Kelly Lane is requesting approval for a one month vacation to Vietnam from September 1-October 1, 2014. The trip is inspired by Tim O'Brien's book "The Things They Carried" and will include a 7 day motorbike tour along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Lane has booked flights through Cheapair.com for $5,718.30 roundtrip with United Airlines. The tour company Offroad Vietnam will provide transportation, accommodations, meals and activities for $189 per day. Lane has included details of the trip itinerary and background information on Vietnam for approval of the vacation request.
A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
This PPT show about the Vietnam history including the timeline from its time of origin to the after independence and also the 21st century. It includes the culture and demographics of Vietnam. Here you can find also the world war 2 situations in Vietnam, civil war and about their great leader Ho Chi Min. The economy of Vietnam compare to India. Vietnam political leaders and their government structure. The PPT includes the geographical significance of Vietnam and recent events.
A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
This PPT show about the Vietnam history including the timeline from its time of origin to the after independence and also the 21st century. It includes the culture and demographics of Vietnam. Here you can find also the world war 2 situations in Vietnam, civil war and about their great leader Ho Chi Min. The economy of Vietnam compare to India. Vietnam political leaders and their government structure. The PPT includes the geographical significance of Vietnam and recent events.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Cambodia, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam WarHasan Mohammad
Australia's military involvement in the Vietnam War was the longest in duration of any war in Australia's history.
The arrival of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) in South Vietnam during July and August 1962 was the beginning of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War. Australia's participation in the war was formally declared at an end when the Governor-General issued a proclamation on 11 January 1973. The only combat troops remaining in Vietnam were a platoon guarding the Australian embassy in Saigon, which was withdrawn in June 1973.
The Australian commitment consisted predominantly of army personnel, but significant numbers of air force and navy personnel and some civilians also took part.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Cambodia, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam WarHasan Mohammad
Australia's military involvement in the Vietnam War was the longest in duration of any war in Australia's history.
The arrival of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) in South Vietnam during July and August 1962 was the beginning of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War. Australia's participation in the war was formally declared at an end when the Governor-General issued a proclamation on 11 January 1973. The only combat troops remaining in Vietnam were a platoon guarding the Australian embassy in Saigon, which was withdrawn in June 1973.
The Australian commitment consisted predominantly of army personnel, but significant numbers of air force and navy personnel and some civilians also took part.
An Email Marketing Campaign to Increase Enrollment and Awareness in Marketing Electives Offered by the Ateneo Graduate School of Business. Submitted by Bong De Ungria, Pim Penalosa, Cora Sapo and Eric Yumang as part of requirements for the Digiital Marketing Program of the Ateneo Center for Continuing Education and Internet and Mobile Marketing Association of the Philippines
The Constitution of India provides in article 14 – right to equality – “The State shall not deny to any person equality before law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India”. The constitution further ensures in article 15 that there will be prohibition of discrimination. In article 16, it states that there will be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Haider Ruf der Pfarre Haid - Festausgabe anlässlich 50 Jahre Kirchweihe.
Grußworte und Glückwünsche von Bischof Ludwig Schwarz, Landeshauptmann Josef Pühringer, Bürgermeister Manfred Baumberger und dem Evangelischen Pfarrer Georg Zimmermann.
Darüber hinaus finden Sie in dieser Ausgabe einen Überblick über alle pfarrlichen Angebote sowie einen Rückblick über die vergangenen 50 Jahre.
Django-Pluggables is a design pattern that endows reusable applications with a few additional features:
#. Applications can exist at multiple URL locations (e.g. http://example.com/foo/app/ and http://example.com/bar/app/).
#. Applications can be "parented" to other applications or objects which can then deliver specialized context information.
#. Posting form data and error handling can happen in locations that make sense to the user, as opposed to the common practice of using templatetags and standalone error or preview pages for form data processing.
#. Views and templates remain generic and reusable.
Guía de la Spanish Flag Bowl, con el sorteo y la composición de grupos, que se celebrará en Calatayud el 13 y 14 de junio. Ese fin de semana se celebrarán, también en Calatayud, la Final de la Liga Femenina entre Barberà Rookies y Las Rozas Black Demons y la Final Four de la LNFA Cadete.
The insights driving superior healthcare outcomes in Asia Pacific.
Asia-Pacific Insight Magazine brings together IMS Health experts from across the region, delivering fresh perspectives on how to navigate through the challenges and opportunities in Asia-Pacific pharmaceutical market.
What the video at httpswww.youtube.comwatchv=XgW0o-Ui94k and a.docxtwilacrt6k5
What the video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0o-Ui94k and answer the questions below based upon your understanding of the war and the content of the video.
1. Why did the French request assistance from the United States in Southeast Asia?
2. How is the Domino Theory related to the containment policy?
3. How did President Kennedy attempt to stop the expansion of communism into Vietnam?
4. After which event did President Johnson dramatically increase the number of US troops deployed to Vietnam?
a. Why do historians call into questions President Johnson’s justification for sending more troops to Vietman?
5. Who advocated the policy of Vietnamization? Why did this policy fail?
6. How did the Vietnam conflict end?
The Cold War in Vietnam
Vietnam Before US Intervention Previous
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been a French colony since the late 19th century. During World War II, however, Japan occupied French Indochina. After Japan's defeat, France tried to re-establish control, but met opposition from the Viet Minh.
After World War II, neither France nor England wanted to see the end of their colonial empires. England was anxious to control Burma, Malaya, and India. France wanted to rule Indochina. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States sought to bring an end to European colonialism. As he put it, condescendingly: “There are 1.1 billion brown people. In many Eastern countries they are ruled by a handful of whites and they resent it. Our goal must be to help them achieve independence. 1.1 billion potential enemies are dangerous.”
But under Harry Truman, the United States was concerned about its naval and air bases in Asia. The U.S. decided to permit France into Indochina to re-assert its authority in Southeast Asia. The result: the French Indochina War began.
From the beginning, American intelligence officers knew that France would find it difficult to re-assert its authority in Indochina. The French refused to listen to American intelligence. To them, the idea of Asian rebels standing up to a powerful Western nation was preposterous.
Although Truman allowed the French to return to Indochina, he was not yet prepared to give the French arms, transportation, and economic assistance. It was not until anti-communism became a major issue that the United States would take an active role supporting the French. The fall of China, the Korean War, and the coming of Joe McCarthy would lead policymakers to see the French War in Vietnam, not as a colonial war, but as a war against international communism.
Beginning in 1950, the United States started to underwrite the French war effort. For four years, the United State.
What the video at httpswww.youtube.comwatchv=XgW0o-Ui94k a.docxtwilacrt6k5
What the video at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0o-Ui94k
and answer the questions below based upon your understanding of the war and the content of the video.
1.
Why did the French request assistance from the United States in Southeast Asia?
2.
How is the Domino Theory related to the containment policy?
3.
How did President Kennedy attempt to stop the expansion of communism into Vietnam?
4.
After which event did President Johnson dramatically increase the number of US troops deployed to Vietnam?
a.
Why do historians call into questions President Johnson’s justification for sending more troops to Vietman?
5.
Who advocated the policy of Vietnamization?
Why did this policy fail?
6.
How did the Vietnam conflict end?
The Cold War in Vietnam
Vietnam Before US Intervention Previous
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been a French colony since the late 19th century. During World War II, however, Japan occupied French Indochina. After Japan's defeat, France tried to re-establish control, but met opposition from the Viet Minh.
After World War II, neither France nor England wanted to see the end of their colonial empires. England was anxious to control Burma, Malaya, and India. France wanted to rule Indochina. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States sought to bring an end to European colonialism. As he put it, condescendingly: “There are 1.1 billion brown people. In many Eastern countries they are ruled by a handful of whites and they resent it. Our goal must be to help them achieve independence. 1.1 billion potential enemies are dangerous.”
But under Harry Truman, the United States was concerned about its naval and air bases in Asia. The U.S. decided to permit France into Indochina to re-assert its authority in Southeast Asia. The result: the French Indochina War began.
From the beginning, American intelligence officers knew that France would find it difficult to re-assert its authority in Indochina. The French refused to listen to American intelligence. To them, the idea of Asian rebels standing up to a powerful Western nation was preposterous.
Although Truman allowed the French to return to Indochina, he was not yet prepared to give the French arms, transportation, and economic assistance. It was not until anti-communism became a major issue that the United States would take an active role supporting the French. The fall of China, the Korean War, and the coming of Joe McCarthy would lead policymakers to see the French War in Vietnam, not as a colonial war, but as a war against international communism.
Beginning in 1950, the United States started to underwrite the French war effort. For four years, the United States provided $2 billion; however, this had little effect on the war. The French command, frustrated by a hit-and-run guerrilla war, devised a trap. The idea was to use a French garrison as bait, have the enemy surround it, and mass their forces. Then, the French would strike and .
A large PowerPoint presentation of the causes of the Vietnam War and a brief summary of the war itself. No audio as you will be the narrator. This view of the Vietnam War is by a Conservative, right wing, history teacher.
1. TO: Mrs. Lofton, Robeson Community College English Instructor, intern sponsor
FROM: Kelly Lane, intern student
DATE: March 19, 2014
SUBJECT: Vacation Request to Visit Vietnam
INTRODUCTION
I am requesting vacation approval for September 1, 2014 through
October 1, 2014; in order to visit South East Asia’s Vietnam state. Tim
O’Brien’s book “The Things They Carried”, (which describes the daily
life of serving in the Vietnam War) has inspired the visit. I booked
through a web site Cheapair.com. The roundtrip flight will cost
$5,718.30 with United Airlines as the carrier. I myself will go, leaving
on a Monday from the Fayetteville municipal airport at 10:05 am. This will allow me to arrive in
Hanoi at 11:25 pm. Hanoi. Offroad Vietnam Tours a website have provided additional details of
the trip. Beginning with the transport fee of 27 dollars to the four star Hanoi Boutique 2. Hotel
costs will vary from $50- $70 per day. On the second day I will begin the fully guided (all
inclusive) 7 day motorbike tour along the historical Ho Chi Minh Trail. The $189 per day will
include: Honda CGL 125cc bike rental ($15 U.S. and motorcycle is not license not required), fuel,
food (pho), hotels and homestay in remote areas (includes sleeping bags, mosquito nets, sheets,
pillows), fees, permits, boat trips, ferries and rafts. Requirements include: visa (a visa on arrival is
provided through Offroad Vietnam upon obtaining required information via email, the fee for a
preapproval visa letter is $20 and the visa stamp for 30 day visit costs $45), passport, arrival
departure paper, medical insurance, driver license, riding gear, personal items and personal cash.
Enclosed is an itinerary and an overview report of the history, culture and economic status of
Vietnam.
VIETNAM TODAY
Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a communist state. Currency evaluates to 16,000 Dong to one US
dollar (which can be used). According to World FactBook the labor force by occupation leads in
agriculture. The GDP industry sector increased to 42% (oil, food processing, garments and
mining), agriculture is 19.3% (rice, coffee, and, fish). The literacy rate is at 93 percent for the 85
million residents (85% Kinh or Viet). Buddhism is the dominant religion while 80 percent claim
none. Weather is humid as temperatures range between 37 degrees and 109 degrees farenhight .
Geography spans 130,000 square miles along the South East Asian coast. Forests, hills and
mountainous regions sum to 80%, while flat land covers 20 percent of the geography (CIA).
The Vietnam War and the Ho Chi Minh Trail are subjects for tourists, writers and historians today.
The trail consists of hidden tunnels which stretch 900 miles and take six weeks to hike. Over one
million Vietcong entered South Vietnam via the trail. During the war women and children lined
the trail daily transporting hundreds of pounds in materials via bicycles. The editor of Air Force
Magazine, John T. Correll, reported on the significance of the legendary Ho Chi Minh Trail. In the
article, “The Ho Chi Minh Trail” he wrote, “Those who built it, ran the way stations, and
transported the arms and supplies south are revered as heroes of the war” (9). The expansion of
the trail continues today.
Courtesy: Corbis Images
2. Kelly Lane
Page 2
April 12, 2014
Ho Chi Minh
Courtesy: Rational Revolution
The Path to Independence
In 938 A.D. Vietnam gained its independence from China. By the 19th Century it had become
colonized by the French. During World War II, [World War II dealt with world powers divided by
democracy and communism]; it became occupied by the Japanese. Striving for the independence
of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh formed The Vietnamese National Movement in 1941, out of North
Vietnam. He sought assistance from the United States. The movement led to The Japanese
withdrawal and independence for Vietnam. However, the French reentered, were defeated, but
through the Geneva Accord of 1954, were able to remain in Vietnam. The state was divided
between communism and democracy; separated at the 17th parallel. In pursuit of attaining total
independence for Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh then requested and received unconditional military aid
from Russia; for the purpose of infiltrating South Vietnam. The intended goal being independence
for Vietnam.
As the Viet Minh (REDS) infiltrated South Vietnam, America, Austria and France, (democratic
systems) increased aid to South Vietnam. The decision to protect capitalism within Vietnam was
based on concepts that had been defined as a result of WWII. The American interest in Vietnam
is explained in “The Vietnam War: Origins”. According to Hickman, “…First spelled out 1947,
containment identified that the goal of Communism was to spread to capitalist states and that the
only way to stop it was to “contain” it within its present borders. Springing from containment was
the concept of domino theory which stated that if one state in a region were to fall to Communism,
then the surrounding states would inevitably fall as well. These concepts were to dominate and
guide US foreign policy for much of the Cold War” (par 4). Therefore, America with its allies
would spend ten years trying to contain the spread of communism; a concept that defined the
Vietnam War. The Jungle details the battles of the Vietnam War focusing on the American
involvement as the war spanned five U.S. Presidential administrations (p1-14). The war officially
ended on January 27, 1973, with the signing of The Paris Peace Accords (under the Nixon
administration). The Robesonian headlined “Formal Ending for an Undeclared War”. The
agreement between North and South Vietnam implored the withdrawal of American troops from
Vietnam. Nixon stated that he would use airpower if needed for the enforcement. However the
passing of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 ended future aid to the south. One year after
American troops withdrew from South Vietnam the North Vietcong entered Saigon, the capital.
Courtesy: Business OwnerCourtesy: Three Centuries of American Wars
3. Kelly Lane
Page 3
April 16, 2014
On April 30th, 1975 the Vietnam local LUBBOCK AVALANCHE-JOURNAL headlined with
“Saigon Surrenders to Reds” (Lubbock Avalanche-Journal 1). Vietnam was independent from
capitalist control. Ho Chi Minh lived to see the independence of Vietnam. The struggle entailed
30 years of war, one million tons of bombs dropped by the United States (the equivalent of 800
tons per day), five American presidential administrations, 495,000 American casualties and 4
million Vietnamese deaths. Ironically, Vietnam gained its independence with the aid from
communistic nations.
CONCLUSION
Traveling to Vietnam will be very exciting and I will enjoy the time alone. A seven day motorbike
tour along the historical Ho Chi Minh Trail will be challenging, but will allow many opportunities
for seeing different aspects of the Vietnam culture while learning more about the Vietnam War.
To avoid the typhoon season I have chosen September for the vacation period. Note, before leaving
the States I will attend the New York Youth Marketing Strategy Conference on Advertising and
Marketing on June 12, 2014 (Media Post). Please let me know when this is approved so that I may
continue with the final arrangements. Again, the itinerary is below for reference. If there are
questions I may be reached at kellylane46@yahoo.com.
HO CHI MINH MOTOR BIKE TOUR ITINERARY
Day 1: Phu Yen -The site of the North Vietnamese prison camp was secluded in the thick forest.
Day 2: Mai Chau-Three hours from Hanoi. Overnight stay at in the The Mai Chau Village.
Day 3: Phong Nha Pho Chau - It holds the largest underground river in the world and was used
during the Vietnam War as storage hospital space. Ho Chi Minh Trail victory monument.
Day 4 and 5: Dong Hoi. Khe Sanh – A war site for the United States Marine Corp outpost in
South Vietnam. The site for the Battle of Khe Sanh in 1968 America dropped over 100,000 tons
of bombs in the area; (1300 bombs dropped daily).
Day 6: Hue-Hoi. The Forbidden Citadel. Construction began in 1804. . A collage of priceless
culture of works which include palaces, temples and tombs of the Nygen kings.
Day 7: Saigon the capital of South Vietnam. The nearby Cu Chi Tunnels located 40 kilometers
from Saigon and span 120 miles; they were used by the Viet Cong in the war. The tunnels were
large enough to house hospitals, the military and heavy artillery. The noncommunist capital
(Offroad Vietnam 1).
Courtesy: Offroad Vietnam Tours
5. Khetani, Sonya. Business Insider. History of American Wars, n.p. n.d. Web. 5 April 2014.
<http://www.businessinsider.com/author/sanya-khetani.>.
Ly Tran Long Bien. Vietnam Spirit Travel. The Spirit of Adventure. 200-2008. Web. 27, April
2014 < http://www.vietnamspirittravel.com/guide/forbidden_citadel_hue.htm>
Mai Chau Tours and Homestay. Mai Chau Climate and Travel. 2007-2014. Lotussia Travel. Web.
4/26/2014. < http://maichauvietnam.com/>.
MediaPost Communications. MediaPost. ADTECH, 2014. Web. 15 April, 2014.
Minh, Ho Chi. Letter to President Truman. 16 Feb. 1945. N.p. MS. Rational Revolution.
Rational Revolution.net. N.p. 2007. Web. 16 April 2014.
<http://www.rationalrevolution.net/war/american_involvement_in_vietnam.htm>.
Ministry of foreign Affairs of Vietnam. Vietnam Visa Application. nd. MOFA of Viet Nam.
<http://visa.mofa.gov.vn/Homepage.aspx>.
O’Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Print.
Rational Revolution. Rational Revolution.net. N.p. 2007. Web. 16 April 2014.
<http://www.rationalrevolution.net/war/american_involvement_in_vietnam.htm>.
"Saigon Surrenders to Reds." Lubbock Avalanche_Journal [Lubbock] 30 Apr. 1975:
1. Lubbockonline.com. Newspaper Archive. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
<newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/lubbock/lubbock-avalanche-journal/1975/04-30/page-
2>.
“The Jungle.” The History Place. Gavin, Phillip. n.d. Web. 25 March 2014.
Travelocity. TMobile. 2014.Web. 16 April 2014.
<http://www.travelocity.com/packagesearch?subm=1&dsct=&dlvl=&rtmn=&rtmx=&d
nam=ho+chi+minh+city+%28and+vicinity>.
6. United States. Embassy. Hanoi-Vietnam. Visas. Embassy of the United States . n.d. n.p. Web.
15, April 2014. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Library. The World
Factbook. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. 5 May 2014.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Library. The World Factbook. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web.
5 May 2014. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/vm.html>.
7. Tour for Presentation:
ENTRYREQUIREMENTS
A visa and passport are required for entry into Vietnam.
PASSPORT
1. Completed DS-11 12-2010
2. Proof of citizenship (driver license)
3. Proof of identity
4. Color photograph (2 inches x2 inches)
5. Pay fee for book and card is $165.00
Submit in person to an acceptance agent: the clerk of the probate court, designated post office
clerk at an authorized post office or an agent at a passport agency. For a designated agency of
acceptance. The National Passport Information Center.
VISA
1. Complete an application for a category C1 visa (for tourists). (12 month validity.)
2. Passport must accompany application.
Tour
HO CHI MINH MOTOR BIKE TOUR
Day 1: Phu Yen -The site of the North Vietnamese prison camp was secluded in the thick forest.
The prison camp was raided by Americans in 1966. Cages were off the ground, the floors made
of teak wood and the roofs were made of palm leaves. The walls and floors of the cages
consisted of sapling and were slatted. The prisoners were reportedly suffered from scurvy and
starvation to the point that they could not walk. Today, Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum is in central
Hanoi; it is modeled after the Russian leader Lenin’s mausoleum.
Dien Bien Phu – Site of The Battle of Dien Bien Phu. 1945 during WWII the French were
defeated by the Japanese who then controlled Vietnam. However with the aid of the United
States the Japanese retreated.Vietnam was independent until The French attempted to reoccupy
the area. This resulted in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The Viet Minh communists armed with
heavy artillery that was transported through tunnels of the highlands surrounded the French. The
battle resulted with the signing of the 1954 Geneva Accords which allowed the French to stay in
the land and divided the state at the 17 th parallel. Leaving the north communist and the south
noncommunist. Today one can ski surf and mountain climb.
8. Day 2: Three hours from Hanoi. Overnight stay at in the The Mai Chau Village. Stilt houses
with roofs made of palm leaves are the norm for the Thai community. The Sunday market
produce consists of bananas, honey, clothing and traditional food and dance. Kayacking and
hiking are popular activities for tourists.
Day 3: Phong Nha Pho Chau -. It holds the largest underground river in the world and was used
during the Vietnam War as storage hospital space. Ho Chi Minh Trail victory monument The
Phong Nha Cave is recognized as a World Natural Heritage site by the UNESCO.
Day 4 and 5: Dong Hoi. Khe Sanh – . Civiians and military were sheltered from the bombings
during the war. A war site for the United States Marine Corp outpost in South Vietnam. The site
for the Battle of Khe Sanh in 1968 America dropped over 100,000 tons of bombs in the area;
(1300 bombs dropped daily). The 77 day siege resulted in the abandonment of the base after
5000 American Marines were encircled by Viet Cong. Hamburger Hill located in the foothills
lays barren due to being sprayed with agentorange (Chemical). The name Hamburger Hill refers
to the loss of 84 and 480 wounded soldiers during a frontal assault by the U. S. in order to gain
Hill 937. Today people enjoy boating and exploring the World Heritage site of Phong Nha.
Hotels overlook the white beaches that are clustered with sunbathers.
Day 6: Hue-Hoi. The Forbidden Citadel. Construction began in 1804. A collage of priceless
culture of works which include palaces, temples and tombs of the Nygen kings. The Nguyen
Dynasty is the center of Buddhism with over 100 temples. Nam Giao was built for the worship of
the queen of Heaven, Xa Tac the Earth Spirit, Rice Spirit. The Tiger Arena was the location for
fight between tigers and elephants. The last duel occurred in 1904.
Day 7: Saigon the capital of South Vietnam. The destination of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The
nearby Cu Chi Tunnels located 40 kilometers from Saigon and span 120 miles; they were used
by the Viet Cong in the war. The tunnels were large enough to house hospitals, the military and
heavy artillery. The noncommunist capital. The North Viet Cong were unsuccessful at taking full
control of Saigon until after the Peace Accords were signed. This removed all U. S. military.
Shortly thereafter, the United States Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act which
prevented any American assistance to South Vietnam. Within one year North Vietnam entered
Saigon and Saigon surrendered. .
10. Courtesy: Corbis Images
An estimated 150,000 soldiers from North Vietnam infiltrated the South
via the Ho Chi Minh trail in 1968. Although the U.S. conducted 200 air
strikes each day against the trail in late 1968, up to 10,000 NVA supply
trucks are en route at any given time.
18. Ride participants are to make their own travel arrangements to Hanoi from their own
country. We are happy to assist with hotel and transfer bookings in Hanoi where
necessary. Once the tour is finished in Hoi An, ride participants are free to make their way
further south or return to Hanoi. Once again, these arrangements are not included in the
tour but we are happy to assist with bookings.
Ho Chi Minh Trail 9 days motorbike tour itinerary at a glance
Day 1: Hanoi – Phu Yen.
Day 2: Phu Yen – Mai Chau.
Day 3: Mai Chau – Tan Ky.
Day 4: Tan Ky – Phong Nha.
Day 5: Phong Nha – Dong Hoi.
Day 6: Dong Hoi – Khe Sanh.
Day 7: Khe Sanh – Hue.
Day 8: Hue – Hoi An.
Day 9: H
19.
20. Questions? Call (888) 845-2887 Hablamos Español
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Wednesday,April 30,1975 > Page 1
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Archive: April 30, 1975 - Page 1
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Publication: Lubbock Avalanche Journal
Location: Lubbock, Texas
Issue Date: Wednesday, April 30, 1975
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28. INFORMATION YOU PROVIDE
We offer this visa on arrival service to the customers who book our guided tours and/or
services only, we obtain what is called a “pre-approval visa letter” for you from the Vietnam
Immigration Department in Hanoi and then forward you a copy by email.
To get a visa approval letter for you, we need the following information and a copy of your passport
page where your photo is on (use a scanner or a digital camera to get it), the purpose is to make
sure that the information matches what you sent to avoid any potential mistyping.
1. Your title (Mr./Mrs./Ms.):
2. Your name exactly as it appears in your passport:
3. Date of birth (dd/mm/yy):
4. Nationality:
5. Passport number:
6. Date of issue of your passport (dd/mm/yy):
7. Date of passport expiration (dd/mm/yy):
8. Proposed date of arrival (dd/mm/yy):
9. Flight details (dd/mm/yy):
10. Airport of arrival:
11. Purpose of visit (Vacation/Business/Family visit):
After we have your details, please allow three working days before we can send a copy of the
letter. If you want an express one-day service then add 10$US/person. When you have the copy
of the letter please see below for how to get a visa on arrival.
Note: The letter usually come with more people and the details of full name, date of birth,
nationality and passport number will be printed. If you care about your private information and
only want a private letter then let us know so we could advise an additional charge. Normally, our
customers don’t complain about this but it’s always good to mention here.
HOW TO GET A VISA ON ARRIVAL
Please print out the copy of the letter we send you (colour or black & white both good) and show
the Immigration officers at the airport on arrival. Copies of the same document will be forwarded
by us to Vietnam immigration checkpoints at three international airports, so when you arrive in
Vietnam, the Immigration officers have those documents handy and will be able to issue your
entry visa shortly.
29. PRICES
The costs of the pre-approved visa letter depend on the types of visa you apply. A normal 30-day
tourist visa stamp costs 45$US.
Pre-approval visa letter (tourist visa) you pay Offroad Vietnam when we meet in Hanoi
One-month single entry: 20$US
One-month multiple entries: 30$US
Three-month single entry: 35$US
Three-month multiple entries: 45$US
Visa stamp (tourist visa) you pay at the air-port to the border police officers
One-month single entry: 45$US
One-month multiple entries: 95$US
Three-month single entry: 45$US
Three-month multiple entries: 95$US
Update (by Daniel Brewster from the U.S.A in September 2009): At Hanoi’s Noi Bai International
airport, you have to go over to the area at the bottom of the escalators that has a huge red sign
that says “Visa Preapprovals” *before* you go stand in line at customs. You’ll end up standing in
line at customs twice if you don’t.
You simply present your pre-approval letter, 45-95$US cashdepending on type of visa mentioned
above, a passport photo, and a very brief application that you complete. Boom, you’re done. You
get a visa in your passport.
Note: You need to bring two passport photos with you and your passport should be valid for at
least six months.
If you still have questions or have any suggestion regarding Vietnam visa on arrival (VOA) for
tourists, please follow this link to contact us.
INFORMATION YOU PROVIDE
We offer this visa on arrival service to the customers who book our guided tours and/or services only, we obtain
what is called a “pre-approval visa letter” for you from the Vietnam Immigration Department in Hanoi and then
forward you a copy by email.
30. To get a visa approval letter for you, we need the following information and a copy of your passport page where
your photo is on (use a scanner or a digital camera to get it), the purpose is to make sure that the information
matches what you sent to avoid any potential mistyping.
1. Your title (Mr./Mrs./Ms.):
2. Your name exactly as it appears in your passport:
3. Date of birth (dd/mm/yy):
4. Nationality:
5. Passport number:
6. Date of issue of your passport (dd/mm/yy):
7. Date of passport expiration (dd/mm/yy):
8. Proposed date of arrival (dd/mm/yy):
9. Flight details (dd/mm/yy):
10. Airport of arrival:
11. Purpose of visit (Vacation/Business/Family visit):
After we have your details, please allow three working days before we can send a copy of the letter. If you want
an express one-day service then add 10$US/person. When you have the copy of the letter please see below for how
to get a visa on arrival.
Note: The letter usually come with more people and the details of full name, date of birth, nationality and
passport number will be printed. If you care about your private information and only want a private letter then let
us know so we could advise an additional charge. Normally, our customers don’t complain about this but it’s
always good to mention here.
HOW TO GET A VISA ON ARRIVAL
Please print out the copy of the letter we send you (colour or black & white both good) and show the Immigration
officers at the airport on arrival. Copies of the same document will be forwarded by us to Vietnam immigration
checkpoints at three international airports, so when you arrive in Vietnam, the Immigration officers have those
documents handy and will be able to issue your entry visa shortly.
PRICES
31. The costs of the pre-approved visa letter depend on the types of visa you apply. A normal 30-day tourist visa stamp
costs 45$US.
Pre-approval visa letter (tourist visa) you pay Offroad Vietnam when we meet in Hanoi
One-month single entry: 20$US
One-month multiple entries: 30$US
Three-month single entry: 35$US
Three-month multiple entries: 45$US
Visa stamp (tourist visa) you pay at the air-port to the border police officers
One-month single entry: 45$US
One-month multiple entries: 95$US
Three-month single entry: 45$US
Three-month multiple entries: 95$US
Update (by Daniel Brewster from the U.S.A in September 2009): At Hanoi’s Noi Bai International airport, you have
to go over to the area at the bottom of the escalators that has a huge red sign that says “Visa Preapprovals”
*before* you go stand in line at customs. You’ll end up standing in line at customs twice if you don’t.
You simply present your pre-approval letter, 45-95$US cash depending on type of visa mentioned above, a passport
photo, and a very brief application that you complete. Boom, you’re done. You get a visa in your passport.
Note: You need to bring two passport photos with you and your passport should be valid for at least six months.
If you still have questions or have any suggestion regarding Vietnam visa on arrival (VOA) for tourists, please follow
this link to contact us.
Back to top of page of Offroad Vietnam motorcycle tours
INFORMATION YOU PROVIDE
We offer this visa on arrival service to the customers who book our guided tours and/or
services only, we obtain what is called a “pre-approval visa letter” for you from the Vietnam
Immigration Department in Hanoi and then forward you a copy by email.
33. Secondary Navigation
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EAST & SOUTHEAST ASIA :: VIETNAM
PAGE LAST UPDATED ON APR IL 15, 2014
34. VIEW 6 1 PH OTOS OF
VIETNAM
EXPAND ALL
In trodu ction ::VIETNAM
Ge ography ::VIETNAM
Pe opl e an d Society :: VIETNAM
Gove rn ment ::VIETNAM
Econ om y ::VIETNAM
En e rgy ::VIETNAM
C om m unications ::VIETNAM
Tran s portation ::VIETNAM
Mi l i tary ::VIETNAM
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EAST & SOUTHEAST ASIA :: VIETNAM
PAGE LAST UPDATED ON APR IL 15, 2014
VIEW 6 1 PH OTOS OF
VIETNAM
37. EXPAND ALL
Intr oduction ::VIETNAM
Ge ogr aphy ::VIETNAM
Pe ople and Socie ty ::VIETNAM
Gove r nm ent ::VIETNAM
Econom y ::VIETNAM
Economy - overview:
Vietnam is a densely -populated developing country that has been transitioning f rom the rigidities of a centrally -planned
economy since 1986. Vietnamese authorities have reaf f irmed their commitme nt to economic modernization in recent year
Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization in January 2007, w hich has promoted more competitive, export -driven indus
Vietnam became an of f icial negotiating partner in the Trans -Pacif ic Partnership trade agreement in 2010. Agriculture's sh
economic output has continued to shrink f rom about 25% in 2000 to less than 20% in 2013, w hile industry's share increas
f rom 36% to more than 42% in the same period. State -ow ned enterprises account f or about 40% of GDP. Poverty has dec
signif icantly, and Vietnam is w orking to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor f orce that is grow ing by more than on
million people every year. The global recession hurt Vietnam's export -oriented economy, w ith GDP in 2013 grow ing at 5%
slow est rate of grow th since 1999. In 2013, how ever, exports increased by more than 12%, year -on-year; several adminis
actions brought the trade def icit back into balance. Betw een 2008 and 2011, Vietnam's managed currency, the dong, w as
devalued in excess of 20%, but its value remained relatively stable in 2013. Hanoi has oscillated betw een promoting grow
emphasizing macroeconomic stability in recent years. In February 2011, the government shif ted f rom policies aimed at ac
a high rate of economic grow th, w hich had stoked inf lation, to those aimed at stabilizing the economy, through tighter mo
and f iscal control. Although Vietnam unveiled a broad, "three pillar" economic ref orm program in early 2012, proposing th
restructuring of public inves tment, state-ow ned enterprises, and the banking sector, little perceptible progress has been
Vietnam's economy continues to f ace challenges f rom an undercapitalized banking sector. Non -perf orming loans w eigh h
on banks and businesses.
EAST & SOUTHEAST ASIA :: VIETNAM
38. EXPAND ALL
Intr oduction ::VIETNAM
Ge ogr aphy ::VIETNAM
Pe ople and Socie ty ::VIETNAM
Gove r nm ent ::VIETNAM
Econom y ::VIETNAM
Economy - overview:
Vietnam is a densely -populated developing country that has been transitioning f rom the rigidities of a centrally -planned
economy since 1986. Vietnamese authorities have reaf f irmed their commitme nt to economic modernization in recent year
Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization in January 2007, w hich has promoted more competitive, export -driven indus
Vietnam became an of f icial negotiating partner in the Trans -Pacif ic Partnership trade agreement in 2010. Agriculture's sh
economic output has continued to shrink f rom about 25% in 2000 to less than 20% in 2013, w hile industry's share increas
f rom 36% to more than 42% in the same period. State -ow ned enterprises account f or about 40% of GDP. Poverty has dec
signif icantly, and Vietnam is w orking to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor f orce that is grow ing by more than on
million people every year. The global recession hurt Vietnam's export -oriented economy, w ith GDP in 2013 grow ing at 5%
slow est rate of grow th since 1999. In 2013, how ever, exports increased by more than 12%, year -on-year; several adminis
actions brought the trade def icit back into balance. Betw een 2008 and 2011, Vietnam's managed currency, the dong, w as
devalued in excess of 20%, but its value remained relatively stable in 2013. Hanoi has oscillated betw een promoting grow
emphasizing macroeconomic stability in recent years. In February 2011, the government shif ted f rom policies aimed at ac
a high rate of economic grow th, w hich had stoked inf lation, to those aimed at stabilizing the economy, through tighter mo
and f iscal control. Although Vietnam unveiled a broad, "three pillar" economic ref orm program in early 2012, proposing th
restructuring of public investment, state-ow ned enterprises, and the banking sector, little perceptible progress has been
Vietnam's economy continues to f ac e challenges f rom an undercapitalized banking sector. Non -perf orming loans w eigh h
on banks and businesses.
39. GDP (purchasing power parity):
$358.9 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
$340.8 billion (2012 est.)
$323.8 billion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$170 billion (2013 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
5.3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
5.2% (2012 est.)
6.2% (2011 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$4,000 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
$3,800 (2012 est.)
$3,700 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
Gross national saving:
38.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
39% of GDP (2012 est.)
32.8% of GDP (2011 est.)
40. GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption: 68.9%
government consumption: 6.8%
investment in fixed capital: 30.4%
investment in inventories: 3.1%
exports of goods and services: 84.7%
imports of goods and services: -93.9%
(2013 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 19.3%
industry: 38.5%
services: 42.2% (2013 est.)
Agriculture - products:
paddy rice, cof f ee, rubber, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashew s, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas; poultry; f ish, seaf ood
Industries:
f ood processing, garments, shoes, machine-build ing; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical f ertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mob
phones
Industrial production growth rate:
5% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
Labor force:
52.93 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11
41. Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 48%
industry: 21%
services: 31% (2012)
Unemployment rate:
1.3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
3.2% (2012 est.)
Population below poverty line:
11.3% (2012 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 30.2% (2008)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37.6 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 78
36.1 (1998)
Budget:
revenues: $42.82 billion
expenditures: $50 billion (2013 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
25.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
42. country comparison to the world: 125
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-4.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
Public debt:
48.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
48.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
note: of f icial data; data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or ow ned) by government
entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by f oreign entities; the data include debt issued by
subnational entities, as w ell as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrow ings f rom su
in the social f unds, such as f or retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments f or the social f unds are no
at public auctions
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.8% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184
9.1% (2012 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
9% (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 11
15% (31 December 2011)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
43. 10.5% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
13.47% (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$43.99 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$40.34 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$184.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
$165.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$173.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
$163.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$38.2 billion (31 December 2011 es t.)
country comparison to the world: 58
$26 billion (31 December 2011)
$37 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Current account balance:
$8.162 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
44. $9.062 billion (2012 est.)
Exports:
$128.9 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
$114.6 billion (2012 est.)
Exports - commodities:
clothes, shoes, electronics, seaf ood, crude oil, rice, cof f ee, w ooden products, machinery
Exports - partners:
US 17.8%, Japan 11.8%, China 11.2%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 4.1% (2012)
Imports:
$121.4 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
$104.7 billion (2012 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, steel products, raw materials f or the clothing and shoe industries, electro
plastics, automobiles
Imports - partners:
China 25.8%, South Korea 13.9%, Japan 10.4%, Singapore 6%, Thailand 5.2%, US 4.3% (2012)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$32.49 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
45. $26.11 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Debt - external:
$68.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
$63.95 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$84.61 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
$73.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$7.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
$5.3 billion (31 December 2008)
Exchange rates:
dong (VND) per US dollar -
21,118 (2013 est.)
20,859 (2012 est.)
18,612.92 (2010 est.)
17,799.6 (2009)
16,548.3 (2008)
Ene r gy ::VIETNAM
Com m unications ::VIETNAM
Tr ans portation ::VIETNAM
46. M ilitar y ::VIETNAM
Tr ans national Is sues ::VIETNAM
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51. At least 10 percent of the casualties along the trail were from such
illnesses as malaria. At regular intervals along the route, the
National Liberation Front (NLF) built base camps. As well as
providing a place for them to rest, the base camps provided
medical treatment for those who had been injured or had fallen ill
on the journey. Most of the base camps were underground.
Excavated by hand, intricate interconnecting tunnels with
concealed entrances hid trail trekkers, often directly under the feet
of American troops searching for them. Radio and
telecommunications facilities, food and weapons caches, medical
aid stations and barracks, all underground, hid thousands of the
North Vietnamese at any given time during the war. The trail
system was vastly improved. Even as more people used the trail,
the trek was reduced to six weeks for a fit soldier.
The North Vietnamese also used the Ho Chi Minh Trail to send
soldiers to the south. At times, as many as 20,000 soldiers a
month came from Hanoi by this way. In an attempt to stop this
traffic, it was suggested that a barrier of barbed wire and
minefields, called the McNamara Line, should be built. The plan
was abandoned in 1967 after repeated attacks by the NLF on
those involved in constructing the barrier.
The United States could not block the Ho Chi Minh Trail with
ground forces, because the countries it passed through were
officially neutral. Extensive aerial bombing did not prevent the
North Vietnamese from moving hundreds of tons of war supplies
per day down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to the south. The trail
undeniably lay at the heart of the war. For the Vietnamese of the
North the Ho Chi Minh Trail symbolized the aspirations of a
people u0097 hiking it became the central experience of a
generation.
On November 11, 1968, Operation Commando Hunt was initiated
by the U.S. and its allies. The goal of the operation was to interdict
men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh trail, through Laos into
South Vietnam. By the end of the operation, three million tons of
bombs were dropped on Laos, which slowed but did not
consistently disrupt trail operations.
Off-site search results for "Ho Chi Minh Trail"...
52. The American involvement in Vietnam
http://www.rationalrevolution.net/war/american_involvement_in_vietnam.htm
Thousands of books have been written on the issue of the American involvement in the Vietnam
War. It's an issue that still evokes emotion and difference of opinion today.
America's official military involvement in the Vietnam War lasted from 1965 to 1975, 10 long
years. Prior to American involvement in the region Vietnam was a French colonial territory.
The Vietnamese people were generally oppressed under French rule both prior to WWII and after.
In 1930 Ho Chi Minh drew up a charter for the Indochinese Communist Party. The objectives of
the party were the overthrow of the French; establishment of Vietnamese independence;
establishment of a workers', peasants', and soldiers' government; organization of a workers' militia;
cancellation of public debts; confiscation of means of production and their transfer to the
government; distribution of French-owned lands to the peasants; suppression of taxes;
establishment of an eight-hour work day; development of crafts and agriculture; institution of
freedom of organization; and establishment of education for all citizens.
Ho Chi Minh Prior to this, however, Ho Chi Minh had spent his entire life perusing Vietnamese
independence from France. Ho traveled all over the world seeking help in gaining Vietnamese
independence, but most importantly, he tried for 30 years to work through establishment processes
to secure Vietnamese independence. He traveled to France, he put himself through school in
France, he wrote letters to the French government, he tried to get a job in the French government
to work from within the system, and he even tried to contact President Woodrow Wilson after
World War I, but he was always rejected, always turned away. Ho's letters asked for, "Equalrights
for
53.
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55. Vietnam War newspaper said that 56,000 SouthVietnamese, in addition to 6,000 Americans, were
evacuatedfromSaigon.
Henry Kissinger admitted that the Vietnam War didn't further America's objective, but was quoted
as wanting to look towards the future, rather than dwelling on this event. When the South
Vietnamese surrenderedto NorthVietnam, it signaled the end of over 30 yearsof fighting between
the two sides. The capital city of Saigon was reportedas being silent as firing stopped upon
surrender. The surrender of South Vietnam prompted the U.S. to performthese emergency
evacuationsto get remaining Americansto safety.
56. The Vietnam War newspaper reportedthat thousands of South Vietnamese refugeesentered
California, but didn't experience the warmest of welcomes, as people were calling for the U.S. to roll
up the welcome mat. However, thousands of potential refugeeswere also left behind in Saigon to
survive ontheir own, as the communists descended on the city and preventedmore refugeesfrom
fleeing the country. Americanaircraft flewdesperate people to nearby Thailand and the Philippines,
while othersheaded to a flotillain the South China Sea waiting for rescued people.
The Vietnam War newspaper article also describedhow the wealthier refugees were attempting to
bribe or stowaway on anything leaving Saigon, while otherswere simply handing over their children
to safety while staying behind. Unfortunately, fewrefugeeswere successfulin placing themselveson
rescue aircraft once the Viet Cong was said to be closing in on the city.
Sign up for a free trial account and begin tracing your family history today.
Home| About
57. 03/23/2001
More growerslook to sunflowers asalternative
Rising irrigation costs and low commodity prices, which have impacted heavily on the South Plains agricultural community, are
promptinggrowers to look at sunflowers as an alternative to more water intensive crops this season. That's according to Calvin
Trostle, Texas Agricultural Extension Service area agronomist, who will be among speakers Friday during a sunflower
production meeting in Levelland. The session, which starts at 10:30 a.m., will be held at the Farmers Co-op Elevator.
Farmersunion offers agpolicy versions
Proposals for both short- and long-term farm legislation have been offered by the National Farmers Union in House Agriculture
Committee testimony.
Engagements - March 23,2001
WALTER—RICH Lisa Walter and Ingram Rich, both of Lubbock, announce their engagement. Thecouple will marry July 21 at
Grace Lutheran Church in Slaton.
Foreign Assistance Act of 1974
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Foreign Assistance Act of 1974
Other short
title(s)
ForeignAssistance Act Amendmentsof 1974
Long title
An Actto amendthe ForeignAssistance Actof 1961, and
for otherpurposes.
Enacted by the 93rd UnitedStates Congress
Effective December30, 1974
Citations
PublicLaw 93-559
60. CitationforVietnamToday PasssingfromCommunismbyGabriel Kolkoonpdf file
Kolko,Gabriel."VietnamTodayPassingFromCommunism." Counterpunch (2012):1. Pointsof View
ReferenceCenter. Web.21 Mar. 2014.
Source pages
http://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/vietnam.htmlPrint
Email
Vietnam
Official Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
LA ST UPDATED: JU LY 9, 2013
Quick Facts
PASSPORT VALIDITY:
6 months
BLANK PASSPORT PAGES:
One page required for entry stamp
TOURIST VISA REQUIRED:
Yes
61. VACCINATIONS:
CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR ENTRY:
CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR EXIT:
Use this for information for basic description of Vietnam……..
Collapse All
Embassies and Consulates
U.S. Embassy Hanoi
170 Ngoc Khanh
Ba Dinh District
Hanoi, Vietnam
Telephone: (84-4) 3850-5000
Emergency Telephone: (84-4) 3850-5000 or (04) 3850-5000/3850-5105
Fax: (84-4) 3850-5010
acshanoi@state.gov
CONSULATES
U.S. Consulate General Ho Chi Minh City
4 Le Duan, District 1
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Telephone: (84-8) 3520-4200
Emergency Telephone: (84-8) 3520-4200
Fax: (84-8) 3520-4244
acshcmc@state.gov
Country Description
Vietnam is a developing, mainly agrarian country that is moving from a
centrally-planned economy to a market economy. Political control rests with the
Communist Party. Tourist facilities can be basic in rural areas but are
increasingly well established in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and some beach and
mountain resorts. Read the Department of State Fact Sheet on Vietnam for
additional information.
Entry, Exit & Visa Requirements
In order to enter Vietnam, you will need a valid passport with at least six months
validity remaining and a Vietnamese visa, a visa exemption document, or a
written approval letter for a visa upon arrival. You may obtain a visa or a visa
exemption document from a Vietnamese embassy or consulate prior to traveling
to Vietnam. To obtain a written approval letter to enter, you must contact a
travel agency prior to departure. U.S. citizens have reported unscrupulous travel
agencies taking advantage of travelers and charging extremely high fees upon
landing.
62. The Government of Vietnam treats the use of falsified travel documents very
seriously. Travelers attempting to enter Vietnam for any purpose with an altered
or otherwise fraudulent travel document are likely to face criminal prosecution
and possible imprisonment.
If you arrive without an appropriate Vietnamese visa, exemption document, or
written approval for a visa upon arrival, you will not be permitted to enter and
will be subject to immediate deportation. Vietnamese visas are usually valid for
only one entry, unless the traveler specifically requests a multiple-entry visa, for
which there may be an increased fee. If you are planning to leave Vietnam and
re-enter from another country, be sure that your visa is multiple entry. If it is
only single entry, you will have to obtain another visa prior to returning to
Vietnam.
Please be aware that Vietnam has two fees: 1) the visa fee and 2) the visa
processing fee. The visa fees are sometimes posted on theVietnamese Embassy's
website, but U.S. Embassy and Consulate officials have received reports of
processing fees varying from one applicant to another and from one issuing
entity to another. We have brought this concern to the attention of Vietnamese
officials, but the problem persists.
If you plan to travel to Laos by land, you must obtain the type of Vietnamese
visa that adheres to the passport. Lao immigration requires proof that travelers
have departed Vietnam, something that can only be shown with an adhesive
visa. Vietnamese officials remove detachable visas from the passports of
travelers when they depart Vietnam, leaving travelers with no proof of their
recent Vietnam departure. This situation can result in Lao officials requiring the
traveler to return to Vietnam. Even if you have a valid visa, you may be refused
entry to Vietnam. We caution you that Vietnamese immigration regulations
require foreigners entering Vietnam to undertake only the activity for which their
visas were issued. Travelers who are planning to do volunteer or charitable work
should obtain the correct visa type before traveling to Vietnam.If you change the
purpose of your visit, you must get permission to do so in advance from the
appropriate Vietnamese authority. If your U.S. passport is lost or stolen in
Vietnam, you must obtain both a replacement passport and a replacement
Vietnamese visa. If you have an emergency, the U.S. Embassy and Consulate
General can issue you a limited validity replacement passport in as little as one
day; however, the Vietnamese government requires three to five working days,
in addition to the day of application, to issue a replacement visa. Neither the
U.S. Embassy nor the Consulate General can expedite replacement Vietnamese
visas.
Visit the Vietnamese Embassy's website for the most current visa information.
The Vietnamese Embassy’s website also releaseswarnings about websites
suspected of being fraudulent and strongly recommends U.S. citizens not make
online visa applications to these websites.
Cities of Vietnam….
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Vietnam
Vietnam Getting There & Away
Hanoi
Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is a charming city of about 4 million people, famous for its
beautiful lakes, tree line boulevards and verdant public parks. The city centre is an
architectural museum piece, its blocks of ochre buildings retaining the air of a provincial
French town of 1930's, contrary to the fast living and bustling air of Saigon. As Vietnam
develops to compete with other South East Asian nations, Hanoi's Hoan Kiem lakes
reflects the modern office buildings, old Buddhist temples and tangles of ancient streets.
The city hums with the never ending flow of bicycles, cyclos, latest model car and every
thing from edible stuffs to diamond rings!
Halong bay
Located in the Gulf of Tonkin, the breathtaking secluded Halong baycovers an area of 1500 square
km with more than 3000 thousand towering limestone backdrops emerging from its crystalline
emerald water. The bay is one of the natural wonders of the world and now recognized as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. The islands are dotted with innumerable white sandybeaches and
grottoes created by wind and waves.Halong means “dragon descends into the sea”.Legend has it
that the islands ofHalong Bay were created by a greatdragon who stationed in the mountains.
Haiphong
Haiphong has a special place in the nation's history books a the sited of glorious victories
over invading forces, the first led by Ngo Quyen and the second by Tran Hung Dao.
Haiphong today is more a port for costal shipping than a destination for deep-sea trade.
In the summer the city is a blaze of color thanks to the red flowers of the ubiquitous
Poinciana trees.
Sapa
Sapa is a charming former French hill-station, created during the 1920's so that Hanoi's
colonial residents could escape from the stifling summer heat in the plains. At a altitude of
1650m above sea level Sapa boasts warm days and cool evenings. Nowadays it is still a
popular destination due to its beautiful scenery and colorful ethnic people. Situated in the
country's northwest in an area still referred to as the Tonkinese Alps, Sapa is reached via
winding 40km road from the town of Laocai. The drive provides a taste of what is to come
as the road winds its way up through some breath-taking scenery. Lush rice-terraced
valleys and mountains covered in pine tower over the ethnic minority villages nestled
below. The valleys surrounding Sapa are home to several of Vietnam's 54 ethnic minority
groups, each with their own distinctive dress, customs and dialects.
Dien Bien Phu
Laying in the heart-shaped Muong Thanh Valley near the Lao border, Dien Bien Phu is
one of the remotest parts of Vietnam. The valley is surrounded by steep heavily forested
hills inhabited by many hill tribes, notably the Tai and H'mong. Dien Bien Phu was the site
of that fierce of military events. It was here in 1954 that Viet Minh forces overran the
beleaguered French garrison after a 57-day siege, forcing the French government to
abandon its attempts to re-establish colonial control of Indochina. Dien Bien Phu now
64. bears few scars of its past except for the occasional rusty tank and is remote and as yet
relatively untapped by tourism. The hill tribes living around the area of Dien Bien Phu make
up 70% of the region's population, and the ethnic minority groups include the Northern Tai
(Tai Dam and Tai Kao) Nung, H'mong and others.
DMZ
The DMZ saw some of the heaviest fighting in the Vietnam War. On the southern side the
Americans established a number of bases running the length of the 17th parallel to counter
North Vietnamese infiltrations. Firebases Lang Vay, Khe Sanh, Con Thien and others were
scenes of fierce fighting. Today, some 30 years on the DMZ is still littered with cratered
landscapes, shell casings and even the odd tank. Tailor Made Vietnam explores some of
these areas, and the history which has shaped the landscape.
Hue
Situated on the banks of the Perfume River, Hué was the capital of the old Nguyen
dynasty and traditionally one of Vietnam’s cultural, religious and educational centres. The
remains of the huge, moated Citadel, constructed by Emperor Gia Long from 1802, contain
many interesting sights, such as the Nine Holly Cannons, the imperial Enclosure, the
Palace of Supreme Harmony and the Halls of the Mandarins. Sadly, the intriguing Purple
Forbidden City was largely destroyed during the war. Now thanks to UNESCO , much of
the City is being faithfully restored to its former glory. South of Hue are the splendid Royal
Tombs. Hue has many other places of religious and dynastic importance and great
museums.
Hoian
Hoan is a charming , small town which can be easily explored on foot. Between the 16th to
18th centuries, Hoian was a thriving international commercial port for Chinese, Dutch,
French, Japanese, and Portuguese and Arab traders. These people came to trade
primarily for the high grade silk, ceramics and spices, which is till produced in the area.
Today, Hoian is a quaint riverside town popular among tourists for its eclectic architecture,
souvenir and tailor shops, and cafes. Some of the buildings in the narrow streets are as
they were over one hundred years ago. More than any other place in Vietnam, Hoan
retains the feeling of centuries past and is a favorite with all travelers. You can spend your
time walking around the historic town soaking up the atmosphere, exploring the many
Chinese assembly halls and fascinating ancestral homes, some of which have been
occupied by the same family for fifteen generation. Nearby Hoian is the lovely Holy Myson
which is former capital of the ancient Cham civilization that ruled in the central Vietnam
area between the second century and the thirteenth century. These people religion was
heavily influenced by Hinduism form India.
Danang
Danang city was founded in 1888. It is one of the country's major ports and an important
economic centre for central Vietnam. Its tropical climate has two clear seasons, rainy and
dry, with an average temperature of around 28 degrees. The area is home to a variety of
rare animal and plant species, and has a range of landscapes from the lofty Hai Van Pall
to the north of the city, Son Tra peninsula to the east, a long coastline with a series of
beautiful beaches and Ngu Hanh Son to the south. Hai Van Pass the 496m peak that
crowns Vietnam's great natural barrier between north and south, with stupendous
views. Ngu Hanh Son five marble mountains which symbolize metal, wood ,water fire and
earth with peaks that soar above the clouds, the mountain is famous for its climate of four
seasons in a day. Non Nuoc Craft Village skilled craftsmen specialize in carving marble
from nearby Ngu Hanh Son Mountain. Ngu Hanh Son festivals are held in February of the
65. lunar year at Quan the am pagoda at the foot of Kim Son mountain. Lasting three days, the
festival has religious elements including mass prayers and recitals of Buddha's words, plus
popular activities such as folk singing and human chess. China Beach five km of white
sand and clear green water at the foot of Ngu Hanh Son Mountain.
Furama Resort located on a sweeping beach of pure white sand, the resort is
acknowledged as one of the finest places to stay in the country with its comprehensive
range of leisure facilities and luxurious standard of accommodation.
Central Highland (Ban Me Thuot, Kontum, Pleiku)
The Pleiku Plateau : Located on the National Route 19
and 14, 540km from Ho Chi Minh City. Pleiku - The Foggy
City is well - known for its natural attractions such as Bien
Ho lake which provides deep blue and clean water all year
round. Chu H’Drung mountain can be seen from the center
of the city and bares a striking resemblance to the roof of a Roong House. Add to these
natural features, diverse range of cultural relics, green parks, pagodas and warm friendly
Highlanders and Pleiku becomes one of must-see tourist areas of Vietnam.The Bahnar
Minority Culture : A cluster of four villages such as Dektu - Deron - Dedoa and DeKop is
35 km the east of Pleiku. Here, you can visit and stay overnight and of course you will
enjoy yourselves exploring the traditional culture, custom and Gong ceremony
atmosphere. The Jarai Minority Culture : Pleiphun village belongs to Iamnong
Commune, Chu Pah District is considered an ideal place for traveler who want to visit and
learn about Jarai’s traditional custom especially the Wooden Statues
culture. Waterfalls. Elephant Ride: Not only GiaLai is known for its primitive forests,
mighty waterfalls and rivers and original minority villages but for hundreds of years
elephants have been a prominent part of the the Jarai people’s life. You can now
experience a ride on the back of an elephant through highland forests and local
villages. Former Battlefields : Many former battlefields where violent confrontations took
place can now be visited in GiaLai : These are Tay Son Thuong Dao area - the vestige of
peasant Hero Tay Son Nguyen Hue, Stor village - The home of Hero Nup, the victory of
Dak Po, An Khe and others which are forever remembered such as Dragon mountain, Plei
Me and Ia Drang valley etc… Trekking : Ban Me Thuot & Gialai present an abundance o
varied eco-tourism potential. For over ten years, Different kinds of trekking tours has been
arranged. These tours will take you over mountains and rivers and give you a chance to
experience first-hand the unique culture of the Bahnar and Jarai Minorities as you visit
their villages
Nhatrang
Nhatrang is one of the most pleasant locations on the South central coastal of Vietnam. A
busy fishing town with picturesque scenery in its charming harbor, Nhatrang boasts
beautiful ancient towers built by the architects of Champa Kingdom. No wonder Vietnam’s
last emperor, Bao Dai set his summer villa here overlooking the South China Sea and
Nhatrang Bay. To make it complete, Nhatrang has beautiful beaches, white sand fringed
by a line of coconut trees and stunning diving sites. A boat trip to nearly fishing villages or
a scuba diving trip is absolutely wonderful. stay in Nhatrang.
Dalat
Dalat is set in the hills north of HCM city and is a renewed retreat for poets and artist. This
atmosphere typifies this patronage with typical French provincial villas and lush undulating
hills. The city highlights include King Bao Dai's Summer Palace and unusual Crazy House.
The markets of the town are fascinating - an amazing variety of fresh produce is brought
67. PDF
http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2005/November%202005/1105trail.aspxhttp://www.airforcemag
.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2005/November%202005/1105trail.aspx Print this page
The Ho Chi Minh Trail
By John T. Correll
The outcome of the war depended on the infiltration of troops, weapons, and supplies through
Laos into South Vietnam.
During the Vietnam War, US pilots could see weapons, military equipment, and war supplies moving on
40-car trains on the railroad near Hanoi and being unloaded from ships in the Haiphong harbor.
They could look, but not strike. Preventing these war supplies from reaching South Vietnam was a
primary goal of US strategy, but Air Force and Navy aircraft were seldom allowed to go after them in the
North Vietnamese heartland, where they were concentrated and wide open to attack.
The White House, fearing that bombing Hanoi and Haiphong might escalate the war, would not allow the
shipments to be targeted until they were broken up into small loads and headed south on jungle
pathways. Transported by trucks, bicycles, and porters with A-frames on their backs, they were difficult to
find and even more difficult to stop.
The route south was the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The critical stretch was in Laos, which was supposedly neutral
but which in actuality was one of the major battle areas of the war.
North Vietnam’s name for the trail was the Truong Son Strategic Supply Route, after the long mountain
chain that separates Vietnam from Laos.
The jumping-off point was Vinh, in southern North Vietnam. Trucks went west to one of three passes—Mu
Gia, Ban Karai, or Ban Raving—that cut through the mountains north of the Demilitarized Zone. The trail
began on the other side, in Laos. It was 80 miles from the Mu Gia Pass to Tchepone. From there, Khe
Sanh, on the South Vietnamese side of the border, was only 25 miles away.
The route went south through Laos for hundreds of miles with mountain passes allowing access to South
Vietnam at various places along the way.
The Ho Chi Minh Trail was not a single road but rather a honeycomb of routes, passing through country
that was alternately limestone karst, triple-canopy jungle, and grassland.
68. Some of it was open to the sky, especially where the bombing had been severe, but much of it was
concealed by thick vegetation. There were major sections of the trail that US forces never knew about.
Late in the war, the North Vietnamese moved tanks, undetected, all the way south.
The “Trail” Today
In Vietnam today, the trail is a legend. Those who built it, ran the way stations, and transported the arms
and supplies south are revered as heroes of the war.
In April 2000, Vietnam began building the Ho Chi Minh Highway from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City, formerly
Saigon. It is a needed addition to the nation’s road system, but it also is billed as running “along the
historic Ho Chi Minh Trail” and commemorating the famous route. It will eventually be 1,050 miles long.
So far, about 750 miles are open to traffic.
Western news media—notably the Associated Press, Time Magazine, and National Geographic—have
reported that the highway will follow the course of the wartime Ho Chi Minh Trail and have made much of
the symbolism.
In fact, the Ho Chi Minh Highway will be entirely in Vietnam. It will go through Vinh, cross what was the
DMZ, pass close to Khe Sanh, and run down the eastern side of the mountains through the Central
Highlands to the former capital of South Vietnam. The actual Ho Chi Minh Trail ran through Laos, of
course.
The historical significance of the Ho Chi Minh Trail is certainly real, however. In recent years, Vietnamese
leaders have confirmed that their strategy for winning the war depended on infiltrating troops and supplies
into South Vietnam.
They have said they were pressed at times but that they were able to move what they truly had to move.
Their strategy worked because US policy ruled out stopping the flow at its source by striking the ports and
logistics centers in the North.
That left Air Force and Navy airmen to chase down the trucks, one by one, on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and
that was never a realistic or reasonable objective.
John T. Correll was editor in chief of Air Force Magazine for 18 years and is now a contributing editor. His
most recent article, “The Ups and Downs of Counter Force,” appeared in the October issue.
http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/VietnamOrigins_2.htm
http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/VietnamOrigins_2.htm
The Vietnam War: Origins
Vietnam, 1945-1954
By Kennedy Hickman
Overview of war……… The Diem Regime Post World War II Vietnam
69. The causes of the Vietnam War trace their roots back to the end of World War II. A French colony,
Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia) had been occupied by the Japanese during the war. In 1941,
a Vietnamese nationalist movement, the Viet Minh, was formed by Ho Chi Minh to resist the occupiers.
A communist, Ho Chi Minh waged a guerilla war against the Japanese with the support of the United
States. Near the end of the war, the Japanese began to promote Vietnamese nationalism and
ultimately granted the country nominal independence.
Following the Japanese defeat, the French returned to take possession of their colony. Their entrance
into Vietnam was only permitted by the Viet Minh after assurances had been given that the country
would gain independence as part of the French Union. Discussions broke down between the two
parties and in December 1946, the French shelled the city of Haiphong and forcibly reentered the
capital, Hanoi.
These actions began a conflict between the French and the Viet Minh known as the First Indochina
War. Fought mainly in North Vietnam, this conflict ended when the French were decisively defeated
at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The war was ultimately settled by the Geneva Accords of 1954, which
temporarily partitioned the country at the 17th parallel, with the Viet Minh in control of the north and
a non-communist state to be formed in the south under Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem. This division
was to last until 1956, when national elections would be held to decide the future of the nation.
The Politics of American Involvement
Initially, the United States had little interest in Vietnam and Southeast Asia, however as it became
clear that the post-World War II world would be dominated by the US and its allies and the Soviet
Union and theirs, isolating communist movements took an increased importance. These concerns were
ultimately formed into the doctrine of containment and domino theory. First spelled out 1947,
containment identified that the goal of Communism was to spread to capitalist states and that the only
way to stop it was to “contain” it within its present borders. Springing from containment was the
concept of domino theory which stated that if one state in a region were to fall to Communism, then
the surrounding states would inevitably fall as well. These concepts were to dominate and guide US
foreign policy for much of the Cold War.
In 1950, to combat the spread of Communism, the United States began supplying the French military
in Vietnam with advisors and funding its efforts against the “red” Viet Minh. These efforts continued in
1956, when advisors were provided to train the army of the new Republic of Vietnam (South
Vietnam). Despite their best efforts, the quality of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was to
remain consistently poor throughout its existence.
Vietnam War 101 | Next: Americanization of theWar
70. A year after the Geneva Accords, Prime Minister Diem commenced a “Denounce the Communists”
campaign in the south. Throughout the summer of 1955, communists and other oppositionists were
jailed and executed. In addition to attacking the communists, Diem assaulted Buddhist sects and
organized crime, which further alienated the largely Buddhist Vietnamese people and eroded his
support. Later that year, Diem rigged a referendum on the future of the country and declared the
formation of the Republic of Vietnam, with its capital at Saigon.
Despite this, the US actively supported the Diem regime as a buttress against Ho Chi Minh’s
communist forces in the north. In 1957, a low-level guerrilla movement began to emerge in the south,
conducted by Viet Minh units that had not returned north after the accords. Two years later, these
groups successfully pressured Ho’s government into issuing a secret resolution calling for an armed
struggle in the south. Military supplies began to flow into the south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail and
the following year the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Viet Cong) was formed to
carry out the fight.
Failure and Deposing Diem
The situation in South Vietnam continued to deteriorate with corruption rife throughout the
Diem government and the ARVN unable to effectively combat the Viet Cong. In 1961, the
newly elected Kennedy Administration promised more aid and additional money, weapons,
and supplies were sent with little effect. Discussions then began in Washington regarding
the need to force a regime change in Saigon. This was accomplished on November 2, 1963,
when the CIA aided a group of ARVN officers to overthrow Diem. To help deal with the post-
coup chaos, Kennedy increased the number of US advisors in South Vietnam to 16,000.
Vietnam War: 1973-1975
Endgame
By Kennedy Hickman
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71. Signing of the Paris Peace Accords. 01/27/1973
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US Withdrawal & Aftermath
In October 1972, Nixon’s National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, concluded a secret peace agreement with North Vietnam’s
Le Duc Tho. After reviewing the agreement, President Thieu demanded major alterations to the document. In response, the North
Vietnamese published the details of the agreement and stalled thenegotiations. Feeling that Hanoi had attempted to embarrass
him and to force them back thetable, Nixon ordered the bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong in late December 1972 (Operation
Linebacker II). On January 15, 1973, after pressuring South Vietnam to accept the peace deal, Nixon announced the end of
offensive operations against North Vietnam.
The Paris Peace Accords ending the conflict were signed January 27, 1973, and were followed by the withdrawal of the
remaining American troops. Theterms of the accords called for a complete ceasefire in South Vietnam, allowed North
Vietnamese forces to retain the territory they had captured, released US prisoners of war, and called for both sides to find a
political solution to the conflict. As an enticement to Thieu, Nixon offered US airpower to enforce the peace terms.
With US forces gone from the country, South Vietnam stood alone. The situation worsened in December 1974, when Congress
passed the Foreign AssistanceAct of 1974, cutting off all military aid. This act removed the threat of air strikes should North
Vietnam break the terms of the accords. Shortly after the act’s passage, North Vietnam began a limited offensive in Phuoc Long
Province to test Saigon’s resolve. The province fell quickly and Hanoi pressed theattack. Surprised by the ease of their advance,
against largely incompetent ARVN forces, the North Vietnamese stormed through the south, finally capturing Saigon. South
Vietnam surrendered on April30, 1975, following the fall of its capital. After thirty years of conflict, Ho Chi Minh’s vision of a
united, communist Vietnam had been realized.
Casualties of the Vietnam War
72. During Vietnam War, the United States suffered 58,119 killed, 153,303 wounded, and 1,948 missing in action. Casualty figures
for the Republic of Vietnam are estimated at 230,000 killed and 1,169,763 wounded. Combined the North Vietnamese Army and
the Viet Cong suffered approximately 1,100,000 killed in action and an unknown number of wounded. It is estimated that
between 2 to 4 million Vietnamese civilians were killed during the conflict.
Previous
Vietnam War 101 | Next: Americanization of theWar
merican Nation » O-W » The Vietnam War and Its Impact
The Vietnam War and Its Impact - The peace
agreement
The basic elements of the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in
Vietnam—signed at the International Conference Center in Paris on 27 January 1973—
provided for the end of the fighting and the withdrawal of American forces. The United
States committed itself to ending all air and naval actions against North Vietnam and to
dismantling or deactivating all mines in the waters of North Vietnam. Within two
months after the signing of the agreement, all forces of the United States and of U.S.
allies would depart Vietnam. The United States was barred from sending new war
materials or supplies to South Vietnam and was required to dismantle all military bases
there. The armed forces of the GVN and the NLF were allowed to remain where they
were, but the cease-fire barred the introduction of new troops, military advisers, military
73. personnel—including technical military personnel—armaments, munitions, and war
material from North Vietnam or anywhere else. The disposition of Vietnamese armed
forces in South Vietnam would be determined by the twoSouth Vietnamese parties in a
spirit of "national reconciliation and concord." In addition, the accord required the
return of all captured military personnel and foreign civilians during the same two-
month period. The two South Vietnamese parties would handle the return of
Vietnamese civilians. The United States and North Vietnam promised to uphold the
principles of self-determination for the South Vietnamese people, which included free
and democratic elections under international supervision.
Even more unusually, the treaty called for a Four-Party Joint Military Commission to be
constituted by the four signatories for implementing and monitoring compliance with
the provisions on withdrawal, cease-fire, dismantling of bases, return of war prisoners,
and exchange of information on those missing in action. An International Commission
of Control and Supervision (ICCS), consisting of Canada, Hungary, Indonesia, and
Poland, would oversee the agreement and report violations. In No Peace, No
Honor (2001), Larry Berman utilized recently declassified records to show that Nixon
had little faith in the Paris accord and expected that the accord would be violated, which
would trigger a brutal military response. Permanent war (air war, not ground
operations) at acceptable political cost was what Nixon expected from the signed
agreement.President Thieu received repeated assurances that when the communists
violated the accord, the B52s would return to punish Hanoi, but the Watergate scandal
prevented such a retaliation.
Not a moment of peace ever came to Vietnam. Following the return of the American
POWs, there was little adherence to the Paris agreements from either North or South
Vietnam. The U.S. troops departed Vietnam sixty days after the Paris agreement was
signed, but the level of violence had not significantly declined. Watergate was about to
destroy the Nixon presidency and a new antiwar Congress had little interest in
continuing economic support to the South. Faced with funding a $722 million
supplement to stave off a collapse of South Vietnam, Congress refused to act. For many
Americans, the last image of Vietnam was that of ambassador Graham Martin carrying a
folded American flag during the final evacuation. This bitter aftermath left Americans
74. searching for explanations as to what had gone wrong and who was responsible for
failure.
Read more: http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/The-Vietnam-War-and-Its-
Impact-The-peace-agreement.html#b#ixzz2weT7xwKL
http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/The-Vietnam-War-and-Its-Impact-The-peace-
agreement.html#b
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Get the very latest on US youth trends, attitudes and lifestyles and what they
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Ha Long Bay - UNESCO World Heritage
Ha Long Bay, in the Gulf of Tonkin, includes some 1,600 islands and islets, forming a spectacular
seascape of limestone pillars. Because of their precipitous nature, most of the islands are uninhabited
and unaffected by a human presence. The site's outstanding scenic beauty is complemented by its
great biological interest. .
READ FULL STORY
Sapa - Fansipan Mountain
Sapa.
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Mekong River: Floating Market
79. Nha Trang is Vietnam’s most popular seaside resort town located along the second most beautiful
bays in the country. It features beautiful beaches with fine and clean sand and clear ocean water with
mild temperatures. The city has about 300,000 inhabitants and is more lively and urban in character
than other beach destinations like Mui Ne and Phu Quoc. It’s also the scuba diving center of Vietnam.
9 CU CHI TUNNELS
The Cu Chi Tunnels are an immense network of connecting underground tunnels located about 40 km
northwest of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). The tunnels were used by Viet Cong guerrillas as hiding spots
during the Vietnam War, and were the base of operations for the Tết Offensive in 1968. The tunnels
have become a popular tourist attraction, and visitors are invited to crawl around in the safer parts of
the tunnel system.
80. Search:
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8MEKONG RIVER (MEKONG DELTA)
81. The Mekong Delta is the region in southern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties
into the sea. It is a very rich and lush area, covered with rice fields, that produces about half of the
total of Vietnam’s agricultural output. Subsequently, life in the Mekong Delta revolves much around
the river, and all the villages are often accessible by river rather than by road.
This fishing-village-turned-tourist-attraction is situated on the coast of the South China Sea. Hoi An
has been an international port from the 16th century although the serious shipping business has long
since moved to the city of Da Nang. The heart of the city is still the Old Town, full of winding lanes and
Chinese-styled shops. It is sometimes called the “Venice of Vietnam” because of the narrow canals
that cut through part of the town.
82. The temple was built in 1601 during the rule of the Nguyễn Lords. The initial temple was very simply
constructed, but over time it was redeveloped and expanded with more intricate features.
1 HA LONG BAY
Ha Long Bay is situated in north Vietnam round a 120 kilometer long coast line and is literally
translated as “Bay of Descending Dragons”. The top tourist attraction in Vietnam, Ha Long Bay
features thousands of islands, each topped with thick jungle vegetation, forming a spectacular
seascape of limestone pillars. Several of the islands are hollow, with enormous caves, others islands
include lakes and some support floating villages of fishermen.
More Vietnam tourist attractions and travel information can be found in the Explore Vietnam page or
checkout these recommended activities in Vietnam.
SEARCH
INDOCHINA TRAVEL MAP
83. VIETNAM DESTINATIONS
An Giang
Ba Ria - Vung Tau
BaBe Lake
Bac Giang
Bac Ha, BacHa - A century-old colorful market
Bac Kan
Bac Lieu
Bac Ninh
Ben Tre
Binh Dinh
Binh Duong
Binh Phuoc
Binh Thuan
Buon Ma Thuot
Ca Mau
Can Tho City
Cao Bang
Cat ba island
Huong Pagoda
Cu Chi, Cuchi, Tunnels and underground warfare
Da Nang City
Dak Lak Province
Da Lat City
Dien Bien Phu
Dong Nai- Vietnam Destination
Dong Thap- Vietnam Travel
Fansipan Mountain - the Roof of Indochina
Gia Lai- Vietnam Destination
Ha Giang- Vietnam Destination
Ha Nam- Vietnam Destination
Ha Tay Province
Ha Tinh Province
Hai Duong Province
Hai Phong City
Ha Long Bay - Bay of the Descending Dragon
Hanoi - The Capitcal of Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City, Saigon
Hoa Binh Province
Hoian Ancient Town
85. The Jungle War
1965 - 1968
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1965.html
1965
January 20, 1965 - Lyndon B. Johnson takes the oath as president and declares, "We
can never again stand aside, prideful in isolation. Terrific dangers and troubles that we
once called "foreign" now constantly live among us..."
January 27, 1965 - General Khanh seizes full control of South Vietnam's government.
January 27, 1965 - Johnson aides, National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy
and Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, send a memo to the President stating
that America's limited military involvement in Vietnam is not succeeding, and that
the U.S. has reached a 'fork in the road' in Vietnam and must either soon escalate
or withdraw.
January 1965 - Operation Game Warden begins U.S. Navy river patrols on South
Vietnam's 3000 nautical miles of inland waterways.
February 4, 1965 - National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy visits South Vietnam for
the first time. In North Vietnam, Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin coincidentally
arrives in Hanoi.
February 6, 1965 - Viet Cong guerrillas attack the U.S. military compound at Pleiku in
the Central Highlands, killing eight Americans, wounding 126 and destroying ten
aircraft.
February 7-8 - "I've had enough of this," President Johnson tells his National Security
advisors. He then approves Operation Flaming Dart, the bombing of a North
Vietnamese army camp near Dong Hoi by U.S. Navy jets from the carrier Ranger.
Johnson makes no speeches or public statements concerning his decision. Opinion
polls taken in the U.S. shortly after the bombing indicate a 70 percent approval rating for
the President and an 80 percent approval of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.
Johnson now agrees to a long-standing recommendation from his advisors for a
sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.
In Hanoi, Soviet Prime Minister Kosygin is pressured by the North Vietnamese to
provide unlimited military aid to counter the American "aggression." Kosygin gives in to
their demands. As a result, sophisticated Soviet surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) begin
arriving in Hanoi within weeks.
![Kelly Lane
Page 2
April 12, 2014
Ho Chi Minh
Courtesy: Rational Revolution
The Path to Independence
In 938 A.D. Vietnam gained its independence from China. By the 19th Century it had become
colonized by the French. During World War II, [World War II dealt with world powers divided by
democracy and communism]; it became occupied by the Japanese. Striving for the independence
of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh formed The Vietnamese National Movement in 1941, out of North
Vietnam. He sought assistance from the United States. The movement led to The Japanese
withdrawal and independence for Vietnam. However, the French reentered, were defeated, but
through the Geneva Accord of 1954, were able to remain in Vietnam. The state was divided
between communism and democracy; separated at the 17th parallel. In pursuit of attaining total
independence for Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh then requested and received unconditional military aid
from Russia; for the purpose of infiltrating South Vietnam. The intended goal being independence
for Vietnam.
As the Viet Minh (REDS) infiltrated South Vietnam, America, Austria and France, (democratic
systems) increased aid to South Vietnam. The decision to protect capitalism within Vietnam was
based on concepts that had been defined as a result of WWII. The American interest in Vietnam
is explained in “The Vietnam War: Origins”. According to Hickman, “…First spelled out 1947,
containment identified that the goal of Communism was to spread to capitalist states and that the
only way to stop it was to “contain” it within its present borders. Springing from containment was
the concept of domino theory which stated that if one state in a region were to fall to Communism,
then the surrounding states would inevitably fall as well. These concepts were to dominate and
guide US foreign policy for much of the Cold War” (par 4). Therefore, America with its allies
would spend ten years trying to contain the spread of communism; a concept that defined the
Vietnam War. The Jungle details the battles of the Vietnam War focusing on the American
involvement as the war spanned five U.S. Presidential administrations (p1-14). The war officially
ended on January 27, 1973, with the signing of The Paris Peace Accords (under the Nixon
administration). The Robesonian headlined “Formal Ending for an Undeclared War”. The
agreement between North and South Vietnam implored the withdrawal of American troops from
Vietnam. Nixon stated that he would use airpower if needed for the enforcement. However the
passing of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 ended future aid to the south. One year after
American troops withdrew from South Vietnam the North Vietcong entered Saigon, the capital.
Courtesy: Business OwnerCourtesy: Three Centuries of American Wars](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)