8. “Epidemiology
is the study of the
distribution and
determinants of health-
related states or events in
specified populations, and
the application of this
study to the control of
health problems” .
22. The severity of epidemics compelled
mankind to integrate the tools into one
discipline
23. Bible guidelines on
Sanitation, quarantine &
Disinfection (3500 BC)
Hippocrates described
Diseases based on age,
Season, climate (400 BC)
James Lind’s scurvy
Experiment (1700’s)
Edward Jenner’s
Smallpox vaccination (1800’s)
John Snow’s Cholera
Investigation (1800”s)
William Farr’s vital
Records (1800’s)
London Epi Society- 1850
Louis Pasteur’s proof for
Germ theory of disease, 1800’s
W. H. Frost – first epi prof. 1919
CDC established, 1946
Dr. D Bernoulli’s
Mathematical model
For disease spread, 1766
Framingham study, 1947
Introduction of
computers, 1970’s
Intro of epi software, 1980
25. • CONTROL. To plan, monitor and evaluate
disease control programs
• DETERMINANTS. To determine the agent,
host, and environmental factors that affect
health or disease occurrence
• COST. To assess the economic effects of a
disease and analysis of economic benefits
of proposed control programs
26. Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum Infection in
Animals in some Endemic Barangays of
Western Samar
Animals Prevalence
Rats 95.4
Dogs 86.3
Buffalo 72.5
Cats 21.7
Pigs 18.4
(T.J. Fernandez, Jr., A.L. Willingham, S. McGarvey, H.
Carabin, R.M. Molveda &E. Balolong. 2005)
27. OVERVIEW. To describe the health status of
populations
RANK. To establish priorities for research
and action
PREDICT. To predict the occurrence of
disease.
28.
29. POPULATION AT RISK. To identify susceptible
animal or people groups
OUTBREAK investigation
SURVEILLANCE - to systematically and
continuously collect, analyze, and interpret
population data
ECOLOGY- To determine relationships among living
organisms and their environment
33. Comparison of Epidemiology with other
disciplines
Clinician Pathologist Epidemiologist
Patient Sick Individual Dead individual Population
Usual Setting Hospital or clinic Laboratory “Field”
Primary
objective
Treat the individual Pinpoint abnormal
forms or functions
Control the disease
Diagnostic
procedure
Clinical (organoleptic)
examination
Utilization of
laboratory tools or
reagents
Analysis of disease
patterns or frequencies
Questions
asked
What is it?
How do I treat it?
What’s abnormal
with the sample?
What’s the possible
pathogenesis?
How is the disease
distributed in terms of
time, animal and place?
What are the disease
determinants?
How can this disease be
controlled effectively?
34. Related Disciplines
Biostatisticsis the application of
statistical methods in biology, medicine and
public health.
Epidemiologyis the study of
patterns of health and illness and associated
factors at the population level.
Public health- The science and
art of promoting health, preventing disease,
and prolonging life t
