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Visualizing the Legacy of Redlining
- 1. Redlining in Racine, WI
- 2. In 1933, the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) was created as part of the New Deal in order to increase the affordability of housing, especially home mortgages, and arrest the momentum of bank foreclosures during the Great Depression.
- 3. This initiative made widespread homeownership possible. But its implementation also codified bias: the system created to assess whether a loan was ‘risky’ was built on color-coded maps drawn from local assessments which were heavily inflected by racism and xenophobia.
- 4. ‘Hazardous’ areas were shaded red and given a grade of D. Other designations included ‘Definitely Declining’ (C, yellow), ‘Still Desirable’ (B, blue), and ‘Best’ (A, green). The presence of a minority population could have a significant impact on whether an area was considered ‘hazardous,’ making getting a loan there impossible. HOLC Map, Racine WI Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 5, 2020, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#city=racine-wi
- 5. Race and Ethnicity by HOLC Grade and Income by HOLC Grade in the Midwest Bruce Mitchell and Juan Franco, “HOLC ‘Redlining’ Maps: The Persistent Structure of Segregation and Economic Inequality” (National Community Reinvestment Coalition, 2018), https://ncrc.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2018/02/NCRC-Research-HOLC-10.pdf
- 6. HOLC Map, Racine WI Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 5, 2020, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#city=racine-wi
- 7. HOLC Map, Racine WI Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 5, 2020, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#city=racine-wi Property Values, Racine WI The Eviction Lab at Princeton University https://evictionlab.org/ Note: Color scale centered at overall median property value.
- 8. HOLC Map, Racine WI Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 5, 2020, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#city=racine-wi Density of Black Residents, Racine WI The Eviction Lab at Princeton University https://evictionlab.org/
- 9. HOLC Map, Racine WI Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 5, 2020, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#city=racine-wi Eviction Rates, Racine WI The Eviction Lab at Princeton University https://evictionlab.org/
- 10. HOLC Map, Racine WI Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed November 5, 2020, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#city=racine-wi Educational Attainment, Racine WI U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 American Community Survey, 5-Year estimates. For Associate’s and Bachelor’s degrees, see https://www.higherexpectationsracinecounty.org/redlining#maps
- 11. Reflection Questions - In Racine, where do you see similarities between HOLC regions and current metrics? Where do you see differences? - If you read the HOLC comments, can you describe the present- day conditions of one of the HOLC regions in Racine that you've visited? What has changed since the 1930s? - If you live in Racine, how was your neighborhood graded by HOLC? - The link between redlined regions and low property values is pretty simple. How do you think redlining is linked to other metrics examined here like educational attainment or eviction rates?
- 12. Further Reading Redlining Nationally A documentary film, "Segregated by Design": https://www.segregatedbydesign.com/ Projects from the Digital Scholarship Lab at the University of Richmond - Mapping Inequality showing original HOLC maps and comments nationally: - https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#text=intro - Not Even Past tracking the relationship between HOLC regions and social vulnerability: - http://dsl.richmond.edu/socialvulnerability/ Redlining Locally A video by Dr. Helen Meier of UW-Milwaukee Zilber School of Public Health: https://www.datadaymke.org/ignite (first video on the page) The Mapping Inequality project, social vulnerability for Racine: http://dsl.richmond.edu/socialvulnerability/map/#city=racine-wi An article in the Racine Journal Times on redlining in Racine county: https://journaltimes.com/news/local/how-did-we-get-here-a-look-back-at-redlining-in-racine- county/article_239b8714-55cc-5a23-ae9f-a431c27f98ec.html