis. Cofactor for two enzymes, methionine synthase and L- methylmalonyl-CoA mutase Anemia, fatigue, muscle weakness, nerve damage -Vitamins Summary- Jahfar 2 Niacin (nicotinic acid & nicotinamide). Tryptophan can be converted to nicotinamide. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxal), Aminotransferase. Pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate are active coenzymes. Note: Vitamin A,D,K,E are Lipid- soluble. Vitamin C & B are Water-soluble Relationship to Pernicious anemia (PA). Hydroxycobalamin & Cyanocobalamin, become active after conversion to methylcobalamin & 5- deoxyadenosylcob alamin ↑ %.••aMr•