The document defines violence and its types, including physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, cultural, verbal and financial abuse. It provides examples and health effects of each type of violence. Gender based violence disproportionately affects women and girls. Statistics show high rates of female infanticide, sex selection abortion, honor killings, acid attacks and rape in some countries. Interventions to address gender based violence include counseling, capacity building, shelter, legal aid, and community awareness programs.

2. Definition
 The intentional use of physical force/ power,
threatened or actual, against oneself, another person,
or against a group/ community, that either results in or
has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, mal development or deprivation.

4. Types of Violence
 Physical
 Sexual
 Emotional
 Psychological
 Cultural
 Verbal
 Financial Abuse

5. Physical
Physical violence occurs when someone uses a part of
their body or an object to control a person’s actions.
It is a physical force which results in pain, discomfort or
injury
Examples of such:
Hitting, pinching, hair-pulling, arm-twisting, strangling,
burning, stabbing, punching, pushing, slapping, beating,
shoving, kicking, choking, biting, force-feeding, or any
other rough treatment

7. Health effects of violence
Chronic pain
G.I disorders
Psychosomatic symptoms
Eating problems
Anxiety
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Depression
Abd/ thoracic injuries
Fractures/ bruises
Lacerations/ abrasions
Reduced physical functioning

8. Sexual
Sexual violence occurs when a person is forced to unwillingly
take part in sexual activity.
 E.gs. Touching in a sexual manner without consent (i.e.,
kissing, grabbing, fondling)
 Forced sexual intercourse
 Forcing a person to perform sexual acts that may be
degrading or painful
 Beating sexual parts of the body
 Forcing a person to view pornographic material
 forcing participation in pornographic
 Forced prostitution

9. Risk associated with this Act
 Higher rates of HIV
 Other STD`s
 Damage to reproductive organs
 Pelvic inflammatory disease (P.I.D)
 Sexual dysfunction
 Infertility
 Complications in pregnancy
 Gynecological disorders
 Frequent miscarriages/ premature babies as a result of
severe abuse

10. Emotional violence
Emotional violence occurs when someone says or does
something to make a person feel stupid or worthless.
Examples:
 Name calling
 Blaming all relationship problems on the person;
 Using silent treatment
 Not allowing the person to have contact with family and
friends
 Destroying possessions
 Jealousy
 Threatening to abandon the person

11. Psychological
 Occurs when someone uses threats and causes fear in a
person to gain control. These same words can also
destroy or harm a individuals belief in oneself.
 Undermining mental or emotional well-being
 E.g:
 Threatening to harm the person or her or his family if
she or he leaves
 Stalking / criminal harassment
 Verbal aggression
 Socially isolating the person
 Inappropriately controlling the person’s activities
 Treating a person like a child or a servant
 Withholding companionship or affection

12. Effect on one`s health
 Poor self perception
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Suicidal thoughts/ behaviours
 Drug/substance abuse
 Feelings of shame and guilt
 Eating/ sleeping disorders
 Physical inactivity
 Engaging in promiscuous
behaviours

13. Cultural
Cultural violence occurs when a person is harmed as a result
of practices that are part of his or her culture, religion or
tradition.
It includes but is not limited to;
 Committing “honour” or other crimes against women in
some parts of the world, where women especially may be
physically harmed, shunned, maimed or killed for:
 Falling in love with the “wrong” person
 Seeking divorce
 Infidelity
 committing adultery
 Being raped
 Practicing witchcraft

14. Cont`d
 Being older.
 Cultural violence may take place in some of the
following ways:
 Lynching or stoning
 Banishment
 Abandonment of an older person at hospital by family
 Female circumcision
 Rape-marriage
 Sexual slavery

15. Financial
 Financial abuse occurs when someone controls a person’s
financial resources without the person’s consent or
misuses those resources.
Examples;
 Not allowing the person to participate in educational
programs
 Forcing the person to work outside the home
 Refusing to let the person work outside the home or
attend school
 Controlling the person’s choice of occupation
 Illegally or improperly using a person’s money, assets or
property
 Not paying bills/ opening mails without permission

16. Financial Impact
 Loss of income
 Negative effects on school performance, in terms of
the abused child
 Violation of human rights
 Heavy burden on the health care system
 Economic costs on the victims like
home displacement, legal costs, medical costs

17. Gender Based Violence
 Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is defined as violence or
brutality that is directed at an individual based on her or
his specific gender role in a society. It can affect females
or males; however, women and girls are more subjected
to gender-based violence.
 Gender-Based Violence can be both physical and
psychological and include acts done in private and public
areas. The act of violence can occur within the home,
community, perpetrated or condoned by the State.

18. Global Statistics on Gender Based
Violence (GBV)
 Based on research India women are abused and killed
by the hands of their attackers. Statistics have shown
ten thousand (10,000) cases of female infanticide
(killing female babies) were reported annually. In
addition, China has implemented a one-child policy; of
which twelve (12) percent of the female embryos were
aborted. In West Africa forced prostitution is
predominant and there is an upsurge of child
prostitution in South Africa.

19.  Studies also indicate violence in India is widespread
where more than five thousand (5,000) women are
killed annually by their husband and in-laws who burn
them in "accidental" kitchen fires if their on-going
demands for dowry (wedding gift) before and after
marriage were not met. Acid attacks are perpetrated
in Bangladesh where over two hundred (200) attacks
occur annually. Honour killings in countries such as
Bangladesh, Egypt, Jordon, Pakistan and Turkey are
not unusual. Rape is used as a weapon in the
Democratic Republic of Congo where some forty (40)
women are raped daily.

20. Gender Affairs Annual Reports for
the period 2005 to 2008

21. The data below illustrates reports done by the Rape Crisis
Society over a six (6) year period from 2000 to 2005.

22. Risks associated with GBV
 Higher rates of HIV/ other STD`s
 Broken bones
 Damage to reproductive organs
 The social & psychological effects are just as
traumatizing,, leaving many victims feeling
isolated & vulnerable

23. Measures to be taken regarding the
prevention of domestic violence
 To develop a partnership between the authorities
responsible for the protection of women`s rights &
regional and local authorities in order to increase the#
of rehabilitation centers & shelters for women victims of
domestic violence
 To launch through media, national awareness
campaigns against domestic violence
 To start education on gender equality and non violent
behaviour at a very early stage and to ensure adequate
training for teachers on the issue of domestic violence
and gender equality.

24. Violence against men
 Women aren't the only victims of domestic violence.
Understand the signs of domestic violence against men,
and know how to get help.
 Domestic violence — also known as domestic abuse,
battering or intimate partner violence — occurs between
people in an intimate relationship. Domestic violence
against men can take many forms, including emotional,
sexual and physical abuse and threats of abuse. It can
happen in heterosexual or same sex relationships.

25.  It might not be easy to recognize domestic violence
against men. Early in the relationship, your partner
might seem attentive, generous and protective in ways
that later turn out to be controlling and frightening.
Initially, the abuse might appear as isolated incidents.
Your partner might apologize and promise not to abuse
you again.
 In other relationships, domestic violence against men
might include both partners slapping or shoving each
other when they get angry — and neither partner seeing
himself or herself as being abused or controlled. This
type of violence, however, can still devastate a
relationship, causing both physical and emotional
damage.

26. You might be experiencing domestic
violence if your partner:
 Calls you names, insults you or puts you down
 Prevents you from going to work or school
 Stops you from seeing family members or friends
 Tries to control how you spend money, where you go or what you
wear
 Acts jealous or possessive or constantly accuses you of being
unfaithful
 Gets angry when drinking alcohol or using drugs
 Threatens you with violence or a weapon
 Hits, kicks, shoves, slaps, chokes or otherwise hurts you, your
children or your pets

27. If you're gay, bisexual or transgender, you might
also be experiencing domestic violence if you're in
a relationship with someone who:
 Threatens to tell friends, family, colleagues or community
members your sexual orientation or gender identity
 Tells you that authorities won't help a gay, bisexual or
transgender person
 Tells you that leaving the relationship means you're
admitting that gay, bisexual or transgender relationships
are deviant
 Justifies abuse by telling you that you're not "really" gay,
bisexual or transgender

28. Children and abuse
 Domestic violence affects children, even if they're just
witnesses. If you have children, remember that exposure to
domestic violence puts them at risk of developmental problems,
psychiatric disorders, problems at school, aggressive behavior
and low self-esteem.
 You might worry that seeking help could further endanger you
and your children, or that it might break up your family. Fathers
might fear that abusive partners will try to take their children
away from them. However, getting help is the best way to
protect your children — and yourself.

29. Interventions
 Psychosocial support
 Professional counseling of survivors of GBV and their
families (Individuals and support groups)
 Distribution of aid materials such as clothes, food,
sanitary towels, etc
 Training and capacity building of health workers in
other
health facilities, police,
prosecutors, magistrates,
community based organizations
among others on impact of GBV
in the society & how to handle
GBV survivors

30. Cont`d
 Referrals for accommodation (Shelter homes)
and legal aid services
 Community awareness programmes (Community
trainings and media coverage) to enhance
awareness of the nature, manifestation,
dynamics and impact of GBV & HIV/AIDS with
the aim of influencing public opinion and
perceptions on GBV and enroll public to fight
GBV and HIV/AIDS (reduce levels of GBV).
Including Legal awareness

31. THANK YOU!!!

32. Questions
 What is gender based violence
 What is the effect of psychological violence on one`s
health
 What are some examples of sexual violence
 What are some of the interventions that could be put
in place to alleviate GBV
 What are some of the risks that GBV can be associated
with