This document discusses various electronic devices used in industries, including data loggers, temperature sensors, thyristors, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and pressure sensors. It provides details on how each device works, its components and applications. Specifically, it explains that data loggers record data over time using sensors and microcontrollers, temperature sensors convert heat to electrical signals, thyristors are switching devices that control power flow, PLCs automate industrial processes through input/output control and programming, and pressure sensors convert pressure into electrical signals for measurement.

1. C A S E S T U D Y
VARIOUS ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENTS USED IN ANY
INDUSTRY
As a CASE STUDY for Course
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
( (ECE 131)
Sr.
No.
Registration
No
Name of Students Roll No Total
Marks
Marks
Obtained
Signature
1 RK17DMB 10
Submitted To Mr. Chetan Chugh , Assistant Professor

2. DATA LOGGER
A data logger (also datalogger or data recorder) is an electronic
device that records data over time or in relation to location either
with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments
and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a
digital processor (or computer).
• THESE ARE THE DEVICES USED TO RECORD DATA OF
DIFFERENT QUANTITIES. THEY HAVE SENSOR CONNECTED
TO MICROCONTROLLER FURTHER CONNECTED TO TACT
SWITCHES AND SERIAL INETERFACE.
• THE TACT SWITCHES MAKE DATA LOGGER TO START/STOP
AND SEND/RESET DATA IN DATA LOGGER . ANOTHER
FUNCTION THEY DO ARE SETTING UP TIME.
• TO READ DATA WE CONNECT IT TO
A COMPUTER USING SERIAL
INTERFACE AND WITH HELP OF
SOFTWARE WE READ THEM.THE
SENSOR COLLECTS DATA AND TRANSMIT IT TO THE
MICROCONTROLLER WHICH STORES IT IN ITS ROM ,
GENERALLY EEPROM.

3. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
IT HAS THERMOCOUPLE WICH CONVERT THE HEAT
GENERATED INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AND IT IS
TRANSMITTED TO THE MICROCONTROLLER FROM
WHERE THE DATA IS TRANSMITTED TO OTHER
CIRCUITS.
APPLICATION:
 INDUCTION FURNACE IS USED TO MELT
RODS ETC AND IT IS VERY ECO FRIENDLY
METHOD.
 TEMPERATURE SENSORS ARE ACCURATE
AND NOW THEY ARE PART OF DEVICES
LIKE INDUCTION FURNACE.

4. THYRISTOR
 THYRISTOR IS A DEVICE OF FOUR LAYERS OF
ALTERNATING P AND N TYPE MATERIAL DUE TO
WHICH IT CONSIST OF 3 JUNCTION AND THREE
TERMINAL ANODE(A) , CATHODE (K) AND
GATE(G).
 WHEN Vax IS APPLIED IN FORWARD THAN
JUNCTION J1,J3 IN FORWARD BIAS BUT THE J2
IS IN THE REVERSE BIAS THAT’S WHY NO
CONDUCTION BUT IF Vak IS SO LARGE THAT
CAUSE AVALANCHE BREAKDOWN AT J2 THE
THYRISTOR KEEP ON CONDUCTING UNTIL
EITHER THE VOLTAGE IS REMOVED OR
CURRENT GOES BELOW HOLDING CURRENT.
 IF WE APPLY SOME VOLTAGE AT GATE THEN
THE DEPLETION LAYER AT J2 WILL DECREASE
AND AVALACHE BREAKDOWN IS ACHIEVED
QUICKLY. THAT’S WHY GATE IS ALSO CALLED
CONTROL TERMINAL.

5. APPLICATION :
 THE THYRISTORS ARE USED IN THE
DEVICES FROM CALCULATOR TO
COMPUTER. THE THYRISTOR ACT AS
SWITCH.
 IT IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING HIGH
POWERS. SO, THEY ARE USED AS
SUPPLY CONTROLLERS ALSO.
 THEY ARE ALSO USED AS THE
RECTIFIERS.

6. P . L . C
Plc is an industrial computer that monitors inputs, makes
decisions based on its program and controls outputs to
automate a process or machine.
The automation of many different processes, such as
controlling machines or factory assembly lines, is done
through the use of small computers called a programmable
logic controllers.
WHY PLC?
 To reduce Human efforts.
 To get maximum efficiency from machine and control
them with human logic.
 To reduce complex circuitry of entire system.
 To eliminate the high costs associated with inflexible ,
relay-controlled systems.

7. COMPONETS OF PLC(INPUT/OUTPUT)
1.INPUT MODULES accepts and converts signals from
sensors into a logic signal.
Ex: switches , pushbuttons.
2.OUTPUT MODULES that convert control instructions a
signal that can be used by actuators.
Ex: lamps, alarm.
3.CENTAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) is the brain of PLC
and governs the activities of the entire PLC systems.
 The CPU consists of following Blocks:
Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU),
Internal memory of CPU
Internal tmers , counters and flags.
 The various operations performed are:
Scanning I/O bus traffic control,
Program execution,
Periphera and external device communication,
Data handling and self diagnostics.

8. 4.MEMORY is the component that stores information ,
programs and data in a PLC.
Types of memory used in PLCs are read only memory
(ROM) and random access memory (RAM).
5.POWER SUPPLY
Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC
Components.
6. PROGRAMMING DEVICE is the programming terminal
is used for programming the PLCs and monitoring/
sequencing PLCs operation.

9. PRESSURE SENSOR
What is the working principle of a pressure sensor? A
pressure sensor works by converting pressure into an
analogue electrical signal.
The demand for pressure measuring instruments increased
during the steam age. When pressure sensing technologies
were first manufactured they were mechanical and used
Bourdon tube gauges to move a needle and give a visual
indication of pressure. Nowadays we measure pressure
electronically using pressure transducers and pressure
switches.
 Absolute pressure sensor
This sensor measures the pressure relative to perfect vacuum.
 Gauge pressure sensor
This sensor measures the pressure relative to atmospheric
pressure. A tire pressure gauge is an example of gauge pressure
measurement; when it indicates zero, then the pressure it is
measuring is the same as the ambient pressure.

10.  Vacuum pressure sensor
This term can cause confusion. It may be used to describe a
sensor that measures pressures below atmospheric pressure,
showing the difference between that low pressure and
atmospheric pressure, but it may also be used to describe a sensor
that measures absolute pressure relative to a vacuum.
 Differential pressure sensor
This sensor measures the difference between two pressures, one
connected to each side of the sensor. Differential pressure sensors
are used to measure many properties, such as pressure drops
across oil filters or air filters, fluid levels (by comparing the
pressure above and below the liquid) or flow rates (by measuring
the change in pressure across a restriction). Technically speaking,
most pressure sensors are really differential pressure sensors; for
example a gauge pressure sensor is merely a differential pressure
sensor in which one side is open to the ambient atmosphere.
 Sealed pressure sensor
This sensor is similar to a gauge pressure sensor except that it
measures pressure relative to some fixed pressure rather than the
ambient atmospheric pressure (which varies according to the
location and the weather).