This document summarizes the consequences of coal-fired power plants converting ("repowering") to natural gas. It discusses three main repowering options and their implications for valve usage and replacement. Environmental regulations are increasingly prohibiting coal and driving utilities to switch to natural gas. This change impacts valve manufacturers, who must adapt to varying valve demands from each repowering method.
World Energy Situation and 21st Century Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
An overview of the current power market in the US and the impact it may have on other parts of the world. This was first presented at a workshop held at the University of Tokyo in Japan on Feb 25, 2014
This document summarizes the Philadelphia Water Department's (PWD) strategic energy plan to reduce energy consumption and costs. The plan includes establishing energy use and cost baselines, identifying conservation and renewable energy projects, and prioritizing a list of initiatives. Some key initiatives are installing solar panels at the Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant, exploring biogas cogeneration at wastewater plants, and pursuing a 2-5 MW solar installation through a power purchase agreement. The plan aims to lower PWD's energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring reliable water and wastewater services.
Sdge Cypress Cool Gas Seminar 6 17 09 PkPaul Kuhlman
The document summarizes the environmental, economic and green building benefits of using natural gas for cooling rather than electricity. It discusses how gas cooling can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by lowering peak energy demand and allowing for a more efficient electric grid. Gas cooling also offers economic savings over electric cooling systems and can help buildings earn more LEED certification points. In conclusion, the document advocates for gas cooling as part of the solution to curbing global warming and developing a sustainable built environment.
National grid's energy efficiency programsTNenergy
National Grid is the second largest utility in the US, serving 8 million customers. It is the largest distributor of natural gas in the Northeast US and delivers electricity to 3.3 million customers in New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. National Grid has energy efficiency programs to help customers reduce energy usage and costs through incentives for installing efficient equipment. The programs vary by state but include options for both residential and commercial customers. National Grid's performance on energy savings targets can impact the financial incentives received by the company.
The document summarizes environmental regulations affecting the power industry and tips for communicating about these complex regulations to business managers. It outlines upcoming regulations for air, climate, water, and waste that will impact power companies' strategies. These include regulations for transport of air pollutants, mercury emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, cooling water intake, wastewater discharge, and coal ash storage. It advises power companies to take a comprehensive view when planning for regulations. It also provides tips for refining key messages about regulations, targeting the right audiences, and effectively presenting complex technical information.
- The document provides preliminary recommendations for a campus strategic energy master plan for Lorain County Community College aimed at improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and establishing a culture of continuous improvement.
- Key recommendations include installing a building management system, converting the steam distribution network to hot water, adding combined heat and power engines, establishing staff/student energy programs, and exceeding state efficiency targets to prepare for potential climate legislation.
Remaking American Power - CSIS & Rhodium Group Preliminary Findings of EPA's ...Marcellus Drilling News
This document provides an overview and preliminary results from an analysis of the EPA's proposed Clean Power Plan by Rhodium Group and CSIS. Key findings include:
1) The growth of shale gas has lowered natural gas prices and the cost of gas generation, making compliance with emission rate standards relatively affordable through shifting from coal to gas generation.
2) Modeling results show the CPP could significantly change the US power sector by incentivizing shifts from coal to natural gas generation and capacity additions, reducing CO2 emissions 30-37% below 2005 levels by 2030.
3) Electricity prices are projected to increase modestly under the CPP, by 4-10%, while total compliance costs average $12
World Energy Situation and 21st Century Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
An overview of the current power market in the US and the impact it may have on other parts of the world. This was first presented at a workshop held at the University of Tokyo in Japan on Feb 25, 2014
This document summarizes the Philadelphia Water Department's (PWD) strategic energy plan to reduce energy consumption and costs. The plan includes establishing energy use and cost baselines, identifying conservation and renewable energy projects, and prioritizing a list of initiatives. Some key initiatives are installing solar panels at the Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant, exploring biogas cogeneration at wastewater plants, and pursuing a 2-5 MW solar installation through a power purchase agreement. The plan aims to lower PWD's energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring reliable water and wastewater services.
Sdge Cypress Cool Gas Seminar 6 17 09 PkPaul Kuhlman
The document summarizes the environmental, economic and green building benefits of using natural gas for cooling rather than electricity. It discusses how gas cooling can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by lowering peak energy demand and allowing for a more efficient electric grid. Gas cooling also offers economic savings over electric cooling systems and can help buildings earn more LEED certification points. In conclusion, the document advocates for gas cooling as part of the solution to curbing global warming and developing a sustainable built environment.
National grid's energy efficiency programsTNenergy
National Grid is the second largest utility in the US, serving 8 million customers. It is the largest distributor of natural gas in the Northeast US and delivers electricity to 3.3 million customers in New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. National Grid has energy efficiency programs to help customers reduce energy usage and costs through incentives for installing efficient equipment. The programs vary by state but include options for both residential and commercial customers. National Grid's performance on energy savings targets can impact the financial incentives received by the company.
The document summarizes environmental regulations affecting the power industry and tips for communicating about these complex regulations to business managers. It outlines upcoming regulations for air, climate, water, and waste that will impact power companies' strategies. These include regulations for transport of air pollutants, mercury emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, cooling water intake, wastewater discharge, and coal ash storage. It advises power companies to take a comprehensive view when planning for regulations. It also provides tips for refining key messages about regulations, targeting the right audiences, and effectively presenting complex technical information.
- The document provides preliminary recommendations for a campus strategic energy master plan for Lorain County Community College aimed at improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and establishing a culture of continuous improvement.
- Key recommendations include installing a building management system, converting the steam distribution network to hot water, adding combined heat and power engines, establishing staff/student energy programs, and exceeding state efficiency targets to prepare for potential climate legislation.
Remaking American Power - CSIS & Rhodium Group Preliminary Findings of EPA's ...Marcellus Drilling News
This document provides an overview and preliminary results from an analysis of the EPA's proposed Clean Power Plan by Rhodium Group and CSIS. Key findings include:
1) The growth of shale gas has lowered natural gas prices and the cost of gas generation, making compliance with emission rate standards relatively affordable through shifting from coal to gas generation.
2) Modeling results show the CPP could significantly change the US power sector by incentivizing shifts from coal to natural gas generation and capacity additions, reducing CO2 emissions 30-37% below 2005 levels by 2030.
3) Electricity prices are projected to increase modestly under the CPP, by 4-10%, while total compliance costs average $12
Investing in concentrated solar power: 22 gigawatts of CSP forecast by 2025Entelligent
This document discusses the growth potential of concentrating solar power (CSP) as an investment opportunity. It notes that CSP, unlike solar PV, can store thermal energy for use after sundown using molten salt or oil. The document forecasts 22 gigawatts of CSP capacity by 2025, representing 27% annual growth. It argues that improvements to energy storage technologies could allow CSP to provide baseload power and compete with fossil fuels. Companies developing more efficient CSP technologies and storage methods are highlighted as investment opportunities.
The document outlines a renewable energy plan that includes:
1) Constructing a 4 MW solar demonstration project within 6 months and completing an environmental assessment for solar projects by June 2012.
2) Determining the viability of geothermal energy by September 2011-March 2012 and, if viable, developing a 20 MW geothermal plant.
3) If geothermal is not viable, increasing solar facilities to 20 MW total through various funding options like power purchase agreements.
The Effect of Wind Generation on Combined Heat and PowerEamon Keane
This document examines the effect of increasing levels of wind generation on combined heat and power (CHP) systems. It finds that higher wind penetration reduces the viability of CHP by decreasing the difference between electricity market prices and natural gas fuel costs. However, the negative impact of wind on CHP could be counteracted by imposing capacity charges based on the volume of electricity imported rather than the capacity of the grid connection.
The document discusses how water utilities can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and costs through optimizing pumping operations. It notes that water utilities are large energy users and pumping accounts for most of their energy consumption. The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) sets emissions reduction targets for California. Adaptive optimization software can dynamically schedule pumps for maximum efficiency, reducing energy use by 6-9% on average across various utility case studies. This leads to significant cost savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to support California's climate change goals.
I presented at Argus Methanol Forum yesterday. Talked about methanol as a renewable liquid fuel option that can offer efficient vehicle for large scale utilization and monetization of renewable energy resources.
Concentrated Solar Thermal Power can be coupled with Thermal Energy Storage using Molten Salts. This presentations offers a compelling argument why this technology will remain competitive despite future improvements in other storage technologies
There are no new elements in inventions, rather known elements are combined in new ways. An invention improves performance versus cost through combining known chemical elements with energy efficiency elements, resulting in over 70% energy efficiency converting electricity to high-heating fuel. The main cost improvement comes from reducing electric energy costs due to the substantial boost in energy efficiency allowing one nuclear plant instead of two.
The document outlines various energy initiatives at NC State University including a steam trap survey that identified $200,000 in annual energy losses, participation in an EPA energy star building competition, use of energy policy act tax deductions, building energy audits, water conservation efforts, an energy fellowship grant proposal, receiving an energy efficiency block grant, a student sustainability survey, and plans for an enterprise building automation system.
The Positive Environmental and Economical Impact of CHPDr. Roger Achkar
By capturing waste heat from electricity production, CHP systems require less fuel than separate heat and power systems, reducing greenhouse gas emissions like CO2 and air pollutants such as NOx. If 20% of US power came from CHP by 2030, it could eliminate 848 million tons of CO2 emissions, equivalent to removing 154 million cars from the road. CHP also provides economic benefits like reduced energy costs, offset capital costs, and a hedge against volatile energy prices. For example, using CHP in Saudi Arabia could increase crude oil exports by 150,000 barrels per day, increasing national revenues by around 14 billion Saudi Riyals annually.
This document provides an overview and analysis of issues related to wind power in the United States from Energy Ventures Analysis Inc. It summarizes that in 2006, wind power accounted for only 0.66% of US electricity generation and 70% of existing wind power capacity is concentrated in 7 states. Wind generation has grown due to state renewable portfolio standards requiring certain amounts of renewable energy. However, wind power faces challenges of being an intermittent and relatively high-cost source of energy that requires significant subsidies to be cost competitive. The document also analyzes wind project siting issues such as the large land needs and potential impacts on local property values and wildlife.
Overview on recent photovoltaic module cooling methods: advances PVT systems IJECEIAES
Renewable energy had been monopolized the research area in these past decade up till nowadays, due to its reliability and future in global production of electrical and thermal energy. Narrowing down the scope to the photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system, lots of improvements had been implied both theoretically and experimentally. One of the most attractive applications of PVT water or air-based collectors is building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system, which has undergone rapid developments in recent years. This review paper comprises the research findings on the improvements that had been integrated by PVT systems as well as well as personal and cited remarks on advancements on cooling techniques on PVT system.
Greenhouse Gas Limits on New Electric Generating UnitsAndrew Shroads
This document summarizes the timeline and details of proposed EPA regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from new electric generating units. Key points include:
- EPA proposed in 2012 to limit GHG emissions from new power plants to 1,000 lbs CO2/MWh, requiring carbon capture for non-natural gas plants. This received millions of public comments.
- In 2013, President Obama directed EPA to issue a new proposed rule by September 2013 and finalizes rules for new and existing power plants by 2015-2016.
- If finalized, the new source performance standard would define greenhouse gases as a regulated pollutant, significantly expanding emissions reporting and permitting requirements for industrial facilities.
This document discusses several case studies of commercial buildings and facilities that implemented energy efficiency projects:
- Waunankee Community School District conducted an energy audit and made upgrades like lighting and HVAC improvements, reducing energy costs by 18-24%.
- The North Carolina State Capitol expanded its district cooling system, installed a large thermal energy storage tank, and implemented other upgrades through a performance contract, reducing energy use and costs.
- The University of La Verne optimized its HVAC system and controls, increasing chiller plant efficiency by 47% and saving over 125,000 kWh annually.
- The Shops at Mission Viejo installed a large solar power system to generate on-site electricity and reduce
This study investigates integrating molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) into steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) facilities in Alberta's oil sands to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. MCFC could capture 90% of CO2 emissions from SAGD steam generation and provide low-carbon electricity. Modelling shows retrofitting MCFC to 27 SAGD facilities by 2037 could reduce emissions by 25 megatons per year by 2037 by capturing SAGD emissions and displacing coal power. Overall, integrating MCFC across the SAGD industry could reduce cumulative emissions by 865 megatons to 2060 while enabling early coal plant retirement in Alberta's electricity grid.
The document describes the technical characteristics and assumptions that will be used to model new natural gas combined-cycle power plants in the Northwest Power Planning Council's fifth power plan. A typical plant would consist of one or more gas turbines paired with a heat recovery steam generator and steam turbine to produce between 270-540 megawatts. Combined-cycle plants have high efficiency and low emissions compared to other fossil fuel technologies. While combined-cycle plants are an important part of the region's power supply, issues like volatile natural gas prices, water consumption, and carbon dioxide production require ongoing assessment.
ScottMadden recently joined industry leaders as a sponsor and presenter at Infocast’s 19th Annual Transmission Summit. Here, Todd Williams, partner and fossil practice co-leader at ScottMadden, reviewed the generation landscape and the impacts of the Clean Power Plan.
To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | DOE NETL Report- Cost & Performance Baseline for Fossil ...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides a summary of cost and performance baselines for fossil energy power plants, including integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), pulverized coal (PC), and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) configurations. Key findings include:
- IGCC, PC, and NGCC plants without carbon capture can achieve efficiencies of 39%, 39%, and 58% respectively. With capture, efficiencies drop to 32-35%, 30-33%, and 45-48%.
- Total overnight capital costs for non-capture plants are $718/kW for NGCC, $2,010/kW for PC, and $2,505/kW for IGCC on average. Capture increases
Investing in concentrated solar power: 22 gigawatts of CSP forecast by 2025Entelligent
This document discusses the growth potential of concentrating solar power (CSP) as an investment opportunity. It notes that CSP, unlike solar PV, can store thermal energy for use after sundown using molten salt or oil. The document forecasts 22 gigawatts of CSP capacity by 2025, representing 27% annual growth. It argues that improvements to energy storage technologies could allow CSP to provide baseload power and compete with fossil fuels. Companies developing more efficient CSP technologies and storage methods are highlighted as investment opportunities.
The document outlines a renewable energy plan that includes:
1) Constructing a 4 MW solar demonstration project within 6 months and completing an environmental assessment for solar projects by June 2012.
2) Determining the viability of geothermal energy by September 2011-March 2012 and, if viable, developing a 20 MW geothermal plant.
3) If geothermal is not viable, increasing solar facilities to 20 MW total through various funding options like power purchase agreements.
The Effect of Wind Generation on Combined Heat and PowerEamon Keane
This document examines the effect of increasing levels of wind generation on combined heat and power (CHP) systems. It finds that higher wind penetration reduces the viability of CHP by decreasing the difference between electricity market prices and natural gas fuel costs. However, the negative impact of wind on CHP could be counteracted by imposing capacity charges based on the volume of electricity imported rather than the capacity of the grid connection.
The document discusses how water utilities can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and costs through optimizing pumping operations. It notes that water utilities are large energy users and pumping accounts for most of their energy consumption. The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) sets emissions reduction targets for California. Adaptive optimization software can dynamically schedule pumps for maximum efficiency, reducing energy use by 6-9% on average across various utility case studies. This leads to significant cost savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to support California's climate change goals.
I presented at Argus Methanol Forum yesterday. Talked about methanol as a renewable liquid fuel option that can offer efficient vehicle for large scale utilization and monetization of renewable energy resources.
Concentrated Solar Thermal Power can be coupled with Thermal Energy Storage using Molten Salts. This presentations offers a compelling argument why this technology will remain competitive despite future improvements in other storage technologies
There are no new elements in inventions, rather known elements are combined in new ways. An invention improves performance versus cost through combining known chemical elements with energy efficiency elements, resulting in over 70% energy efficiency converting electricity to high-heating fuel. The main cost improvement comes from reducing electric energy costs due to the substantial boost in energy efficiency allowing one nuclear plant instead of two.
The document outlines various energy initiatives at NC State University including a steam trap survey that identified $200,000 in annual energy losses, participation in an EPA energy star building competition, use of energy policy act tax deductions, building energy audits, water conservation efforts, an energy fellowship grant proposal, receiving an energy efficiency block grant, a student sustainability survey, and plans for an enterprise building automation system.
The Positive Environmental and Economical Impact of CHPDr. Roger Achkar
By capturing waste heat from electricity production, CHP systems require less fuel than separate heat and power systems, reducing greenhouse gas emissions like CO2 and air pollutants such as NOx. If 20% of US power came from CHP by 2030, it could eliminate 848 million tons of CO2 emissions, equivalent to removing 154 million cars from the road. CHP also provides economic benefits like reduced energy costs, offset capital costs, and a hedge against volatile energy prices. For example, using CHP in Saudi Arabia could increase crude oil exports by 150,000 barrels per day, increasing national revenues by around 14 billion Saudi Riyals annually.
This document provides an overview and analysis of issues related to wind power in the United States from Energy Ventures Analysis Inc. It summarizes that in 2006, wind power accounted for only 0.66% of US electricity generation and 70% of existing wind power capacity is concentrated in 7 states. Wind generation has grown due to state renewable portfolio standards requiring certain amounts of renewable energy. However, wind power faces challenges of being an intermittent and relatively high-cost source of energy that requires significant subsidies to be cost competitive. The document also analyzes wind project siting issues such as the large land needs and potential impacts on local property values and wildlife.
Overview on recent photovoltaic module cooling methods: advances PVT systems IJECEIAES
Renewable energy had been monopolized the research area in these past decade up till nowadays, due to its reliability and future in global production of electrical and thermal energy. Narrowing down the scope to the photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system, lots of improvements had been implied both theoretically and experimentally. One of the most attractive applications of PVT water or air-based collectors is building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system, which has undergone rapid developments in recent years. This review paper comprises the research findings on the improvements that had been integrated by PVT systems as well as well as personal and cited remarks on advancements on cooling techniques on PVT system.
Greenhouse Gas Limits on New Electric Generating UnitsAndrew Shroads
This document summarizes the timeline and details of proposed EPA regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from new electric generating units. Key points include:
- EPA proposed in 2012 to limit GHG emissions from new power plants to 1,000 lbs CO2/MWh, requiring carbon capture for non-natural gas plants. This received millions of public comments.
- In 2013, President Obama directed EPA to issue a new proposed rule by September 2013 and finalizes rules for new and existing power plants by 2015-2016.
- If finalized, the new source performance standard would define greenhouse gases as a regulated pollutant, significantly expanding emissions reporting and permitting requirements for industrial facilities.
This document discusses several case studies of commercial buildings and facilities that implemented energy efficiency projects:
- Waunankee Community School District conducted an energy audit and made upgrades like lighting and HVAC improvements, reducing energy costs by 18-24%.
- The North Carolina State Capitol expanded its district cooling system, installed a large thermal energy storage tank, and implemented other upgrades through a performance contract, reducing energy use and costs.
- The University of La Verne optimized its HVAC system and controls, increasing chiller plant efficiency by 47% and saving over 125,000 kWh annually.
- The Shops at Mission Viejo installed a large solar power system to generate on-site electricity and reduce
This study investigates integrating molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) into steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) facilities in Alberta's oil sands to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. MCFC could capture 90% of CO2 emissions from SAGD steam generation and provide low-carbon electricity. Modelling shows retrofitting MCFC to 27 SAGD facilities by 2037 could reduce emissions by 25 megatons per year by 2037 by capturing SAGD emissions and displacing coal power. Overall, integrating MCFC across the SAGD industry could reduce cumulative emissions by 865 megatons to 2060 while enabling early coal plant retirement in Alberta's electricity grid.
The document describes the technical characteristics and assumptions that will be used to model new natural gas combined-cycle power plants in the Northwest Power Planning Council's fifth power plan. A typical plant would consist of one or more gas turbines paired with a heat recovery steam generator and steam turbine to produce between 270-540 megawatts. Combined-cycle plants have high efficiency and low emissions compared to other fossil fuel technologies. While combined-cycle plants are an important part of the region's power supply, issues like volatile natural gas prices, water consumption, and carbon dioxide production require ongoing assessment.
ScottMadden recently joined industry leaders as a sponsor and presenter at Infocast’s 19th Annual Transmission Summit. Here, Todd Williams, partner and fossil practice co-leader at ScottMadden, reviewed the generation landscape and the impacts of the Clean Power Plan.
To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | DOE NETL Report- Cost & Performance Baseline for Fossil ...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides a summary of cost and performance baselines for fossil energy power plants, including integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), pulverized coal (PC), and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) configurations. Key findings include:
- IGCC, PC, and NGCC plants without carbon capture can achieve efficiencies of 39%, 39%, and 58% respectively. With capture, efficiencies drop to 32-35%, 30-33%, and 45-48%.
- Total overnight capital costs for non-capture plants are $718/kW for NGCC, $2,010/kW for PC, and $2,505/kW for IGCC on average. Capture increases
This document provides an overview of thorium-based nuclear power as a potential solution to global warming. It discusses the challenges facing existing uranium-based nuclear power, including high costs, waste disposal issues, and competition from natural gas. Thorium reactors could provide safer, cheaper power and potentially replace fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The document describes how thorium reactors work, using thorium to produce heat through nuclear fission instead of uranium or plutonium. Advocates believe thorium nuclear power could bridge the gap until solar power is fully developed. However, high costs remain a challenge for building any new nuclear plants.
Petron Group LLP predicts Energy and fuel prices in the United StatesPetron Group LLP
The document discusses trends in US renewable energy and electricity prices. It notes that in 2014, 67% of US electricity came from fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, but renewable sources like wind and solar are increasing. Electricity prices have risen 42% in the last decade and are projected to continue increasing due to coal plant closures, natural gas price volatility, renewable energy mandates, and other factors. Power outages could become more common as the grid loses capacity and becomes more fragile.
The U.S. power generation fuel mix continues to shift, driven in part by low natural gas prices, state renewable mandates, tightening environmental regulations, and lower installed costs of some generation technologies such as solar. On June 18, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued its proposed Clean Power Plan (CPP), a proposed greenhouse gas emissions regulation scheme for existing plants, promulgated under section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act.
In this update, readers will see the latest legal developments and timelines under key EPA- proposed regulations, a brief overview of EPA’s Clean Power Plan and related state emissions reduction goals, and recent developments and open issues.
For more information, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
The United States, like many other countries worldwide, is experiencing a growing concern about the environment. Currently more the domain of activists and environmental organizations, it is only a matter of times before these concerns grip consumers as well - maybe even to the point when they get discerning enough to question the source of their electricity.
This document analyzes the cost structure of wind power compared to other energy sources. It finds that while onshore wind has very competitive capital costs, offshore wind costs are significantly higher. It also discusses external costs and benefits associated with different energy sources as well as other factors like government subsidies that impact costs. The conclusion is that the best energy source depends on the priorities of different stakeholders and there are tradeoffs to consider between financial and external costs.
In tech advanced-power_generation_technologies_fuel_cellsYogendra Pal
This document provides an overview of fuel cell technologies. It discusses how fuel cells work by directly converting chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, avoiding combustion. This allows for higher efficiencies than combustion-based power generation. It also summarizes the key components of a fuel cell and different fuel cell configurations. The document focuses on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and their potential for stationary power generation applications due to their high operating temperatures.
This document compares the energy efficiency provisions in three major pieces of proposed US climate and energy legislation: the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES), the American Clean Energy Leadership Act (ACELA), and the American Power Act (APA). It provides details on provisions related to renewable electricity standards, appliance and product efficiency standards, building energy efficiency, federal energy management, transportation, smart grid, industrial and research programs, and more. The longest section details differences in provisions across the bills for appliances, equipment, lighting and product standards.
The first quarter of 2009 has ushered in a new era for the alternate energy market in the US. This has resulted in a visible increase in interest on alternate energy technologies. Most would think the attention to alternate energy has come just in time, especially with the rise in fossil fuel prices, stringent environmental regulations, and significant changes in preferences among consumers.
The document is a brochure from ITM Power plc that discusses power-to-gas (P2G) energy storage solutions using hydrogen. It notes that P2G can help integrate renewable energy by storing excess electricity from intermittent sources like wind in the form of hydrogen injected into existing gas pipelines. This provides grid balancing services while also decarbonizing gas supplies. The brochure highlights a project with Thüga Group in Germany and argues that a proposed increase to UK limits of hydrogen in gas networks could facilitate more renewable energy storage through P2G.
The document discusses how gas combined heat and power (CHP) is a cost-effective option for facilities facing the EPA's Boiler MACT compliance rules. CHP can help facilities reduce emissions and operating costs compared to installing pollution controls on existing boilers or switching to natural gas boilers. While CHP provides benefits to facilities, utilities, and the environment, it faces hurdles gaining approval from utilities due to regulations and financing challenges. Overall, the document argues that gas CHP is a superior compliance approach compared to traditional options under the Boiler MACT rules.
This document provides an overview of combined heat and power (CHP) systems, with a focus on industrial applications. It discusses the benefits of CHP systems in improving energy efficiency compared to separate heat and power systems. CHP systems are well-suited for industrial facilities that have constant thermal and electric loads. The document outlines common CHP technologies and emerging drivers for CHP adoption. It also provides examples of industrial CHP projects and discusses Veolia's role in developing CHP systems, including a reference project supplying power, heating and cooling to hospitals in Boston.
DIRTY KILOWATTS America’s Most Polluting Power Plantsjundumaug1
This document provides a summary of the Environmental Integrity Project's report on America's most polluting power plants. It finds that while emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are declining, carbon dioxide emissions remain steady at around 2.5 billion tons per year. The top 50 power plant polluters are identified for each pollutant based on emission rates and total annual emissions. The report highlights how a small number of older plants continue to emit disproportionate amounts of pollution and calls for holding the electric power industry accountable for cleaning up the dirtiest plants.
The document discusses two difficulties for energy storage: 1) The energy storage market has not been as robust as predicted due to falling natural gas prices undermining storage applications that compete with gas generation like peak shaving and integrating renewables. 2) Operating bulk energy storage can increase emissions as it replaces clean with dirty electricity and has transmission losses. The author models a bulk storage device in various locations and finds net CO2 emissions are significant while NOx and SO2 emissions vary widely but can be large. Falling gas prices have made energy storage uneconomic for applications that compete with gas generation.
Similar to Valve usage and replacement when converting power generation from coal to gas (20)
Controls and regula- tors for ideal temperature, pressure and flow control; steam traps for efficient drainage of condensate for maximum heat transfer; flowmeters for precise mea- surement of liquids; liquid drain traps for automatic and continuous drain trap operation to boost system efficiency; rotary filters for increased productivity through proper filtering of fluids; condensate recovery pumps for effective condensate management to save water and sewage costs; stainless steel specialty products for maintaining quality and purity of steam; and a full range of pipeline auxiliaries, all work together to produce a productive steam system. Spirax Sarco’s new line of engineered equipment reduces installation costs with prefabricated assemblies and fabricated modules for system integrity and turnkey advantages.
Mining applications can be hard on the equipment. Abrasive, corrosive, erosive — all those conditions apply in varying proportions. So it can come as a relief to know that FluoroSeal® Non-Lubricated Plug Valves, both Sleeved and Lined, can handle even the hardest of condition combinations, in a variety of mining operations.
Roth regenerative turbine chemical duty pumps provide continuous, high pressure pumping of non-lubricating and corrosive liquids. These regenerative turbine pumps are provided with one piece, machined self-centering impellers for operation with a wide variety of chemicals .
Custom Control Sensors, Inc. (CCS) is a global leader in the design,
testing, manufacturing and supply of pressure, temperature and liquid
flow switches for the Industrial, Energy, Aerospace and Defense markets.
Founded in 1958, CCS revolutionized the industrial pressure switch
market by utilizing its patented Dual-Snap® disc spring technology.
Spirax Sarco, leader in products and services for steam system management, released the PV4 and PV6 piston valves for isolation purposes. The valves are available in NPT and SW versions, from ½” to 2”. Bodies are available in forged carbon steel or forged stainless steel.
These valves are designed to Class 800 and provide tight shutoff, suitable for steam, condensate and other liquid systems.
The TeleSensor is an external liquid level transmitter that uses a force balance principle to measure liquid levels in tanks. It has a flange that mounts to the outside of tanks and a diaphragm that senses the hydrostatic pressure from the liquid height. This pressure is converted to a proportional 4-20 mA electrical or pneumatic output signal. It can interface with indicators or controllers to monitor levels remotely. The system is largely unaffected by temperature and immune to drift, making it suitable for applications requiring accurate and reliable level measurement.
Roth Pump standard steam condensate pump stations are the most popular and meet most water applications. These units will deliver hot water at temperatures up to 200˚F (93˚C) and will not vapor bind at 210˚F (98˚C). Receiver capacities from 8 (30 liters) to 50 gallons (189 liters) can be supplied on these standard condensate pump units.
Eliminate cavitation at high temperatures. Manage a higher load during cold starts. Dependable pumps to handle hotter water. Higher pressure at lower motor speeds. No mechanical seals below water line.
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
The ISV product line includes valve sizes ranging form 1/4" to 56" in pressure classes through 2500 and up to 10,000 psig working pressures with a large selection of body materials and trims.
Pipeline, Oil & Gas Service Ball Valves
API 6D and API 608, API 607 Firesafe with NACE compliance
2 & 3 piece trunion mounted ball valves
2 & 3 piece floating ball valves
Industrial Floating Ball Valves
API 608 / ASME B16.34, API 607 Firesafe with NACE compliance
2 & 3 piece flanged, SW, BW and NPT
Uni-body NPT
2 & 3 piece NPT industrial valves
Spirax Sarco provides knowledge, service, products and turnkey solutions for the control and efficient use of steam, air and other industrial fluids for industrial and commercial users.
Steam Traps - All types and sizes including repair kits
Regulators - Pressure, temperature, back pressure and relief
Condensate - Pumps Electric and steam driven
Control Systems - Valves and actuators
Steam thermocompressors utilize a flow of high pressure steam to boost the pressure of a stream of low pressure steam. The purpose can be to either recycle the low pressure steam with the added heat, or to create a usable steam supply from a low pressure steam source.
Monitrol is a turn-key fluid control system including a globe style control valve, a variety of built in sensors for Flow, Pressure and Temperature, a High Precision Electric Actuator, along with controller and an easy to use Touch Screen interface. Monitrol can manage up to three variables (sensors), simultaneously with its control logic. Flexibility allows the control logic in Monitrol to be bypassed if that is desired. A Building Management System can still maintain all control and just make use of the sensor information if that is desired. A full range of I/O signals, feedback and modbus TCP communications are standard.
Hytork® develops and manufacturers actuators for the automation of industrial valves. Product range includes pneumatic actuators and a wide range of control accessories. Product development is based on modular construction that allows for fast delivery from stock components and easy upgrade to control units as well as quick and efficient modification and repair.
SPX Flow, under the Pneumatic Products brand, manufactures single and twin tower desiccant dryers designed to remove water vapor from natural gas. The skid mounted units also include particulate and coalescing filters that capture solid contaminants to a submicron level.
The Spirax Sarco Direct Operated Temperature Regulators are for use on steam and liquid applications. The regulators give stable, modulating control within close tolerances. On storage and constant load applications they will control at set value. On variable load applications they will normally operate within
a very narrow temperature band.
This document contains technical data sheets for Emerson's Hytork XL Series pneumatic rack and pinion actuators. It provides torque data for various actuator models in the XL26 to XL4581 range, specifying the torque generated from springs or at different air pressures from 40 to 120 PSI. Contact information is given for Emerson's Actuation Technologies Centers in Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific.
The document discusses closed-loop cooling systems and recommends a cooling tower plus plate heat exchanger system. This system provides a closed cooling circuit while using less energy than traditional closed-circuit cooling towers. It costs less to purchase and operate due to using less total HP. The heat exchanger plates are stainless steel and more accessible than the coil in traditional towers, making maintenance and cleaning easier. The system prevents downtime from corrosion and has a longer warranty.
Three piece body valves area multi-purpose ball valves. They tend to be used in more demanding applications where maintenance will be required on a more frequent basis than 2 piece valves. The 3 piece body's center section can be removed to allow the valve end caps to be welded without the possibility of damaging the valve seats. Any combination of end connections can be supplied to meet your custom requirements.
This document summarizes the Warren Controls ILEA series of industrial linear electric actuators. It describes the small, medium, and large frame sizes available, with thrust forces ranging from 450 to 5,600 pounds. The actuators can withstand temperatures up to 158 degrees Fahrenheit and have IP65 and IP67 enclosure ratings. The document provides specifications for the ILEA-F small frame and ILEA-A/B medium frame actuators.
Because of their structural design, trunnion mount ball valves are suitable for all pressure ranges and sizes.They are used by many manufacturers as a basis of design for their severe service ball valve offerings. A trunnion mount ball valve can also be advantageous for applications employing valve automation. Since the ball is not held in place by a tight fitting seal arrangement, operating torque tends to be lower for comparably sized trunnion valves, when compared to floating ball valves.
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
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Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
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Valve usage and replacement when converting power generation from coal to gas
1. Coal to Natural Gas Electric Utilities Repowering:
Consequences for valve usage and replacement
Presented by: Roger S. Turley,
CRANE ChemPharma & Energy
Academic Education and Degrees:
BSME – Brigham Young University
MSME – Brigham Young University
Professional Position:
Global Business Line Manager
CRANE ChemPharma & Energy
2. Coal to Natural Gas Electric Utilities Repowering:
Consequences for valve usage and replacement
Keywords: utilities; electric power; coal to gas; repowering; valves; gas; natural gas; power
plant; infrastructure; shale gas; power industry; EPA; EIA; environmental regulations;
CSAPR; MACT; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; Clean Water Act
Introduction:
In any industry, and indeed, in any productive endeavor, changes in technology (or
method of production) are ordinarily driven by one or more of the following factors:
cost of inputs used in production; efficiency (quantity of output relative to input);
external factors (such as regulatory dictates, or changes in the nature of demand).
Enduring trends in repowering (of coal-fired boilers) used by electrical utilities have
been motivated by all three of these factors. Despite recent spikes in natural gas
prices causing temporary increases in coal power generation, over the long term its
use as fuel to produce steam to power electricity-generating turbines is forecast to
gradually decline in step with declining cost advantages relative to other fuels, such
as natural gas. Such fuel cost developments, in combination with recent, pending,
and anticipated new environmental protection legislation authored by the EPA, will
make the cost of producing electricity using coal increasingly prohibitive compared to
other fuels.
1
Power plant efficiencies are typically defined as the amount of heat content in
(Btu) per the amount of electric energy out (kWh) generated, commonly called a heat
rate (Btu/kWh – the lower the heat rate, the more energy efficient the process is).
Although the technology exists to make the heat rate of coal roughly equal to gas,
this is not realized at existing coal-fired plants where the standard heat rate of coal is
between 30-50% higher than that of gas.
Perhaps the most persistent and intensifying factor contributing to the relative
diseconomy of coal is in the form of regulations aimed at curbing pollutants. This
factor alone has been the primary driver behind the widespread adoption of gas-fired
technology for new power generating plants, and impacts all overhauling decisions at
existing plants.
Whatever the reasons, changes in the means of powering utility plants are ongoing,
with important ramifications for valve demand, as well as for valve use and selection.
It is the aim of this paper to examine some of these issues.
3. Abstract:
The US power industry is subject to increasingly stringent Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) regulations, including mandated compliance by all power generating
plants.
In conjunction with economies associated with natural gas as fuel for power
generation, environmental regulations can make repowering (conversion from one
fuel type to another) the preferred alternative rather than retrofitting coal-powered
electricity generating plants with emission control equipment.
As a consequence, US power generating plants are converting from coal to other
fuels in large numbers. In some cases the existing infrastructure is (to the extent
possible) retained, with only the combustible material being altered. In the “middle”
are plants that retrofit certain aspects of their infrastructure while converting to gas as
fuel. A common version of this type of change involves using an existing turbine to
run on steam from a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) that draws (recycles)
exhaust heat from a new gas turbine, together forming a combined cycle. This is also
called “partial repowering,” since the existing turbine and generator are conserved. At
the other end of the scale are newly constructed power plants, which are
predominantly gas-fueled. Each of these three repowering alternatives requires a
different quantity of new valves, often of varying types.
While the long-term outlook is fairly certain, the picture is not so clear for the near-
term.
EPA’s Proposed Carbon Pollution Standard for New Power Plants would require that
new fossil fuel-fired power plants meet an output-based standard of 1,000 pounds of
carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity generated. That standard would
effectively prohibit the construction of new coal-fired power plants without carbon
capture and storage. The EPA has been evaluating comments and expects to issue
a final rule in 2013 (which could be extended). Because the rule is not yet final, it is
not assumed to take effect in any of the AEO2013 cases. New power generating
plants approved prior to the imposition of this rule would have 12 months (from the
date when the rule becomes valid) to begin construction in order to be exempted
from the 1,000 pound limit. According to the Energy Information Administration, there
are 13 proposed coal projects planned for completion over the next four years,
accounting for 8,336 megawatts of capacity.
A recent development with regards to this rule is that the EPA intends to review and
revise it before making it valid, putatively in order to make it enforceable. The
concern is that according to the Clean Air Act, any rule governing air pollution must
be able to be adhered to by using best available technology. Several utilities have
challenged this assumption, motivating the EPA to revise its rule to accommodate
this objection. The net effect of all this is that even if the EPA enacts the rule within
the next 18 months (as it says it intends to do), it will mean that there is a window of
up to 2½ years during which coal-fired power generation facilities may continue to be
started – all exempt from the new emission rules.
Power generating activities that are not subject to this proposed rule are as follows:
-Existing units, including modifications such as changes needed to meet other air
4. pollution standards;
-New power plant units that have permits and start construction within 12
months of this proposal, or units looking to renew permits that are part of a
Department of Energy demonstration project, provided that these units start
construction within 12months of this proposal. These units are called
“transitional” units.;
-New units located in non‐continental areas, which include Hawaii and the
Territories;
-New units that do not burn fossil fuels (e.g., burn biomass only).
However, there is a growing roster of other EPA rules and standards that will impact
existing power plants, making coal-fired electricity generation increasingly less viable.
The impact on valve demand will be significant, and prudent valve manufacturers and
distributors will continue to adapt their market strategies accordingly.
Overview:
The fact that U.S. energy industry is steadily migrating away from coal is
acknowledged by both industry and the EPA.
According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, current trends in the electric
power market put many coal-fired generators in the United States at risk for
retirement. In the Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (AEO2012) Reference case, 49
gigawatts of coal-fired capacity are expected to retire through 2020, representing
roughly one-sixth of the existing coal capacity in the U.S. and less than 5% of total
electricity generation nationwide. Most of the generators projected to retire are older,
inefficient units primarily concentrated in the Mid-Atlantic, Ohio River Valley, and
Southeastern U.S. where excess electricity generation capacity currently exists.
Lower natural gas prices, higher coal prices, slower economic growth, and the
implementation of environmental rules all play a role in the retirements. AEO2012
features several alternative cases that examine how changing assumptions about
natural gas prices and economic growth rates influence the electric power sector,
including projected retirements of coal-fired generators.
Correspondingly, speaking on behalf of the coal industry, the American Coalition for
Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE) released a study in early May 2013, listing 32 states
with coal plant closures (over a similar period) that have been attributed, at least in
part, to EPA policies. These closures are said to total 285 units and represent more
than 41 gigawatts of electric generating capacity. Most of the coal units listed are
closing, but a few are converting to either biomass or natural gas.
5. Source: American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)
The establishment and enforceability of the various EPA rules and policies relating to
the US power industry specifically affecting coal-fired electricity generation is not
without some delays and compromise.
The CSAPR (Cross-State Air Pollution Rule) requires states to significantly improve
air quality by reducing power plant emissions that contribute to ozone and/or fine
6. particle pollution in other states. The rule has been vacated by The U.S. Court of
Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in August 2012. On January 24, 2013, the United States
Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit denied EPA's petition for rehearing en banc of
the Court's August 2012 decision to vacate the CSAPR. Then, on March 29, 2013,
the U.S. Solicitor General has petitioned the Supreme Court to review the D.C.
Circuit Court's decision.
Airborne release of mercury is regulated in the US under the Clean Air Act. Mercury
is classified (under the Act) as a hazardous air pollutant, and is controlled under the
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). Performance
standards derived from a principle of maximum achievable control technology
standards (MACT), set the required emission reductions to equal those achieved by
the average of the top 12% best controlled plants categorized by type of pollution
being emitted. EPA’s proposed Mercury and Air Toxic Standards (MATS rule) will set
the first nationwide limits on coal-fired power plant emissions of mercury, designed to
reduce mercury emissions from new and existing coal (and oil) fired electricity
generating utilities by 91%.
In many cases concerning enforcement of existing rules and legislation,
environmental groups are seen to be “forcing the hand” of EPA by filing lawsuits
against it on the basis that it is itself not acting in accordance with law when it
occasionally is slow to exercise its authority.
An example is the case of the New Steam Electric Power Generating Effluent
Guidelines (Section 301/304 of the Clean Water Act). On March 18, 2012, the EPA
entered into a consent decree with environmental groups, committing to update
effluent guidelines for fossil fuel and nuclear electric generating plants by July 23,
2012. Under the original consent decree, the EPA was required to publish new
effluent guidelines for the industry sector every even year, and it had not done so
since 1982. In December 2012, the EPA and environmental groups agreed to give
the EPA until April 19, 2013, to issue a proposal, and May 22, 2014, to issue a final
rule.
On Jan. 14, 2013, the EPA transmitted a draft proposed rule to the Office of
Management and Budget for interagency review. The proposed rule could be issued
soon after this review is complete, and is projected to affect approximately 500
existing coal-fired power plants. The new effluent limits will not affect any individual
existing plant until the plant renews its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System wastewater discharge permit, at which time, the limits will be incorporated
into the plant’s new permit. For the first time, federal limits would be placed on toxic
metals discharges from existing and new power plants, as well as new or additional
requirements for discharges from wastewater streams related to flue-gas
desulfurization, fly ash, bottom ash, combustion residual leachate, flue-gas mercury
control, nonchemical metal cleaning wastes, and gasification of fuels such as coal
and petroleum coke. For existing power plants the new rules would be phased in
between 2017 and 2022.
Cooling Water Intake Structure Regulations under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water
Act is a proposed rule setting up standards for water use and discharge. In
November 2010, the EPA entered into an agreement with environmental groups to
7. promulgate standards for existing cooling water intake structures intended to protect
aquatic organisms. The EPA issued a proposed rule in April 2011, which would
require facilities that withdraw more than 2 million gallons of surface water per day to
meet a maximum allowable fish kill standard or reduce intake velocity to 0.5 feet per
second or less. Facilities withdrawing more than 125 million gallons per day would be
required to conduct studies and work with their state permitting authority to develop
custom standards. A closed-loop cooling water system or other equivalent technology
would have to be installed if an existing facility planned to increase generating
capacity.
In July 2012, the EPA and the environmental groups agreed to extend the EPA’s
deadline to finalize the rules until July 27, 2013. The EPA has indicated that it is
working to meet this deadline. The final rule will include a schedule for existing
facilities to come into compliance with the new requirements. This proposed
scheduled period will be not more than eight years after the final rule becomes
effective.
EPA’s Proposed Carbon Pollution Standard for New Power Plants (requiring new
fossil fuel-fired power plants to meet an output-based standard, currently proposed at
1,000 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity generated) may take
effect over the next year or two. With a global tendency toward stricter environmental
protection, it is difficult to envision valid reasons for expecting a reversal in the
increasingly restrictive trend in emission and pollution standards over the long term.
Energy fuel prices are a key influencer of fuel use strategies. With the development
of shale gas at least temporarily producing ample supply, natural gas is available at
historically low prices. Since it offers certain operational, environmental, and
economic advantages, it is expected to remain the favored fuel option for new power
generating facilities under foreseeable conditions.1
Power generating utilities with large capacity coal-fired plants may consider investing
in emission control equipment to comply with regulatory standards. Smaller coal-fired
operations are more likely to switch to natural gas as fuel rather than invest in more
expensive emission control equipment. In many cases, the cost of converting a coal-
fired plant to combined cycle natural gas alternative are lower than installing the
required pollution controls that could enable continued use of coal.
The combined effect of environmental (and other) regulations and the anticipated
cost of gas (relative to coal) is what drives the ultimate repowering decisions made by
utilities. As both the regulatory landscape and market realities of energy pricing aren’t
predictable with certainty, valve manufacturers will find it difficult to reliably forecast
demand for valves based on the types of repowering options that various utilities may
adopt in the coming years, with decreasing predictability over time.
Adding to the uncertainty inherent in making optimal repowering decisions, the Aspen
study voices questions about the dependability of gas supply, as well as about its
price. Expanding production of shale-deposited gas is attracting environmental
concern and in some cases local opposition to gas drilling due to its use of a
technique known as hydraulic fracturing. Fracturing injects large amounts of water
and chemicals into a well to crack open rock formations and then hold the cracks
open so that natural gas can flow up the well. EPA and others are studying the
potential adverse impacts of hydraulic fracturing. Even if fracturing continues, serving
8. a much larger market will require even more drilling that is already at record levels.
The implied supply curve reflecting the cost of new reserve additions developed
herein suggests natural gas prices in the range of $10 per MMBtu to replace the
reserves consumed last year. The Energy Information Administration’s AEO 2010
projects a gas price in 2036 of $8 per MMBtu with production not much higher than in
2000; a study for the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America includes a Base
Case that projects $6.96 per MMBtu ($ 2008) with production in 2030 of roughly 27
Tcf. In other words, these studies show relatively high natural gas prices at demand
levels generally more modest than reviewed herein. With these observations in mind,
it seems unwise to expect to serve demand levels that are potentially very much
higher than today without sending prices to much higher levels.
Transmission infrastructure is not in place in some US states. Estimates of new
pipeline capacity required range from $106 Billion to $163 Billion in one industry
study. This study escalates those estimates to $348 Billion should all coal-fired
generation need to be replaced with natural gas-fired generation. In looking at
existing capacity, 21 states would find the interstate pipeline capacity coming into
their state insufficient to serve existing demand plus the demand that would result
from converting existing coal-fired generation to gas.
Storage infrastructure is another element contributing to the difficulty with an orderly
conversion from coal to gas. For the electricity industry to broadly switch its coal-fired
units to natural gas, it will also need more gas storage capability. Geology limits
opportunities to build storage where the market would prefer it. Because of that, the
current 400 or so storage facilities are not distributed evenly across the country and
many of those facilities are single season reservoirs—rather than higher deliverability
salt cavern-based facilities. (Source: Aspen Environmental Group)
Lastly, there are operational considerations that are beyond the scope of this paper.
Interested readers are referred to the original Aspen study (Implications of Greater
Reliance on Natural Gas for Electricity Generation).
9. Source: Aspen Environmental Group
Coal to Gas Repowering options:
There are three primary methods for fuel conversion at a power plant:
1. Modifications to existing boiler to use natural gas as fuel
2. Complete replacement of the existing coal-fired plant with a new combined cycle
plant
3. Adding a new gas-fired turbine to power the generator drive shaft, and recovering
its exhaust heat through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to create
steam used to power the steam turbine (which may have been previously
powered by a coal-fired boiler, or it can be a new replacement steam turbine). The
steam turbine delivers additional energy to the generator drive shaft. (Please see
Combined Cycle Repowering diagram below.)
Each of these three options has well-understood costs and benefits, some of which
are the following:
1) Option 1 is often found to be undesirable because of the usual inefficiencies
inherent in the basic design. The BTU consumption per kWh of a dedicated
coal-fired boiler converted to natural gas in most cases exceeds that of a
system like that in option 3.
10. 2) Building (in situ) a new gas powered plant can often be the preferred approach
if obtaining necessary licensing and permits for a new location is not feasible,
or where existing transmission infrastructure demands that generation
continues in the same location.
3) Adding a new gas turbine frequently costs less than installing “new
technology” environmental control systems on the original coal-fired system.
Combined Cycle Repowering. In this configuration, a gas turbine is added to an existing plant, and
the exhaust from the turbine is ducted to the boiler windbox, where it is used as combustion air for the
boiler. This configuration uses a supplemental heat exchanger (or partial HRSG) or mixes ambient air
upstream of the boiler to cool the exhaust temperature to levels acceptable to existing windbox
materials. The existing air heaters are typically retired, and new stack gas coolers (or partial HRSG)
are added in parallel to the feedwater heaters to maximize cycle efficiency.
Option 3: combined cycle repowering. The advantages of this option are a power increase of up to
70%; plant efficiency improvement of up to 15%; retaining the current equipment and, if desired,
current fuel; and reduced plant emissions. The disadvantages include more complex steam system
interface and piping systems, possible boiler surface changes and/or derate, and special low-oxygen
burners for the boiler. (Source: Coal Power Magazine)
Although some coal-fired power plants are reported to have been converted from
coal to natural gas, a 2010 study by the Aspen Environmental Group for the
American Public Power Association reports that such "conversions," when examined,
are replacements rather than retrofits.
Theoretically, the electricity industry can switch to natural gas either by retrofitting
existing coal-fired units to burn natural gas or by closing the coal plants and building
new gas-fired plants. Aspen’s research uncovered no instances of coal plant retrofits
to natural gas and, in fact, virtually all of the public references to conversion of coal to
natural gas or repowering turn out instead to be replacements. The reason is
economics. Even the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), when it looked
at this issue switching the Capitol Building power plant to natural gas, noted that not
only was switching all U.S. coal-fired generation infeasible due the gas supply and
infrastructure required, but that it would be more cost-effective to construct new gas-
fired units than to retrofit existing coal-fired units to burn natural gas. Combined-cycle
gas-fired generation costs roughly $1 million per MW, installed.
11. However, for some repowering projects, retrofitting may well be the optimal solution.
This view is echoed in a Power Engineering article published in February 2013, which
contends that while retrofitting an existing coal-fired (or oil-fired) plant to burn natural
gas may not be the most energy-efficient use of natural gas, it may turn out to be the
most economically feasible approach to help clean up an existing coal fleet while not
having to invest in hundreds of millions, or even billions, of dollars for back-end
pollution control equipment. This is especially true for any plants in the east which still
burn high-sulfur hard coal, have NOx compliance issues and expect to have to invest
heavily in order to me NISHAP and MACT compliance rules.
Power Engineering concludes that economic and grid-reliability analyses on a plant-
by-plant basis reveal that there are coal-fired plants where a gas-based retrofit would
be feasible and, in fact, a good investment, if gas remains below $5/mmBtu. It is
claimed that state utility commissions are likely to be sympathetically inclined to
approve such retrofits for a number of reasons, including what is essentially
instantaneous clean-air compliance, reduced carbon footprint and the avoidance of
massive capital spending for new construction of plants or back-end retrofits. Such
projects typically come in $20 million to $50 million per unit, depending on size,
proximity to gas supplies and site readiness (compared to the hundreds of millions to
billion plus dollars for the potential alternatives).
Valve utilization under the three Repowering Options:
Retrofitting of existing turbine piping with a switch to natural gas results in low
demand for additional valves (existing valves often suffice)
Retaining an existing boiler and adding a gas turbine (with switch to natural
gas) - requires replacement or addition of new valves
A new Combined Cycle Plant will require new valves as would be the case for
any new plant construction where piping is utilized
Valve requirements will vary from plant to plant, depending on the nature and extent
of the plant modifications. Because of the substantial retrofitting needed in order to
adapt an existing turbine to the new HRSG, significant piping work has to be done.
While the old coal-fired boiler will have piping and valves of a type that could be used
in the new configuration, such systems are in an incompatible configuration and are
usually of an age at which replacement is recommended.
New gas turbines, HRSG systems, and steam interface sections also create demand
for additional valves in related auxiliary (supporting) systems. Only steam turbine and
boiler section valves are more likely to be redeployed in a new plant or modification.
Valve Operating Conditions in power generation plants:
In a coal-fired power plant (steam system), typical temperatures and pressures range
from 1058 to 1075 ºF, and from 2900 to 4100 psig, respectively. This compares to
ranges of 1000 ºF to 1100 ºF, and 2200 to 3500 psig, respectively, in a combined
cycle power plant.
12. Boiler sizes can vary with fuel type, as do operating cycle frequencies. Coal-fired
plants are base loaded (units generally run 24/7 to provide for constant demand), but
combined cycle can be base loaded or operated during peak demand times.
Here are some examples of actual pressure and temperature measurements taken at
various points in a mid-sized power generating facility (at high pressure, HP and
intermediate pressure, IP):
HP steam drum Outlet 2200 psig @ 1075ºF
IP steam drum Outlet 560 psig @ 670ºF
HP feed water Inlet 3765 psig @ 365ºF
IP feed water Inlet 1800 psig @ 365ºF
LP drum boiler feed recirculation Pump 3765 psig @ 365ºF
Factors affecting valve selection
As in most other applications, valve design and specifications are determined
primarily by the operating pressure, temperature, process flow, and media.
As the range of types and particular specifications of valves that might be used in any
repowering project is very broad, it is not the intent here to provide an exhaustive list.
However, in anticipation of many (and perhaps most) repowering applications being
versions of a combined cycle installation utilizing an HRSG, here is an example of
valves a typical combined cycle steam section may require:
Pressure Seal (Class 900-Class 2500)
HP and IP sections
Main Steam Stop Valve (Parallel Slide)
Main Steam Non-Return Valve (NRV Globe)
Check Valve (Feed Water, Desuperheater, Reheat, Bypass)
Vent Valves (Boiler Drum, Deaerator, Header)
Drain Valves (Boiler Drum, Deaerator, Header)
Isolation Valves (Feed Water, Desuperheater, Economizer, Reheat)
Bolted Bonnet (Class 150-600)
LP sections
Mainsteam Steam Stop Valve (Gate)
Main Steam Non-Return Valve (NRV Globe)
Check Valve (Feed Water, Desuperheater, Reheat, Bypass)
Vent Valves (Boiler Drum, Deaerator, Header)
Drain Valves (Boiler Drum, Deaerator, Header)
Isolation Valves (Feed Water, Desuperheater, Economizer, Reheat)
Steel Alloy
HP Drum Outlet Non Return Valve (Stop Check) C12A or F91
HP Steam Outlet (Parallel Slide Gate) C12A or F91
HP Steam Outlet Start-up Vent (Y-Globe) F91
Hot Reheat Sky Valve Isolation (Gate) WC9
13. Other valves
Blow Down Valve
Continuous Blow Down Valve
Feed Water Control Valve
Fuel Flow Valve
Deaerator Level Control Valve
Spray Water Control Valve
Condensate Recirculation Control Valve
Turbine Bypass Control Valve
Deaerator Pegging Steam Control Valve
Conclusion:
As environmental regulations continue to stipulate reductions in pollution tolerance,
coal to natural gas conversion projects, of one type or another, are expected to
increase. The extent and rate of this increase is impacted by the relative economy of
(natural gas) conversions versus installation of pollution control equipment while
continuing to use coal. Since every project is unique with its own set of constraints
and requirements, there can be no standard projections as to the volume or types of
valves that may be required for conversions. The best way that a valve
manufacturer/supplier can benefit an electric utility that is considering repowering, is
by offering and providing its expertise in valves and flow control in general – from
inception to completion. Crane has the experience and expertise to help power
generating customers evaluate options and considerations associated with any
conversion from coal to natural gas, and can specify and supply the appropriate
valves and related equipment where and when needed.
Sources: 1. Institute for Energy Research: “Coal and Gas Fight Over Electric
Generation Market.” (May 6, 2013)
Power Engineering, February 2013
U.S. Energy Information Administration
(US) EPA
Coal Power Magazine
Aspen Environmental Group
Appendix A: Infrastructure required to convert power plants from coal to gas will
need to be developed. This includes both transportation and storage facilities.