Virology antibodies - Structure of West Nile Virus
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The WNV genome is constituted by a single-stranded RNA molecule of positive polarity. This RNA molecule of about 11k nucleotides in length encodes a polyprotein in a single open reading frame that is flanked by two non-coding regions (NCRs) located at the 5’ and 3’ ends of the genome.
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The FIV genome is comprised of three main structural genes, gag, pol, and env, which encode internal structural proteins, viral enzymes and envelope glycoproteins, respectively. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/feline-immunodeficiency-virus-vaccine.htm
feline leukemia vaccines
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is retroviral in the family Oncovirinae and is one of the most feared causes of a highly contagious and potentially fatal retroviral infection that weakens a cat's immune system.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/feline-leukemia-virus-vaccine.htm
egg vaccines
Chicken-egg-based vaccine production remains the most effective manufacturing method available.
cow vaccines
Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) belong to the Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order which cause respiratory and enteric infections in cattle and wild ruminants. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/bovine-coronavirus-vaccines.htm
cmv vaccines
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is from the family of Herpesviridae. Humans and monkeys serve as natural hosts.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/cytomegalovirus-vaccines.htm
glycolipid synthesis.pdf
Due to their surfactants or gelation properties, glycolipids can be used to encapsulate some drugs. Studies have shown that the sucrose esters ability to form various formulation systems for the loading of different active molecules. These results revealed that micro-particles can be obtained with sucrose esters and they exhibit efficient encapsulation properties for pharmaceuticals applications. Several other studies describe the preparation of hydrogels or solution stabilized by sucrose esters for drug dermal absorptions. Therefore, the glycolipid potential is huge in the pharmaceutical and biomedical field.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/glycoprotein/custom-glycolipid-synthesis.htm
D-Galactosamine pentaacetate
D-Galactosamine pentaacetate
Dried by centrifugal evaporation from an aqueous solution.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/glycoprotein/d-galactosamine-pentaacetate-20.htm
Galactoarabinan.pdf
Dried by centrifugal evaporation from an aqueous solution.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/glycoprotein/galactoarabinan-202.htm
custom synthesis services.pdf
Membrane carbohydrates, found on the extracellular surface, are complex and can display considerable variability in composition and structure. They are attached with embedded lipids forming glycolipids. Glycolipids constitute a complex family of amphipathic molecules structurally characterized by a hydrophilic mono- or oligo-saccharide moiety linked to a hydrophobic ceramide moiety.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/glycoprotein/custom-glycolipid-synthesis.htm
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Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
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Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
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Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
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Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
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Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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- 1. Structure of West Nile Virus ➢ The WNV genome is constituted by a single-stranded RNA molecule of positive polarity. ➢ This RNA molecule of about 11k nucleotides in length encodes a polyprotein in a single open reading frame that is flanked by two non-coding regions (NCRs) located at the 5’ and 3’ ends of the genome. ➢ The polyprotein is proteolytically processed by viral and cellular proteases rendering ten major viral proteins: three structural (C, prM and E) and seven non-structural, NS (NS1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A, 4B, 5). 04 Fig.2 Representation of West Nile virus particle. (Acebes, World J Virol, 2012) Fig.3 A schematic diagram of the WENV genome. (Suthar, Nat Rev Microbiol, 2013)