This document is a senior thesis that analyzes urban growth in the border cities of Ciudad Juárez and Tijuana in Mexico, and their neighboring American cities of El Paso and San Diego from 2000 to 2014 using remote sensing and GIS methods. Imagery from 2000/2002 and 2014 were classified in ArcGIS to analyze changes in urban, vegetation, roads and other land cover types. The results show that while both sides of the border experienced urbanization, the US cities grew in a more organized polygonal pattern compared to the sporadic growth in the Mexican cities. Population data from 2000 to 2010 also increased substantially in all cities, correlating with the need for more housing.
Utilizing geospatial analysis of U.S. Census data for studying the dynamics o...Toni Menninger
Geographically referenced US census data provide a large amount of information about the extent of urbanization and land consumption. Population count, the number of housing units and their vacancy rates, and demographic and economic parameters such as racial composition and household income, and their change over time, can be examined at different levels of geographic resolution to observe patterns of urban flight, suburbanization, reurbanization, and sprawl. This paper will review the literature on prior application of census data in a geospatial setting. It will identify strengths and weaknesses and address methodological challenges of census-based approaches to the study of urbanization. To this end, a detailed overview of the geographic structure of U.S. Census data and its evolution is provided. Ecological Fallacies and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are discussed and the Population Weighted Density as a more robust alternative to crude population density is introduced. Of special interest will be literature comparing and/or integrating census data with alternative methodologies, e.g. based on Remote Sensing. The general purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the optimal use of high resolution census data in studying urbanization in the United States.
Keywords
Sprawl, Urban sprawl, City, Population Density, Population Weighted Density, Census, US Census, Census Geographies, Urbanization, Suburbanization, Urban flight, Reurbanization, Land Consumption, Land Use, Land Use Efficiency, LULC, Remote Sensing, Geospatial Analysis, GIS, Growth, Urban Growth, Spatial Distribution of Population, City Limits, Urban Extent, Built Environment, Urban Form, Areal Interpolation, Scale, Spatial Scale, Longitudinal Study, Dasymmetric Mapping, Ecological Fallacy, MAUP, Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, Metrics
Comparison - Urban Sprawl in the US and Sprawl-like patterns in China - Quant...Wenjiao Wu
This document summarizes a study that compares urban sprawl patterns in the US and China. It analyzes land cover changes in Yinchuan and Xiamen, China and Atlanta and Phoenix, US using Landsat images from 1980s-2010s. Landscape metrics show increasing fragmentation and edge density over time for all cities. Transition matrices reveal conversions between land cover types. While sprawl patterns have emerged in Chinese cities, it is still controversial to use the term due to differences from the US experience.
Using deep learning and Google Street View to estimate the demographic makeup...eraser Juan José Calderón
Using deep learning and Google Street View to
estimate the demographic makeup of neighborhoods
across the United States. Timnit Gebrua,1, Jonathan Krausea
, Yilun Wanga
, Duyun Chena
, Jia Dengb
, Erez Lieberman Aidenc,d,e, and Li Fei-Feia
Downtown San Diego is experiencing rapid population and economic growth, driven by young professionals and families moving to the urban core. The downtown population has grown 97% since 2000 to over 34,000 residents currently. Downtown has a highly educated population with over half holding a bachelor's degree or higher. Renters make up the majority of downtown residents at 76%, reflecting the high demand for urban living. As the economic engine of the region, downtown is projected to continue attracting new residents and jobs, strengthening its role as the innovation hub of San Diego.
A Critical Review of High and Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Approaches ...rsmahabir
Slums are a global urban challenge, with less developed countries being particularly impacted. To adequately detect and map them, data is needed on their location, spatial extent and evolution. High- and very high-resolution remote sensing imagery has emerged as an important source of data in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to critically review studies that have used such data to detect and map slums. Our analysis shows that while such studies have been increasing over time, they tend to be concentrated to a few geographical areas and often focus on the use of a single approach (e.g., image texture and object-based image analysis), thus limiting generalizability to understand slums, their population, and evolution within the global context. We argue that to develop a more comprehensive framework that can be used to detect and map slums, other emerging sourcing of geospatial data should be considered (e.g., volunteer geographic information) in conjunction with growing trends and advancements in technology (e.g., geosensor networks). Through such data integration and analysis we can then create a benchmark for determining the most suitable methods for mapping slums in a given locality, thus fostering the creation of new approaches to address this challenge.
Authoritative and Volunteered Geographical Information in a Developing Countr...rsmahabir
This document compares authoritative and volunteered (VGI) road datasets in Nairobi, Kenya. It finds that the authoritative dataset from RCMRD provided the most complete coverage of the entire study area, though it was less current. OSM had higher coverage in large slums, surpassing authoritative datasets, while Google Map Maker showed better coverage in rural housing areas. Population density was found to correlate with higher road coverage by VGI sources. Overall, VGI shows potential to supplement gaps in authoritative data in developing countries.
This document provides a portfolio of maps and geospatial analyses created by the author over the course of their professional work and education. It includes over 30 maps and analyses related to topics such as housing programs, demographics, land use, business locations, emergency response, and crime. The portfolio demonstrates the author's skills and experience in geographic information systems and spatial analysis over multiple years.
Privileged Places Race, Uneven Development andthe Geography.docxsleeperharwell
Privileged Places: Race, Uneven Development and
the Geography of Opportunity in Urban America
Gregory D. Squires and Charis E. Kubrin
[Paper first received, 20 April 2004; in final form, July 2004]
Summary. David Rusk, former Mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico, has observed that “bad
neighborhoods defeat good programs”. This paper identifies the underlying causes of bad
neighbourhoods along with their costs to local residents and residents throughout the region. It
is a critical essay that traces recent patterns of uneven metropolitan development, the social
forces generating these patterns, their many costs and potential remedies. It demonstrates
how the interrelated processes of sprawl, concentration of poverty and racial segregation shape
the opportunity structure facing diverse segments of the nation’s urban and metropolitan
population. In so doing, it draws on recent scholarly literature from various disciplines,
government data and documents, research institute reports and the mass media. Topics
addressed include income and wealth disparities, employment opportunities, housing patterns,
access to health care and exposure to crime. While recognising the role of individual choice and
human capital, the paper focuses on public policy decisions and related private-sector activities
in determining how place and race shape the opportunity structure of metropolitan areas.
Finally, the paper explores various policy options to sever the linkages among place, race and
privilege in the nation’s urban communities.
The housing market and discrimination
sort people into different neighborhoods,
which in turn shape residents’ lives—
and deaths. Bluntly put, some neighbour-
hoods are likely to kill you (Logan, 2003,
p. 33).
Real estate mantra tells us that three factors
determine the market value of a home: location,
location and location. The same could be said
about the ‘factors’ that determine virtually
any aspect of the good life and people’s
access to it in metropolitan America. Place
matters. Neighbourhood counts. Access to
decent housing, safe neighbourhoods, good
schools, useful contacts and other benefits is
largely influenced by the community in which
one is born, raised and currently resides.
Individual initiative, intelligence, experience
and all the elements of human capital are
obviously important. But understanding
the opportunity structure in the US today
requires complementing what we know about
individual characteristics with what we are
learning about place. Privilege cannot be
understood outside the context of place.
A central feature of place that has con-
founded efforts to understand and, where
appropriate, alter the opportunity structure of
the nation’s urban communities is the role
of race. Racial composition of neighbour-
hoods has long been at the centre of public
policy and private practice in the creation
and destruction of communities and in
determining access to the elements of the
good life, however defined.
Urban .
Utilizing geospatial analysis of U.S. Census data for studying the dynamics o...Toni Menninger
Geographically referenced US census data provide a large amount of information about the extent of urbanization and land consumption. Population count, the number of housing units and their vacancy rates, and demographic and economic parameters such as racial composition and household income, and their change over time, can be examined at different levels of geographic resolution to observe patterns of urban flight, suburbanization, reurbanization, and sprawl. This paper will review the literature on prior application of census data in a geospatial setting. It will identify strengths and weaknesses and address methodological challenges of census-based approaches to the study of urbanization. To this end, a detailed overview of the geographic structure of U.S. Census data and its evolution is provided. Ecological Fallacies and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are discussed and the Population Weighted Density as a more robust alternative to crude population density is introduced. Of special interest will be literature comparing and/or integrating census data with alternative methodologies, e.g. based on Remote Sensing. The general purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the optimal use of high resolution census data in studying urbanization in the United States.
Keywords
Sprawl, Urban sprawl, City, Population Density, Population Weighted Density, Census, US Census, Census Geographies, Urbanization, Suburbanization, Urban flight, Reurbanization, Land Consumption, Land Use, Land Use Efficiency, LULC, Remote Sensing, Geospatial Analysis, GIS, Growth, Urban Growth, Spatial Distribution of Population, City Limits, Urban Extent, Built Environment, Urban Form, Areal Interpolation, Scale, Spatial Scale, Longitudinal Study, Dasymmetric Mapping, Ecological Fallacy, MAUP, Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, Metrics
Comparison - Urban Sprawl in the US and Sprawl-like patterns in China - Quant...Wenjiao Wu
This document summarizes a study that compares urban sprawl patterns in the US and China. It analyzes land cover changes in Yinchuan and Xiamen, China and Atlanta and Phoenix, US using Landsat images from 1980s-2010s. Landscape metrics show increasing fragmentation and edge density over time for all cities. Transition matrices reveal conversions between land cover types. While sprawl patterns have emerged in Chinese cities, it is still controversial to use the term due to differences from the US experience.
Using deep learning and Google Street View to estimate the demographic makeup...eraser Juan José Calderón
Using deep learning and Google Street View to
estimate the demographic makeup of neighborhoods
across the United States. Timnit Gebrua,1, Jonathan Krausea
, Yilun Wanga
, Duyun Chena
, Jia Dengb
, Erez Lieberman Aidenc,d,e, and Li Fei-Feia
Downtown San Diego is experiencing rapid population and economic growth, driven by young professionals and families moving to the urban core. The downtown population has grown 97% since 2000 to over 34,000 residents currently. Downtown has a highly educated population with over half holding a bachelor's degree or higher. Renters make up the majority of downtown residents at 76%, reflecting the high demand for urban living. As the economic engine of the region, downtown is projected to continue attracting new residents and jobs, strengthening its role as the innovation hub of San Diego.
A Critical Review of High and Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Approaches ...rsmahabir
Slums are a global urban challenge, with less developed countries being particularly impacted. To adequately detect and map them, data is needed on their location, spatial extent and evolution. High- and very high-resolution remote sensing imagery has emerged as an important source of data in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to critically review studies that have used such data to detect and map slums. Our analysis shows that while such studies have been increasing over time, they tend to be concentrated to a few geographical areas and often focus on the use of a single approach (e.g., image texture and object-based image analysis), thus limiting generalizability to understand slums, their population, and evolution within the global context. We argue that to develop a more comprehensive framework that can be used to detect and map slums, other emerging sourcing of geospatial data should be considered (e.g., volunteer geographic information) in conjunction with growing trends and advancements in technology (e.g., geosensor networks). Through such data integration and analysis we can then create a benchmark for determining the most suitable methods for mapping slums in a given locality, thus fostering the creation of new approaches to address this challenge.
Authoritative and Volunteered Geographical Information in a Developing Countr...rsmahabir
This document compares authoritative and volunteered (VGI) road datasets in Nairobi, Kenya. It finds that the authoritative dataset from RCMRD provided the most complete coverage of the entire study area, though it was less current. OSM had higher coverage in large slums, surpassing authoritative datasets, while Google Map Maker showed better coverage in rural housing areas. Population density was found to correlate with higher road coverage by VGI sources. Overall, VGI shows potential to supplement gaps in authoritative data in developing countries.
This document provides a portfolio of maps and geospatial analyses created by the author over the course of their professional work and education. It includes over 30 maps and analyses related to topics such as housing programs, demographics, land use, business locations, emergency response, and crime. The portfolio demonstrates the author's skills and experience in geographic information systems and spatial analysis over multiple years.
Privileged Places Race, Uneven Development andthe Geography.docxsleeperharwell
Privileged Places: Race, Uneven Development and
the Geography of Opportunity in Urban America
Gregory D. Squires and Charis E. Kubrin
[Paper first received, 20 April 2004; in final form, July 2004]
Summary. David Rusk, former Mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico, has observed that “bad
neighborhoods defeat good programs”. This paper identifies the underlying causes of bad
neighbourhoods along with their costs to local residents and residents throughout the region. It
is a critical essay that traces recent patterns of uneven metropolitan development, the social
forces generating these patterns, their many costs and potential remedies. It demonstrates
how the interrelated processes of sprawl, concentration of poverty and racial segregation shape
the opportunity structure facing diverse segments of the nation’s urban and metropolitan
population. In so doing, it draws on recent scholarly literature from various disciplines,
government data and documents, research institute reports and the mass media. Topics
addressed include income and wealth disparities, employment opportunities, housing patterns,
access to health care and exposure to crime. While recognising the role of individual choice and
human capital, the paper focuses on public policy decisions and related private-sector activities
in determining how place and race shape the opportunity structure of metropolitan areas.
Finally, the paper explores various policy options to sever the linkages among place, race and
privilege in the nation’s urban communities.
The housing market and discrimination
sort people into different neighborhoods,
which in turn shape residents’ lives—
and deaths. Bluntly put, some neighbour-
hoods are likely to kill you (Logan, 2003,
p. 33).
Real estate mantra tells us that three factors
determine the market value of a home: location,
location and location. The same could be said
about the ‘factors’ that determine virtually
any aspect of the good life and people’s
access to it in metropolitan America. Place
matters. Neighbourhood counts. Access to
decent housing, safe neighbourhoods, good
schools, useful contacts and other benefits is
largely influenced by the community in which
one is born, raised and currently resides.
Individual initiative, intelligence, experience
and all the elements of human capital are
obviously important. But understanding
the opportunity structure in the US today
requires complementing what we know about
individual characteristics with what we are
learning about place. Privilege cannot be
understood outside the context of place.
A central feature of place that has con-
founded efforts to understand and, where
appropriate, alter the opportunity structure of
the nation’s urban communities is the role
of race. Racial composition of neighbour-
hoods has long been at the centre of public
policy and private practice in the creation
and destruction of communities and in
determining access to the elements of the
good life, however defined.
Urban .
The document presents a literature review on urban sprawl. It discusses how the term has been defined over time, from early works that described characteristics like low density and leapfrog development, to more recent research examining relationships between sprawl and factors like transportation, health, and the environment. The review also analyzes quantitative methods that have been used to measure urban sprawl through analysis of geospatial data. Finally, it outlines opportunities for future work linking indicators of cities and sprawl measures.
The East Village Community Coalition engaged a NYU capstone team to provide research and projections to help the community anticipate and adapt to changes in the neighborhood. The team analyzed population demographics, real estate development trends, community feedback, and case studies of similar neighborhoods. Population projections estimate growth of over 1,000 new residents by 2019. Demographic trends show a young, educated population with increasing income inequality. Research identified over 1,000 new housing units planned by 2017. Case studies of Silver Lake, LA and Austin, TX provided lessons on managing growth while preserving community character. Recommendations focus on increasing the EVCC's visibility, engagement, and leadership to effectively shape changes in the East Village.
This document analyzes gentrification in Chicago between 1990 and 2000 using U.S. Census data at the census tract level. It finds that many neighborhoods near downtown Chicago experienced increases in income, education, and the percentage of white residents over this period, indicating gentrification. At the same time, many outer neighborhoods saw increases in minority populations, suggesting original residents may have been displaced outward. The author aims to quantify gentrification and examine how initial neighborhood characteristics relate to which areas gentrified.
- Philadelphia lost over 300,000 residents between 1970-1980, a 13% reduction, with continued population declines each decade until a slight 1% increase in 2010.
- This 2010 population growth was attributed solely to an increase in the city's foreign-born residents, as the native-born population continued declining.
- Between 1970-2010, the proportion of Philadelphia's native-born residents who were born in-state declined steadily, while those born out-of-state grew slowly.
This chapter introduces the concepts of maps, including their purposes and how they can be manipulated. It discusses the five themes of geography: location, place, region, movement, and human-environmental interaction. It also explains how maps are simplified, scaled, aggregated, and projected in different types like reference, choropleth, proportional symbol, isoline, and dot maps. The chapter aims to illustrate how changing a map's properties can change its message.
Geographical information system : GIS and Social Media Imran Ghaznavi
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data which is spatially referenced to Earth. GIS allows users to correlate geographic and attribute information to better understand relationships and patterns. Key applications of GIS include urban planning, transportation, education, government, marketing and more. The rise of social media and location-based services has led to a convergence of GIS and social media, allowing analysis of social networks and interactions tied to physical locations over time. This new development enables deeper understanding of human behavior patterns across communities.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geography and Geographic Informations SystemsBarry Wellar
This presentation at the University of Ottawa's GIS Day in 2006 was prepared as part of the Geography Awareness Week program, Canadian Association of Geographers.The objectives of the presentation were to illustrate to secondary school and university students the importance of geography in understanding the social, economic, planning, development, environmental, political, and other affairs of the world from the local to the international scales, and outline how geographrapic information systems (GIS) technology and applications contribute to mapping, anaysing, synthesizing, and understanding these geography-related situations and relationships, and then to designing geographic-based solutions to these problems.
Running head GIS1GIS2Project Foundations of.docxwlynn1
Running head: GIS 1
GIS 2
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date of Submission
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Research Problem to be Solved
Natural Resource Management-This Research Proposal focuses on how the Geographic Information Systems software facilitates or helps in the management of Natural Resources. (GIS on the Natural Resource management). It was found that the population, especially those of the major cities around the world, keeps on growing day by day; as a result, most cities are experiencing expansion pressure of accommodating the massive influx. This Proposal, therefore, looks at how the GIS software can be utilized in the identification as well as the assessment of spatial patterns of the existing city as well as identification of the appropriate areas that can be used for urban expansion.
Data
The primary data to be used for this project will be the population data. This data is readily available and is found in various census archives such as the U.S. census archives. This data, therefore, may be entered as different layers onto the satellite images recorded for the city under consideration. Also, the research will require high-resolution satellite data, which will be for the coverage maps of the selected region; however, this data is quite accessible mostly in digital format, because the NASA, as well as other prominent satellite imaging organizations, may be able to provide this data. Various GIS equipment may also be required in this case; some of them might include the DEM input maps of the land-use in the selected region. The satellite image maps may offer the instrument. Besides, the GIS software will also incorporate the habitat data. After preliminary research into the identification and needs of such species for their ideal habitat (Tomaszewski, 2014).
References
Tomaszewski, B. (2014). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Disaster Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
.
Running head GIS1GIS2Project Foundations of.docxjeanettehully
Running head: GIS 1
GIS 2
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date of Submission
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Research Problem to be Solved
Natural Resource Management-This Research Proposal focuses on how the Geographic Information Systems software facilitates or helps in the management of Natural Resources. (GIS on the Natural Resource management). It was found that the population, especially those of the major cities around the world, keeps on growing day by day; as a result, most cities are experiencing expansion pressure of accommodating the massive influx. This Proposal, therefore, looks at how the GIS software can be utilized in the identification as well as the assessment of spatial patterns of the existing city as well as identification of the appropriate areas that can be used for urban expansion.
Data
The primary data to be used for this project will be the population data. This data is readily available and is found in various census archives such as the U.S. census archives. This data, therefore, may be entered as different layers onto the satellite images recorded for the city under consideration. Also, the research will require high-resolution satellite data, which will be for the coverage maps of the selected region; however, this data is quite accessible mostly in digital format, because the NASA, as well as other prominent satellite imaging organizations, may be able to provide this data. Various GIS equipment may also be required in this case; some of them might include the DEM input maps of the land-use in the selected region. The satellite image maps may offer the instrument. Besides, the GIS software will also incorporate the habitat data. After preliminary research into the identification and needs of such species for their ideal habitat (Tomaszewski, 2014).
References
Tomaszewski, B. (2014). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Disaster Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
...
The document discusses population mobility patterns in the United States based on Census Bureau data. It finds that over 40 million Americans moved in 2002-2003, with over half being local moves within counties. Younger adults aged 20-29 had the highest moving rates, while older adults aged 55+ had the highest rates of interstate moves. Hispanics and African Americans also had above average moving rates. Factors like age and home ownership most influenced rates of relocation.
This document discusses urban containment policies like urban growth boundaries as sustainability tools for U.S. cities. It defines key terms and outlines the need for sustainability in U.S. cities. The document presents Portland, Oregon and Knoxville, Tennessee as case studies to analyze how urban growth boundaries can foster more economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable city development patterns. GIS is used to analyze land uses within the cities' urban growth boundaries. The discussion will compare the results from the case studies to evaluate the sustainability of urban growth boundaries in U.S. cities.
Spatial analysis of Mexican Homicides and Proximity to the US BorderKezia Dinelt
This document describes a spatial analysis of homicides related to drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) in Mexico in 2010 in relation to proximity to the U.S. border. The author hypothesizes that DTO homicides will be more prevalent closer to border crossings due to drug trafficking between Mexico and the U.S. The analysis uses GIS shapefiles including Mexican municipalities, DTO homicides in 2010, U.S. border cities, and population/inequality data. Regression is performed to analyze the relationship between DTO homicides and distance from border points while controlling for population density and inequality.
This document discusses cataloging and preserving digital maps and geographic information system (GIS) data. It begins by explaining how born-digital maps are different from traditionally paper maps in that they are stored in databases and have dynamic, interactive features. It then provides examples of metadata standards and catalog records for maps, as well as citations for digital maps and datasets. Models for preserving and providing broader access to GIS data are presented, such as data clearinghouses and open data initiatives. The importance of archiving digital geospatial data and challenges involved are also addressed.
Flooding is a serious issue for Cairo, Illinois due to its low elevation at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. This study uses GIS to analyze flood risk for Cairo based on FEMA flood zone data. Most of the urban area around Cairo falls within the 100-year flood zone. Key transportation infrastructure like roads and railways pass through flood-prone areas, requiring evacuation planning. The analysis found over 2,900 people live in high-risk census tracts, including many elderly residents and families with children who are vulnerable. A third of residents live below the poverty line, limiting ability to prepare for floods. The GIS maps and data can help authorities better manage flood risks and plan emergency responses.
The document discusses the feasibility and potential socioeconomic impacts of implementing an agricultural greenbelt in Greenville County, South Carolina. It finds that over 90% of the county is environmentally suitable for agriculture and green space. However, many of the areas found suitable are located in western parts of the county with high proportions of low-income, poverty-stricken, and Hispanic populations. There is a potential that these vulnerable groups could be displaced or face increased costs of living if a greenbelt were established without accompanying policies to address socioeconomic issues. While greenbelts can provide benefits, the research indicates the proposal may not be feasible due to the uncertainties around socioeconomic effects.
This document analyzes changes in the Lower West Side and Pilsen neighborhoods of Chicago between 1979 and 2009 using remote sensing data and GIS analysis. The author examines potential signs of urbanization, such as increasing population density and development, that could indicate gentrification. Change detection analysis was performed on Landsat imagery from 1979, 1989, 1999 and 2009 to identify areas of change. The results suggest increasing development in Pilsen over the 30-year period that could be affecting the neighborhood's demographic and cultural identity.
The document presents a literature review on urban sprawl. It discusses how the term has been defined over time, from early works that described characteristics like low density and leapfrog development, to more recent research examining relationships between sprawl and factors like transportation, health, and the environment. The review also analyzes quantitative methods that have been used to measure urban sprawl through analysis of geospatial data. Finally, it outlines opportunities for future work linking indicators of cities and sprawl measures.
The East Village Community Coalition engaged a NYU capstone team to provide research and projections to help the community anticipate and adapt to changes in the neighborhood. The team analyzed population demographics, real estate development trends, community feedback, and case studies of similar neighborhoods. Population projections estimate growth of over 1,000 new residents by 2019. Demographic trends show a young, educated population with increasing income inequality. Research identified over 1,000 new housing units planned by 2017. Case studies of Silver Lake, LA and Austin, TX provided lessons on managing growth while preserving community character. Recommendations focus on increasing the EVCC's visibility, engagement, and leadership to effectively shape changes in the East Village.
This document analyzes gentrification in Chicago between 1990 and 2000 using U.S. Census data at the census tract level. It finds that many neighborhoods near downtown Chicago experienced increases in income, education, and the percentage of white residents over this period, indicating gentrification. At the same time, many outer neighborhoods saw increases in minority populations, suggesting original residents may have been displaced outward. The author aims to quantify gentrification and examine how initial neighborhood characteristics relate to which areas gentrified.
- Philadelphia lost over 300,000 residents between 1970-1980, a 13% reduction, with continued population declines each decade until a slight 1% increase in 2010.
- This 2010 population growth was attributed solely to an increase in the city's foreign-born residents, as the native-born population continued declining.
- Between 1970-2010, the proportion of Philadelphia's native-born residents who were born in-state declined steadily, while those born out-of-state grew slowly.
This chapter introduces the concepts of maps, including their purposes and how they can be manipulated. It discusses the five themes of geography: location, place, region, movement, and human-environmental interaction. It also explains how maps are simplified, scaled, aggregated, and projected in different types like reference, choropleth, proportional symbol, isoline, and dot maps. The chapter aims to illustrate how changing a map's properties can change its message.
Geographical information system : GIS and Social Media Imran Ghaznavi
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data which is spatially referenced to Earth. GIS allows users to correlate geographic and attribute information to better understand relationships and patterns. Key applications of GIS include urban planning, transportation, education, government, marketing and more. The rise of social media and location-based services has led to a convergence of GIS and social media, allowing analysis of social networks and interactions tied to physical locations over time. This new development enables deeper understanding of human behavior patterns across communities.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geography and Geographic Informations SystemsBarry Wellar
This presentation at the University of Ottawa's GIS Day in 2006 was prepared as part of the Geography Awareness Week program, Canadian Association of Geographers.The objectives of the presentation were to illustrate to secondary school and university students the importance of geography in understanding the social, economic, planning, development, environmental, political, and other affairs of the world from the local to the international scales, and outline how geographrapic information systems (GIS) technology and applications contribute to mapping, anaysing, synthesizing, and understanding these geography-related situations and relationships, and then to designing geographic-based solutions to these problems.
Running head GIS1GIS2Project Foundations of.docxwlynn1
Running head: GIS 1
GIS 2
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date of Submission
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Research Problem to be Solved
Natural Resource Management-This Research Proposal focuses on how the Geographic Information Systems software facilitates or helps in the management of Natural Resources. (GIS on the Natural Resource management). It was found that the population, especially those of the major cities around the world, keeps on growing day by day; as a result, most cities are experiencing expansion pressure of accommodating the massive influx. This Proposal, therefore, looks at how the GIS software can be utilized in the identification as well as the assessment of spatial patterns of the existing city as well as identification of the appropriate areas that can be used for urban expansion.
Data
The primary data to be used for this project will be the population data. This data is readily available and is found in various census archives such as the U.S. census archives. This data, therefore, may be entered as different layers onto the satellite images recorded for the city under consideration. Also, the research will require high-resolution satellite data, which will be for the coverage maps of the selected region; however, this data is quite accessible mostly in digital format, because the NASA, as well as other prominent satellite imaging organizations, may be able to provide this data. Various GIS equipment may also be required in this case; some of them might include the DEM input maps of the land-use in the selected region. The satellite image maps may offer the instrument. Besides, the GIS software will also incorporate the habitat data. After preliminary research into the identification and needs of such species for their ideal habitat (Tomaszewski, 2014).
References
Tomaszewski, B. (2014). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Disaster Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
.
Running head GIS1GIS2Project Foundations of.docxjeanettehully
Running head: GIS 1
GIS 2
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date of Submission
Project Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (Proposal)
Research Problem to be Solved
Natural Resource Management-This Research Proposal focuses on how the Geographic Information Systems software facilitates or helps in the management of Natural Resources. (GIS on the Natural Resource management). It was found that the population, especially those of the major cities around the world, keeps on growing day by day; as a result, most cities are experiencing expansion pressure of accommodating the massive influx. This Proposal, therefore, looks at how the GIS software can be utilized in the identification as well as the assessment of spatial patterns of the existing city as well as identification of the appropriate areas that can be used for urban expansion.
Data
The primary data to be used for this project will be the population data. This data is readily available and is found in various census archives such as the U.S. census archives. This data, therefore, may be entered as different layers onto the satellite images recorded for the city under consideration. Also, the research will require high-resolution satellite data, which will be for the coverage maps of the selected region; however, this data is quite accessible mostly in digital format, because the NASA, as well as other prominent satellite imaging organizations, may be able to provide this data. Various GIS equipment may also be required in this case; some of them might include the DEM input maps of the land-use in the selected region. The satellite image maps may offer the instrument. Besides, the GIS software will also incorporate the habitat data. After preliminary research into the identification and needs of such species for their ideal habitat (Tomaszewski, 2014).
References
Tomaszewski, B. (2014). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Disaster Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
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The document discusses population mobility patterns in the United States based on Census Bureau data. It finds that over 40 million Americans moved in 2002-2003, with over half being local moves within counties. Younger adults aged 20-29 had the highest moving rates, while older adults aged 55+ had the highest rates of interstate moves. Hispanics and African Americans also had above average moving rates. Factors like age and home ownership most influenced rates of relocation.
This document discusses urban containment policies like urban growth boundaries as sustainability tools for U.S. cities. It defines key terms and outlines the need for sustainability in U.S. cities. The document presents Portland, Oregon and Knoxville, Tennessee as case studies to analyze how urban growth boundaries can foster more economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable city development patterns. GIS is used to analyze land uses within the cities' urban growth boundaries. The discussion will compare the results from the case studies to evaluate the sustainability of urban growth boundaries in U.S. cities.
Spatial analysis of Mexican Homicides and Proximity to the US BorderKezia Dinelt
This document describes a spatial analysis of homicides related to drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) in Mexico in 2010 in relation to proximity to the U.S. border. The author hypothesizes that DTO homicides will be more prevalent closer to border crossings due to drug trafficking between Mexico and the U.S. The analysis uses GIS shapefiles including Mexican municipalities, DTO homicides in 2010, U.S. border cities, and population/inequality data. Regression is performed to analyze the relationship between DTO homicides and distance from border points while controlling for population density and inequality.
This document discusses cataloging and preserving digital maps and geographic information system (GIS) data. It begins by explaining how born-digital maps are different from traditionally paper maps in that they are stored in databases and have dynamic, interactive features. It then provides examples of metadata standards and catalog records for maps, as well as citations for digital maps and datasets. Models for preserving and providing broader access to GIS data are presented, such as data clearinghouses and open data initiatives. The importance of archiving digital geospatial data and challenges involved are also addressed.
Flooding is a serious issue for Cairo, Illinois due to its low elevation at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. This study uses GIS to analyze flood risk for Cairo based on FEMA flood zone data. Most of the urban area around Cairo falls within the 100-year flood zone. Key transportation infrastructure like roads and railways pass through flood-prone areas, requiring evacuation planning. The analysis found over 2,900 people live in high-risk census tracts, including many elderly residents and families with children who are vulnerable. A third of residents live below the poverty line, limiting ability to prepare for floods. The GIS maps and data can help authorities better manage flood risks and plan emergency responses.
The document discusses the feasibility and potential socioeconomic impacts of implementing an agricultural greenbelt in Greenville County, South Carolina. It finds that over 90% of the county is environmentally suitable for agriculture and green space. However, many of the areas found suitable are located in western parts of the county with high proportions of low-income, poverty-stricken, and Hispanic populations. There is a potential that these vulnerable groups could be displaced or face increased costs of living if a greenbelt were established without accompanying policies to address socioeconomic issues. While greenbelts can provide benefits, the research indicates the proposal may not be feasible due to the uncertainties around socioeconomic effects.
This document analyzes changes in the Lower West Side and Pilsen neighborhoods of Chicago between 1979 and 2009 using remote sensing data and GIS analysis. The author examines potential signs of urbanization, such as increasing population density and development, that could indicate gentrification. Change detection analysis was performed on Landsat imagery from 1979, 1989, 1999 and 2009 to identify areas of change. The results suggest increasing development in Pilsen over the 30-year period that could be affecting the neighborhood's demographic and cultural identity.
1. The Disjunct Between Urban Population and Area: a Remote Sensing Study of Cuidad Juárez
and Tijuana Border Areas, 2000 - 2014
Senior Thesis
Rebekah Watkins
GPY 495 - 01 Professor Cole
10 December, 2014
Paper in partial fulfillment of the senior thesis requirement in the Department of Geography and
Planning, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
2. Table of Contents
Section Page
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………..…. i
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..ii
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1
Literature Review…………..…………………………………………………………………… 2
Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Results and Discussion………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………..…14
Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………..… 15
Future Research…………………………………………………………………………..…… 15
Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………….…….. 16
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3. List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1: Percent Average Change by City (2000 - 2014) ………………………………………12
Table 2: Population Data (2000 - 2010)…………………………………………………….…..12
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1: Tijuana and San Diego Areas of Study ……………………………………………… 4
Figure 2: Ciudad Juárez and El Paso Areas of Study………………………………………….. 4
Figure 3: ArcMap Methods Flowchart ………………………………………………………… 5
Figure 4: Supervised Class Codes……………………………………………………….…….. 6
Figure 5: El Paso and Juárez Original Raster Images ………………….……………………… 7
Figure 6: El Paso and Juárez Classified Raster Images……………………………………….. 8
Figure 7: San Diego and Tijuana Original Raster Images ……………..……………………… 9
Figure 8: San Diego and Tijuana Classified Raster Images…………….……………………..10
Figure 9: Percent Average Cover by Year …………………………………………………… 11
Figure 10: Percent Average Change (2000 - 2014)………………………………………….. 11
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5. Abstract
The motivation behind this study is to reveal insight into the ongoing development of
Mexican-American border cities by differentiating area density and population of major
American and Mexican border towns. Through this study, correlations of the urbanized
development between the U.S.and Mexican urban communities will be observed. Secondary data
was collected from the areas of study for the years 2000/2002 and 2014. GIS was used from here
to preform supervised classification on the images. Continued analysis shows overall
urbanization in border cities through the years. The results from this study will uncover that the
Mexican side of the border continues urbanizing sporadically due to growing population and the
absence of planning. The American side shows organized and dispersed urban development over
time. Population as well continues to climb in border towns and with a decline in the number of
people per household. Therefore in conclusion, the urban growth that is seen correlates well with
the population data as there is a need for more housing in these cities.
Key Words: Mexican-American border cities, Imagery analysis, Population growth
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the continual development of border town
areas by contrasting area density and population in major American and Mexican border towns.
Through this study, comparisons of the urbanized growth between the U.S. and Mexican border
cities will be seen over time. The results from this analysis will reveal that the Mexican side of
the border continues to urbanize and grow sporadically due to rapid population growth and lack
of planning. By contrast, data collected from the American side will show structured and spaced
urban growth over time.
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6. Literature Review
Since the 1950s, the international border between the United States and Mexico has been
one of the world’s fastest urbanizing areas (Herzog, 1991). As America turned to outsourcing,
Mexican border towns expanded rapidly as people migrated to northern Mexico to work in the
factories that U.S. companies have conveniently placed just over the border. Urbanization
boomed because there was such high demand for factory workers. These towns that lay on the
U.S. Border (Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana and Mexicali) have developed large areas of urban and
industrial sprawl that cover the ground very differently than the American cities directly across
the border from them.
That said, not all nonuniform Mexican urbanization of border cities occurs because of
worker’s migration to northern border cities. It has been seen that there are many different
income levels residing in irregularly planned zones. Therefore, not only lower-class families are
found in these irregular zones but also middle and higher-class families. The 2000 Mexican
census data reported that 43% of the population of Tijuana resides in an irregular zoning area
(Graizbord, 2006). "The cities of Mexico face many of the problems associated with rapid urban
growth in developing countries: inadequate housing supply, a lack of water and sewage
infrastructure, unclear property rights, and insufficient response capacity in the local
government” (Monkkonen, 2008: 227). The inability for cities to maintain local infrastructure
and plan come from their lack of delegated resources, technology and personnel.
One of the key contributions for uneven development is the shortfall of government
agencies in delegation of the land. Many times crowed development happens because of
discrepancies between municipal, state and federal branches’ ownership over an area. Even if
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7. zoning ordinances were placed for certain areas they would not be enforceable unless the agency
that created the ordinances were clearly the presiding authoritative organization (Graizbord,
2006).
The Mexican government is not completely at fault. Although, absence of land
regularization has played a part in the boom of the illegal subdividing of land, contributing
significantly to urban crowding in major Mexican cities. Subdividing land is popular in urban
centers because of the high cost of lots in those areas. Owners are found selling off or renting
pieces of their land or slitting up houses and apartments to others (Graizbord, 2006).
Methods
Remote sensing and GIS were the research methods used to investigate urban
development in Mexico and the United States. The area of study for this project was two of the
largest border towns in Mexico, Tijuana and Cuidad Juárez, and their American counterparts, San
Diego and El Paso.
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8. Figure 1. Tijuana and San Diego Areas of Study
Source: Author.
Figure 2. Ciudad Juárez and El Paso Areas of Study
Source: Author.
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9. First, the images from 2000/2002 and 2014, of the major regional border cities were
exported from Google Earth from the same elevation above the ground. The images were
selected based on their appearance of density. Three images were selected from each city for
each year in order to include images of high medium and low density housing areas, as seen in
figures 1 and 2 on the previous page. Then these images were imported into ArcGIS for
secondary analysis. Preliminary, the parcels in each image were summed as to better
estimate the density of each area.
Image classification has two major types of analysis; supervised and unsupervised.
Supervised is a machine learning process of analyzing the land change/land cover in images,
whereas unsupervised is a manual classification of the images based on shade and contrast of the
image where the user defines the land change and cover.
Figure 3. ArcMap Methods Flowchart
Source: Author.
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10. For this study, first the original raster images were imputed into ArcMap and then clipped
to similar size. From here, the clipped rasters were used to make training samples of urban,
paved roads, barren ground, vegetation and water. These training samples were then made into a
signature file for the machine learning process. The signature file was imputed in to the
supervised classification of Maximum likelihood to calculate the classes of land cover based on
my samples. Lastly, data analysis was preformed on the recoded images in order to calculate the
percent land cover/change in each image.
Figure 4. Supervised Class Codes
Source: Author.
Results and Discussion
As seen on the following pages in figures 5 - 8, the classified images reveal that both
sides of the border have growth of urbanized areas throughout the years. The U.S. side of the
border is developing into crisper, polygonal urban land cover as compared to Mexico’s. Juárez’s
urban land cover that is not growing as fast as expected.
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11. Figure 5. El Paso and Juárez Original Raster Images
High Density Medium Density Low Density
Source: Google Earth (2014), Author.
7
12. Figure 6. El Paso and Juárez Classified Raster Images
High Density Medium Density Low Density
Source: Google Earth (2014), Author.
8
13. Figure 7. San Diego and Tijuana Original Raster Images
High Density Medium Density Low Density
Source: Google Earth (2014), Author.
9
14. Figure 8. San Diego and Tijuana Classified Raster Images
High Density Medium Density Low Density
Source: Google Earth (2014), Author.
Contrasting these images, one can see some overall urbanization and development,
especially in the low density images. With further analysis, it can be noted that overall
urbanization rose from 2000 to 2014, as seen in figure 9. Barren ground was reduced as roads
and new housing was build through the years. Roads had the highest overall percent growth, with
a 3.2 percent rise, seen in figure 10. This is a rather normal growth with regards to the fact that
the average city is 60% roadway.
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15. Figure 9. Percent Average Cover by Year
Source: Author.
Figure 10. Percent Average Change (2000 - 2014)
Source: Author.
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16. Table 1. Percent Average Change by City (2000 - 2014)
Source: Author.
Table 2. Population Data (2000 - 2010)
Source: Instituto National De Estadísticas Y Geografía (INEGI, 2014)
American FactFinder (U.S. Census, 2014)
Looking at the population statistics, seen in table 2, all of the studied cities are
continually growing. There is a reduction in the number of people per household over the years.
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17. This means that more houses had to be build within 2000 and 2010 to accommodate the growing
populations.
The United States as very strict zoning and building laws unlike that of Mexico. As well,
American border towns do not see as large of a population growth as those in Mexico. With little
to no urbanization and a small population growth, not much change is seen in American border
cities.
When looking at Tijuana’s history one can see an atypical form of development. Unlike
the normal growth of Latin-American cities Tijuana did not form a nuclear urban core. Rather
because of lack of infrastructure and legal land, the city spread out in an urban sprawl when it
began to urbanize quickly (Graizbord, 2006). Tijuana also faces a large population growth, as
seen in table 2. There is a large increase of paved roads and lots over the years that support this
new growth, table 1. Tijuana is unable to support their housing growth. Lack of planning caused
sporadic development and subdividing of parcels, as seen in figure 7 and 8. The city’s overall
high density indicates slum-like conditions, which could be caused by its large population
growth.
Juarez is one of the fasted urbanizing cities (as seen in table 1), the expansion is fueled by
growing numbers of factories in Mexican border cities. This takes away from the number of
agricultural workers available and causes crowed cities since factory jobs are a more steady form
of work than agriculture. In 2000, Ciudad Juárez averaged 251 people per square kilometer
(Enríquez Acosta, 2009) and rose to 374 in 2010 (INEGI, 2014). As of 2005, Juárez had 278
factories that were providing around 196,500 jobs to the immediate surrounding area (INEGI,
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18. 2014). Cities like Juárez often have high real-estate values and not enough room to support a
crowded population, because multi-national assembly-line factories occupy large tracts of land
and the mountainous, uninhabitable topography on the southwest side boxes in the urban
expansion. The economic drivers of growth from these profitable factories are trumping zoning
laws and “local governments [are] unable to regulate urban development” (Enríquez Acosta,
2009). Today, most crowding is made up of young, male workers who move to Juarez alone in
order to provide for their families back in their hometowns. Forty-one percent of the population
is not native to Ciudad Juárez, with a majority of that percentage coming from surrounding
states. Many workers live as efficiently as possible, staying in one-room apartments or sharing a
house with others. Fifteen percent of Juárez’s residents live in tight and cramped conditions
under extreme poverty (Enríquez Acosta, 2009).
Conclusions
Comparisons show the U.S.A. is modernizing and moving outwards with lower
population growth and little to no urbanization happening in already highly dense areas. On the
other hand, Mexican border cities are expanding by crowding and subdividing of parcels. “The
cities with higher population growth rates and higher population densities urbanized land at a
greater rate” (Monkkonen, 2008: 233). Crowding started very early on in the Mexican border
cities due to the fact that the city’s population was growing faster than their governments could
provide for and handle. For each city we must take into account its history, culture, economy,
laws, government and industrial activity in order to truly understand its urbanization process.
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19. Limitations
There was some issues with finding images of good quality. Google Earth is a great
resource but does not have imagery for all years and months. Therefore due to lack of imagery,
images from 2002 were used for Juárez and El Paso.
As with many image classification there was limitations. Machine learning is great, but
the program can only do so much. Imagery with shadows or dark roofs would often times get
classified as roads. Also, with many different colors of roofs it was hard to take samples of all of
the types. These challenges were addressed and images were often reclassified with different
training samples to create rather accurate classified images.
When first looking at the images it is hard to estimate exactly how many residents are
living in the areas of study. The estimation of people per household can be used but it only gives
an approximation of the residents. Therefore, the exact density of the study areas can not be
known precisely because of illegal parcel subdividing.
Future Research
In the future an on-site observational study would be recommended in order to further
note the impacts and causes of urban crowding and development. This would also be useful for
gathering more accurate population densities for each area. The areas of study for each city could
be expanded to create a better comprehension of the urbanization and problems of each city as a
whole. A larger area of study would also be useful to see if similarities are found in other border
cities. Also, as always, imagery with better resolution would add to the accuracy of the machine
learning process providing better results.
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20. Works Cited
American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau, 2010.
Brunn, Stanley D., Jack Francis. Williams, and Michael E. Bonine. Cities of the World: World
Regional Urban Development. 5th ed. Washington DC: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.
Enríquez Acosta, Jesús Ángel. "Migration and Urbanization in Northwest Mexico's Border
Cities." Journal of the Southwest 51.4 (2009): 445-55.
Graizbord, Boris. "Reseña: Legalizando La Ciudad. Asentamientos Informales Y Procesos De
Regularización En Tijuana." Rev. of Legalizando La Ciudad. Asentamientos Informales Y
Procesos De Regularización En Tijuana, by Tito Alegría Olazábal and Gerardo Ordóñez
Barba. Estudios Demográficos Y Urbanos 63rd ser. 21.3 (2006): 757-61.
Herzog, Lawrence A. "USA-Mexico Border Cities: A Clash of Two Cultures." Habitat
International 15.1-2 (1991): 261-73.
INEGI. Instituto National De Estadísticas Y Geografía, 2010.Sloan, John W., and Johnthan P.
West. “The Role of Informal Policy Making in U.S.-Mexico Border Cities." Social
Science Quarterly 58.2 (1977): 279-82.
Staudt, Kathleen A., Fuentes Flores César M., and Monárrez Fragoso Julia Estela. Cities and
Citizenship at the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Paso Del Norte Metropolitan Region. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.
Monkkonen, Paavo. "Using Online Satellite Imagery as a Research Tool: Mapping Changing
Patterns of Urbanization in Mexico." Journal of Planning Education and Research 28.2
(2008): 225-36.
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21. Viswanathan, Nanda K., James B. Pick, W. James Hettrick, and Elliot Ellsworth. "An Analysis of
Commonality in the Twin Metropolitan Areas of San Diego, California, and Tijuana,
Mexico." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 39.1 (2005): 57-79.
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