VITAMINS
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This document discusses vitamins and their classification. It notes that vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts in the diet but cannot be synthesized by the body. Vitamins are classified based on their solubility, with fat-soluble vitamins including A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble vitamins including vitamin C and the B complex vitamins. The document outlines the roles and deficiency diseases associated with important vitamins.
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What are phytonutrients/phytochemicals? How are they beneficial? How does inflammation play a role in the progression heart disease? We all know diet has a significant impact on the development of cardiovascular disease. This webinar will explore plant food components, bioactive phytonutrients, with health benefits and their effect on prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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2) Thiamine deficiency can result in several diseases including beriberi (which affects the nervous system and/or cardiovascular system) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
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Proteins are essential biochemical compounds that help keep the body alive and healthy. They maintain a healthy lifestyle by keeping us healthy and are found in meats. Our daily protein needs depend on factors like age, size, and activity level. Common healthy sources of protein include fish, chicken, meat, eggs, nuts, and beans. Nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are essential for the normal functioning of the human body. They provide energy and building blocks for cells and play important roles like metabolism.
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited, progressive disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This prevents the breakdown of phenylalanine, causing it to build up in the brain and impair mental development. Early diagnosis through newborn screening and a special low-phenylalanine diet can help prevent intellectual disability by keeping phenylalanine levels normal.
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This document summarizes the classification and uses of biologically active food supplements (BAFS). There are three main BAFS categories: sodium, parapharmaceuticals, and probiotics. Sodium BAFS correct nutrient deficiencies, parapharmaceuticals contain plant extracts for prevention and auxiliary therapy, and probiotics contain live bacteria to restore natural microflora. BAFS are used to complete nutrient deficiencies, increase organism resistance, prevent metabolic issues, restore immunity, and remove toxins. They are classified based on composition as nutraceuticals, parapharmaceuticals, or eubiotics. General principles for BAFS use include consistency with functionality, using them at different disease stages, and selecting adequately
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Riboflavin, VITAMIN B2
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is required for metabolism and energy production. Good dietary sources include milk, cheese, eggs, leafy greens, almonds, and soybeans. The recommended daily amount is 1.5 mg. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and circulates in the active forms FMN and FAD, which act as coenzymes in over 150 oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism. Deficiency can cause symptoms like cracked lips, inflammation of the tongue, mouth ulcers, dry and scaling skin, and eye irritation.
Thiamine B 1
1) Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays important roles in cellular energy production and nervous system function.
2) Thiamine deficiency can result in several diseases including beriberi (which affects the nervous system and/or cardiovascular system) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
3) Beriberi is characterized by neurological symptoms like numbness in the extremities as well as edema, and can be fatal if untreated.
Vitamin B12, COBALAMIN
1) The Schilling test evaluates a patient's ability to absorb vitamin B12 by measuring the amount of radioactive B12 excreted in urine after oral administration.
2) If a patient can absorb B12 normally, the radioactive B12 will enter the bloodstream and be excreted in urine. If absorption is impaired, it will pass through the digestive tract and be excreted in feces.
3) Giving intrinsic factor along with radioactive B12 can determine if a patient's B12 absorption issue is due to intrinsic factor deficiency, as is the case with pernicious anemia.
Folic acid
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for numerous bodily functions including DNA synthesis and repair. It must be obtained through the diet as the human body cannot synthesize it. A lack of folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in developing embryos. Folic acid is involved in single carbon transfers that are important in the synthesis of amino acids, purines and thymidylate. Certain drugs that inhibit folate metabolism are used as cancer chemotherapy, antibacterial and antimalarial treatments.
Vitamin c, Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for humans and other primates. It acts as an antioxidant in the body and is necessary for collagen synthesis, immune function, iron absorption and more. A deficiency in vitamin C causes scurvy, which results in symptoms like bleeding gums, slow wound healing and bone fractures. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, broccoli and potatoes.
Vitamin k
Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins that includes phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinones (vitamin K2), and menadione. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health. It is found in green vegetables and synthesized by gut bacteria. Newborns are at risk for vitamin K deficiency due to sterile intestines and low levels in breastmilk, so they are given a prophylactic vitamin K shot.
Vitamin E
This document discusses vitamin E, including its functions, sources, absorption, requirements, deficiency, and toxicity. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables are rich sources. The RDA for adults is 15 mg per day. Deficiency can cause nerve and muscle damage and is seen in conditions affecting fat absorption. Toxicity is rarely observed at doses under 300 mg daily.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. It can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained from dietary sources. The liver and kidneys work to activate vitamin D into its functional form. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while toxicity in excess causes hypercalcemia and calcification of soft tissues.
VITAMIN A
This document summarizes key information about vitamins A. It discusses that vitamin A has two groups that provide activity - preformed vitamin A found in animal foods and carotenoids from plants. Deficiency can cause blindness, while excess intake can lead to hypervitaminosis A with symptoms like increased intracranial pressure. Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, reproduction, growth, immune function and epithelial tissue maintenance.
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VITAMINS
- 1. VITAMINS Dr. Muhammad Sarfraz M.B.B.S., M.Phil.(Pharmacology) Senior Demonstrator Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bwp. 1
- 2. VITAMIN Chemically Unrelated Organic Compounds Required In The Diet in Small Amounts Cannot be synthesized in body Maintenance Of Normal Function And Growth 2
- 3. VITAMIN Deficiency CAUSES A SPECIFIC DISEASE • Cured Or Prevented Only By Restoring The Vitamin To The Diet 3
- 4. Vitamins are cofactors they don’t do anything by themselves They are not a source of calories 4
- 5. DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER FOOD STUFFS • NOT INCORPORATED INTO TISSUE STRUCTURE (AS PROTEINS) • DON’T UNDERGO DEGRADATION FOR PROVIDING ENERGY (AS CHOs AND LIPIDS ) 5
- 6. DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER FOOD STUFFS • B-Complex Vitamins Role As Co-enzymes •Energy Transformation Reactions In Body 6
- 7. DIFFERENCE FROM HORMONES • NOT BEING PRODUCED WITHIN THE ORGANISM (exception vit.D) • MOST OF THEM HAVE TO BE PROVIDEDED IN DIET 7
- 9. CLASSAFICATION • FAT SOLUBLE • VIT. A , D , E & K 9
- 10. CLASSAFICATION WATER SOLUBLE FUNCTION MAINLY AS ENZYME COFACTORS 10
- 11. CLASSAFICATION WATER SOLUBLE • VIT. C (ASCORBIC ACID) (scurvy ) • VIT. B COMPLEX GROUP • B1... THIAMINE (beriberi) • Riboflavin... (cheilosis, glossitis, seborrhea) 11
- 12. CLASSAFICATION WATER SOLUBLE • NIACIN... (Pellagra) • NICOTINIC ACID • B6…. PYRIDOXINE • PANTOTHENIC ACID 12
- 13. • BIOTIN • FOLIC ACID GROUP Megaloblastic Anemia Neural Tube Defects 13
- 14. • B12… Cyanocobalamin (megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia) OTHER WATER SOL.VITAMINS • INOSITOL, PABA & CHOLINE 14
- 15. Folic acid Vitamin B12 •Vitamins B-complexVITAMINS
- 16. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS • Hydrophobic Compounds • Absorbed Efficiently Only When There Is Normal Fat Absorption 16
- 17. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Transported in the blood in lipoproteins or attached to specific binding proteins 17
- 18. 18
- 19. 19
- 20. 20
- 21. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Vision Cell Differentiation Maintenance of epithelium Control of infection Control of keratinization21
- 22. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS • Vitamin D Calcium And Phosphate Metabolism Cell Differentiation 22
- 23. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin E Anti-oxidant Vitamin K coenzyme Blood Clotting Bone formation 23
- 24. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS • Dietary deficiency • Conditions Affecting The Digestion And Absorption Of The Lipid-soluble Vitamins Can lead to abnormalities 24
- 25. Vitamin A • Night blindness, xerophthalmia And blindness • Hyperkeratinization • Infertility • Infections • Urinary stones formation 25
- 26. 26
- 27. 27
- 28. 28
- 29. 29
- 30. Vitamin D •Rickets In Young Children •Osteomalacia In Adults 30
- 31. 31
- 32. Vitamin E •Neurologic disorders •Hemolytic anemia of the newborn 32
- 33. Vitamin K Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn 33
- 34. Toxicity can result from excessive intake of vitamins “A” and “D” 34