The energy required to heat and cool outdoor air and infiltration air is a significant fraction of thermal loads. This project has developed diagnostic procedures to identify air leaks and methods to calculate the savings from air sealing large commercial and institutional buildings. Envelope air sealing could significantly reduce large building energy consumption, but no systematic research has identified the most cost-effective strategies for Minnesota buildings.
NBEC 2014 - Flow Exponent Values and Implications for Air Leakage TestingRDH Building Science
- Introduction to air leakage testing
- Relationship between flow and pressure
- Case study building
- Abnormal flow exponents
- Data extrapolation to operating pressures
- Conclusions/Implications
- Further study
Challenges Related to Measuring and Reporting Temperature-Dependent Apparent ...RDH Building Science
In North America, the apparent thermal conductivity (and R-value) of building insulation materials is commonly reported at a mean temperature of 24°C (75°F) and practitioners typically assume thermal properties remain constant over the range of temperatures that are experienced in building applications. Researchers have long known and acknowledged the fact that the thermal properties of most building insulation materials change with temperature. There has been little more than academic reason to measure and report this effect. However, interest in temperature-dependent thermal performance has grown with the introduction of new materials, increasing concerns regarding energy performance, and the development of tools transient energy, thermal, and hygrothermal simulation software packages (e.g. Energy Plus, HEAT2, WUFI etc.) that have capacity to account for temperature-dependence. Continue reading by clicking the Download link to the left.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
NBEC 2014 - Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Introduction & Background
- Testing and Measurement Program
- Measured Ventilation Rates (PFT testing)
- Cause of Ventilation Rates
- Extension of Study Findings
- Conclusions & Recommendations
Moisture Buffering and Ventilation Strategies to Control Indoor Humidity in a...RDH Building Science
Control of the indoor humidity in a marine climate is a challenge, especially under operating conditions where high indoor humidity is a norm. Outdated mechanical equipment, inefficient ventilation design, and occupants’ life styles are some of the contributing factors to high indoor humidity. In this field experimental study, the moisture buffering potential of unfinished drywall in reducing daily indoor humidity peaks, coupled with various ventilation strategies are investigated. Two identical test buildings exposed to real climatic conditions in Burnaby, BC are monitored under varying ventilation rates and schemes.
The interior of the test building is clad with unfinished drywall, while the control building is covered with polyethylene, which has negligible moisture buffering. In this way, the moisture buffering potential of drywall under four test cases is isolated. Under the test cases, the indoor air quality in terms of CO2 concentration, and ventilation heat loss of the two buildings are also evaluated.
The results show that the moisture buffering potential of drywall effectively regulates indoor humidity peaks, and maintains relative humidity levels within acceptable thresholds, when coupled with adequate ventilation as recommended by ASHRAE. When coupled with time-controlled and demand-controlled ventilation schemes, the moisture buffering effect of drywall shows competing benefits.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology
Testo – The Strong Partner for Facility Managers.Lothar Zorn
Your advantages with Testo
Operating costs, user convenience, energy consumption: as a facility manager, you need to keep an eye on a number of things. So it is good to have a strong partner who supplies integrated solutions for your building management requirements.
You can find these solutions at Testo. Because the hightech company from the Black Forest has stood for precision measuring technology with innovative operability for 60 years. Measuring instruments from Testo are in use everywhere where it is important to save time and resources and to protect the environment and human health.
Whether it involves heating, HVAC, air conditioning, ventilation and refrigeration systems or electrical installations: you get measuring solutions for all building systems from a single source at Testo. Testo’s measuring instruments enable faster testing, more convenient maintenance and more efficient setting of systems. In addition, you ensure the thermal comfort level in indoor areas and early detection of mould, humidity, damage to buildings and energy losses thanks to thermography.
The range Testo offers is completed by a wide variety of services which make your work easier. From individual advice, along with repair and spare part services, via seminars and training, through to professional test equipment management – Testo is your strong partner for measuring solutions and services in facility management
Blazemaster Fire Fighting Pipes - Hydraulic Calculation GuidePoojaShetty87
BlazeMaster CPVC Fire Pipe can be installed with hand tools and without electricity, which means faster and easier installation on job sites without power or when the electricity has been shut off.
NBEC 2014 - Flow Exponent Values and Implications for Air Leakage TestingRDH Building Science
- Introduction to air leakage testing
- Relationship between flow and pressure
- Case study building
- Abnormal flow exponents
- Data extrapolation to operating pressures
- Conclusions/Implications
- Further study
Challenges Related to Measuring and Reporting Temperature-Dependent Apparent ...RDH Building Science
In North America, the apparent thermal conductivity (and R-value) of building insulation materials is commonly reported at a mean temperature of 24°C (75°F) and practitioners typically assume thermal properties remain constant over the range of temperatures that are experienced in building applications. Researchers have long known and acknowledged the fact that the thermal properties of most building insulation materials change with temperature. There has been little more than academic reason to measure and report this effect. However, interest in temperature-dependent thermal performance has grown with the introduction of new materials, increasing concerns regarding energy performance, and the development of tools transient energy, thermal, and hygrothermal simulation software packages (e.g. Energy Plus, HEAT2, WUFI etc.) that have capacity to account for temperature-dependence. Continue reading by clicking the Download link to the left.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
NBEC 2014 - Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Introduction & Background
- Testing and Measurement Program
- Measured Ventilation Rates (PFT testing)
- Cause of Ventilation Rates
- Extension of Study Findings
- Conclusions & Recommendations
Moisture Buffering and Ventilation Strategies to Control Indoor Humidity in a...RDH Building Science
Control of the indoor humidity in a marine climate is a challenge, especially under operating conditions where high indoor humidity is a norm. Outdated mechanical equipment, inefficient ventilation design, and occupants’ life styles are some of the contributing factors to high indoor humidity. In this field experimental study, the moisture buffering potential of unfinished drywall in reducing daily indoor humidity peaks, coupled with various ventilation strategies are investigated. Two identical test buildings exposed to real climatic conditions in Burnaby, BC are monitored under varying ventilation rates and schemes.
The interior of the test building is clad with unfinished drywall, while the control building is covered with polyethylene, which has negligible moisture buffering. In this way, the moisture buffering potential of drywall under four test cases is isolated. Under the test cases, the indoor air quality in terms of CO2 concentration, and ventilation heat loss of the two buildings are also evaluated.
The results show that the moisture buffering potential of drywall effectively regulates indoor humidity peaks, and maintains relative humidity levels within acceptable thresholds, when coupled with adequate ventilation as recommended by ASHRAE. When coupled with time-controlled and demand-controlled ventilation schemes, the moisture buffering effect of drywall shows competing benefits.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology
Testo – The Strong Partner for Facility Managers.Lothar Zorn
Your advantages with Testo
Operating costs, user convenience, energy consumption: as a facility manager, you need to keep an eye on a number of things. So it is good to have a strong partner who supplies integrated solutions for your building management requirements.
You can find these solutions at Testo. Because the hightech company from the Black Forest has stood for precision measuring technology with innovative operability for 60 years. Measuring instruments from Testo are in use everywhere where it is important to save time and resources and to protect the environment and human health.
Whether it involves heating, HVAC, air conditioning, ventilation and refrigeration systems or electrical installations: you get measuring solutions for all building systems from a single source at Testo. Testo’s measuring instruments enable faster testing, more convenient maintenance and more efficient setting of systems. In addition, you ensure the thermal comfort level in indoor areas and early detection of mould, humidity, damage to buildings and energy losses thanks to thermography.
The range Testo offers is completed by a wide variety of services which make your work easier. From individual advice, along with repair and spare part services, via seminars and training, through to professional test equipment management – Testo is your strong partner for measuring solutions and services in facility management
Blazemaster Fire Fighting Pipes - Hydraulic Calculation GuidePoojaShetty87
BlazeMaster CPVC Fire Pipe can be installed with hand tools and without electricity, which means faster and easier installation on job sites without power or when the electricity has been shut off.
katalog fluke hvac tools dan katalog fluke indoor air quality, jual fluke hvac tools, jual fluke indoor air quality , beli, info, harga, spesifikasi dan review
untuk informasi dan pemesanan hubungi :
sales@tridinamika.com
lihat berbagai produk lainnya di :
www.tridinamika.com
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
This presentation provides information on a field research project of an aerosol sealant used to reduce the leakage of existing and new construction multifamily units.
This presentation documents some of the theoretical problems with the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD/PRIME. Some of these problems explain why AERMOD/PRIME overpredicts concentrations for long/wide, lattice and/or streamlined structures. The “fix” for these problems is relatively easy but will require the collaboration of EPA and Industry. In the meantime, while the model is being “fixed,” an EPA approved source characterization study that can approximately “fix” and minimize these overpredictions is an Equivalent Building Dimension (EBD) study. Without the “fix” provided by an EBD study, industry will continue spending time and money mitigating air quality problems that are not real.
Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Agenda
1. Understand typical ventilation practices for multi-unit residential buildings including corridor pressurization systems.
2. Understand performance issues associated with the ventilation of high-rise multi-unit residential buildings including the impacts of stack effect, wind, and airtightness.
3. Learn about how the theory of airflow relates well to what is
measured in-service, but that the well understood theory is not always taken into account in design.
Air monitoring data for the City of Rhinelander, WI shows SO2 concentrations exceeding the 1-hour standard at the water tower monitoring location (WTM) and, as a result, this area has been designated a SO2 non-attainment area. An analysis of emission sources and air quality modeling indicates that the Expera Rhinelander Mill 63 m tall cyclone boiler stack (S09) appears to be the primary contributor to the ambient air impact at this monitor. One solution being evaluated for showing compliance with the 1-hr SO2 NAAQS is raising the 63 m tall S09 stack to the GEP stack height. Based on the Boiler 7 building dimensions the formula GEP stack height is 75 m.
After investigating the Expera Rhinelander Mill building geometry, it was noticed that the Boiler 7 building corner is directly upwind of the stack when the wind blows directly toward the WTM. When the wind blows along a building corner, building corner vortices are generated that enhance building downwash by as much as a factor of two over that observed for wind directions normal to a building face. Past wind tunnel results suggest that the actual GEP stack height could be up to 95 m for this corner vortex situation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the actual GEP stack height for the Expera Rhinelander Mill cyclone boiler stack (S09) using wind tunnel modeling.
This paper provides detailed information on determining GEP stack height, outlines the wind tunnel modeling method required to demonstrate a GEP stack height taller than the EPA formula height and provides detailed results documenting that a 90 m stack height is creditable as GEP which is well above the 75 m EPA formula height. As part of the GEP stack height demonstration, results are provided that document that the wind tunnel simulation provides similar turbulence and dispersion characteristics as the atmosphere.
Ventilation in Multi-Family Buildings - Summer Camp 2015Lorne Ricketts
Corridor pressurization based ventilation systems are often ineffective and inefficient. Find out why in this presentation given at the Nineteenth Annual Westford Symposium on Building Science (Summer Camp).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Current Issues with Ventilated Attics
Case Study of Repairs
Attic Roof Hut Research & Monitoring Study – Key Findings
Performance of Potential Solutions
Ongoing Research & Field Trials
Dennis Stanke of Trane presents ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Update. Dennis is the Chair of the Standard 62.1 committee. Presented at the 2008 ASHRAE Region VI CRC in Chicago, Illinois.
May 15, 16, 17, 2008
Ventilated attics are prone to moisture problems in the Coastal Pacific Northwest climate. This presentation discusses recent research investigating the causes of these issues, and presents cutting edge findings regarding potential solutions.
Improvements in building efficiency can significantly reduce carbon emissions and are an intrinsic component in greenhouse gas reduction targets. The Passive House concept provides a framework for high-performance building that is growing in popularity in Canada, and particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The Passive House standard requires its buildings to achieve specific performance values for heating energy use intensity, total energy use intensity, spatial temperature variation, heat recovery ventilation performance and air leakage rate. The promised co-benefits of Passive Houses include superior thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Passive House design is not prescriptive and can incorporate many different design aspects. The wall assembly is no exception. This paper evaluates the hygrothermal performance of a deep-stud wall assembly of a Passive House in Victoria, BC, with regards to moisture durability. The concern with deep or doublestud wall assemblies is the combined effects of reduced drying with wall configurations that place moisture sensitive materials in riskier locations. Consequently, enclosure monitoring was undertaken in an occupied six-plex over the period of one year.
The enclosure monitoring sensor packages were installed in strategic locations in the wall assembly to monitor the conditions of the assembly. The assemblies were evaluated based on the results of an empirical mold risk index. The wall assembly appears to perform acceptably, with minor concerns of mold growth on the North wall. Air leakage is a significant concern for cavity insulated walls, but the airtightness requirements of Passive house minimize this risk.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
- Background – Energy Use in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Deep Energy Retrofit Case Study
- Measurement & Verification of Energy Savings
- Other Monitoring Results
Energy and Indoor Air Quality Impacts of DOAS Retrofits in Small Commercial B...RDH Building Science
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) typically accounts for 30% to 50% of commercial building energy use. Small commercial buildings often use oversized and inefficient rooftop air handling units (RTUs) to provide both air conditioning and ventilation. A conversion strategy to reduce energy
consumption is the installation of a very high efficiency dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) to provide ventilation with a separate heat pump system to provide heating and cooling. Decoupling the heating and cooling from ventilation allows for improved energy efficiency and control of space conditions. Upgrades to mechanical systems can also improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) and comfort through control of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, dry bulb temperature, and relative humidity (RH).
A pilot study of eight buildings was conducted to investigate the potential benefits of replacing existing RTUs with high efficiency heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and air source heat pumps in the Pacific Northwest. This report contains results for a subset of seven buildings for which data is available. The
building energy use before and after the conversion was determined using utility data, energy modeling and monitoring. Indoor environmental conditions were measured at hourly intervals for up to one year postconversion using CO2, temperature, and RH sensors. The data was analyzed to determine changes in energy use and IAQ before and after the conversion.
This paper presents the pilot building results pre- and post-conversion. While several factors need to be in place to ensure optimal performance and cost effectiveness, the pilot shows that replacing RTUs with DOAS systems in existing commercial buildings can both reduce energy use as well as improve indoor environmental conditions. This conversion type is viable for a wide variety of building types and scale-up of the retrofits has the potential to significantly improve a previously underserved segment of the building stock.
Presented by James Montgomery at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
katalog fluke hvac tools dan katalog fluke indoor air quality, jual fluke hvac tools, jual fluke indoor air quality , beli, info, harga, spesifikasi dan review
untuk informasi dan pemesanan hubungi :
sales@tridinamika.com
lihat berbagai produk lainnya di :
www.tridinamika.com
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
This presentation provides information on a field research project of an aerosol sealant used to reduce the leakage of existing and new construction multifamily units.
This presentation documents some of the theoretical problems with the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD/PRIME. Some of these problems explain why AERMOD/PRIME overpredicts concentrations for long/wide, lattice and/or streamlined structures. The “fix” for these problems is relatively easy but will require the collaboration of EPA and Industry. In the meantime, while the model is being “fixed,” an EPA approved source characterization study that can approximately “fix” and minimize these overpredictions is an Equivalent Building Dimension (EBD) study. Without the “fix” provided by an EBD study, industry will continue spending time and money mitigating air quality problems that are not real.
Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Agenda
1. Understand typical ventilation practices for multi-unit residential buildings including corridor pressurization systems.
2. Understand performance issues associated with the ventilation of high-rise multi-unit residential buildings including the impacts of stack effect, wind, and airtightness.
3. Learn about how the theory of airflow relates well to what is
measured in-service, but that the well understood theory is not always taken into account in design.
Air monitoring data for the City of Rhinelander, WI shows SO2 concentrations exceeding the 1-hour standard at the water tower monitoring location (WTM) and, as a result, this area has been designated a SO2 non-attainment area. An analysis of emission sources and air quality modeling indicates that the Expera Rhinelander Mill 63 m tall cyclone boiler stack (S09) appears to be the primary contributor to the ambient air impact at this monitor. One solution being evaluated for showing compliance with the 1-hr SO2 NAAQS is raising the 63 m tall S09 stack to the GEP stack height. Based on the Boiler 7 building dimensions the formula GEP stack height is 75 m.
After investigating the Expera Rhinelander Mill building geometry, it was noticed that the Boiler 7 building corner is directly upwind of the stack when the wind blows directly toward the WTM. When the wind blows along a building corner, building corner vortices are generated that enhance building downwash by as much as a factor of two over that observed for wind directions normal to a building face. Past wind tunnel results suggest that the actual GEP stack height could be up to 95 m for this corner vortex situation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the actual GEP stack height for the Expera Rhinelander Mill cyclone boiler stack (S09) using wind tunnel modeling.
This paper provides detailed information on determining GEP stack height, outlines the wind tunnel modeling method required to demonstrate a GEP stack height taller than the EPA formula height and provides detailed results documenting that a 90 m stack height is creditable as GEP which is well above the 75 m EPA formula height. As part of the GEP stack height demonstration, results are provided that document that the wind tunnel simulation provides similar turbulence and dispersion characteristics as the atmosphere.
Ventilation in Multi-Family Buildings - Summer Camp 2015Lorne Ricketts
Corridor pressurization based ventilation systems are often ineffective and inefficient. Find out why in this presentation given at the Nineteenth Annual Westford Symposium on Building Science (Summer Camp).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Current Issues with Ventilated Attics
Case Study of Repairs
Attic Roof Hut Research & Monitoring Study – Key Findings
Performance of Potential Solutions
Ongoing Research & Field Trials
Dennis Stanke of Trane presents ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Update. Dennis is the Chair of the Standard 62.1 committee. Presented at the 2008 ASHRAE Region VI CRC in Chicago, Illinois.
May 15, 16, 17, 2008
Ventilated attics are prone to moisture problems in the Coastal Pacific Northwest climate. This presentation discusses recent research investigating the causes of these issues, and presents cutting edge findings regarding potential solutions.
Improvements in building efficiency can significantly reduce carbon emissions and are an intrinsic component in greenhouse gas reduction targets. The Passive House concept provides a framework for high-performance building that is growing in popularity in Canada, and particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The Passive House standard requires its buildings to achieve specific performance values for heating energy use intensity, total energy use intensity, spatial temperature variation, heat recovery ventilation performance and air leakage rate. The promised co-benefits of Passive Houses include superior thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Passive House design is not prescriptive and can incorporate many different design aspects. The wall assembly is no exception. This paper evaluates the hygrothermal performance of a deep-stud wall assembly of a Passive House in Victoria, BC, with regards to moisture durability. The concern with deep or doublestud wall assemblies is the combined effects of reduced drying with wall configurations that place moisture sensitive materials in riskier locations. Consequently, enclosure monitoring was undertaken in an occupied six-plex over the period of one year.
The enclosure monitoring sensor packages were installed in strategic locations in the wall assembly to monitor the conditions of the assembly. The assemblies were evaluated based on the results of an empirical mold risk index. The wall assembly appears to perform acceptably, with minor concerns of mold growth on the North wall. Air leakage is a significant concern for cavity insulated walls, but the airtightness requirements of Passive house minimize this risk.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
- Background – Energy Use in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Deep Energy Retrofit Case Study
- Measurement & Verification of Energy Savings
- Other Monitoring Results
Energy and Indoor Air Quality Impacts of DOAS Retrofits in Small Commercial B...RDH Building Science
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) typically accounts for 30% to 50% of commercial building energy use. Small commercial buildings often use oversized and inefficient rooftop air handling units (RTUs) to provide both air conditioning and ventilation. A conversion strategy to reduce energy
consumption is the installation of a very high efficiency dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) to provide ventilation with a separate heat pump system to provide heating and cooling. Decoupling the heating and cooling from ventilation allows for improved energy efficiency and control of space conditions. Upgrades to mechanical systems can also improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) and comfort through control of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, dry bulb temperature, and relative humidity (RH).
A pilot study of eight buildings was conducted to investigate the potential benefits of replacing existing RTUs with high efficiency heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and air source heat pumps in the Pacific Northwest. This report contains results for a subset of seven buildings for which data is available. The
building energy use before and after the conversion was determined using utility data, energy modeling and monitoring. Indoor environmental conditions were measured at hourly intervals for up to one year postconversion using CO2, temperature, and RH sensors. The data was analyzed to determine changes in energy use and IAQ before and after the conversion.
This paper presents the pilot building results pre- and post-conversion. While several factors need to be in place to ensure optimal performance and cost effectiveness, the pilot shows that replacing RTUs with DOAS systems in existing commercial buildings can both reduce energy use as well as improve indoor environmental conditions. This conversion type is viable for a wide variety of building types and scale-up of the retrofits has the potential to significantly improve a previously underserved segment of the building stock.
Presented by James Montgomery at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Webinar sharing report findings including aerosol sealing cost-effectiveness in multifamily buildings and recommendations on how utilities and contractors can take advantage of this new sealing application.
USP 797/800 Cleanroom Compliance by Terra UniversalTerra Universal
Understand the scope and compliance costs of the most recent CGMP standards and USP
guidelines for cleanroom design and operation! Webinar topics covered by our industry-expert speakers include DQSA compliance, designing for USP 800 hazardous drug compounding, and cleanroom cost estimating. Industry experts Will summarize the revised regulations and what theymean for pharmacy cleanrooms. Registrants Will receive Terra Universal's white paper "Designing your compounding Cleanroom for USP/cGMP Compliance."
Speakers
Dr. Chris Munoz, PharmD and Principle Consultant at ITL Consulting
and teaches pharmacy compounding at the University of Southern California (USC)
School of Pharmacy, and serves on the California Pharmacists Association's Policy Committee and Board of Directors. Following Chris's earlier work in compounding pharmacies and for pharmaceutical companies, he began a consulting firm specializing in the business of, and regulatory affairs for, pharmacy compounding.
Dr. Jesse Martinez, PharmD, FASCP and Vice Dean of the College of Pharmacy,
Western University of Heath Sciences
Dr. Jesse Martinez has 37 years Of experience in compounding, sterile and non-sterile pharmacy operations and administration, and research. He has served on local, state and national pharmacy associations and currently teaches fourth-year pharmacy students in advanced Classes that include pharmacist-in-charge training. Jesse consults for the pharmacy industry and is a recognized expert in USP 795, 797 and 300 compliance.
For More Information Please visit
http://www.terrauniversal.com/public/webinar-information-and-downloads.php
http://www.terrauniversal.com/cleanrooms/modular-clean-rooms-x.php
BFH The Path to Net Zero Energy Houses in Cold ClimatesShawna Henderson
The basis of a presentation built by Bfreehomes as a teaching tool for builders interested in understanding how to become a builder of Net Zero Energy Houses. Includes three case studies.
Assessment of the natural air ventilation of buildings in urban area with the...Stephane Meteodyn
Nowadays, a lot of energy is spent for air-conditioning in the cities for offices and private-housing. A good knowledge of the urban climatology around the buildings allows using the wind for natural air ventilation. A combined approach based on a Computational fluid dynamics code (CFD) that models the wind in urban environment and on air network tool was developed to assess quickly the natural ventilation of buildings in urban area. The aerodynamic tool is a CFD-Network software named "UrbaWind which performs calculation of the outdoor wind combined with a macroscopic network method for the evaluation of the mass flow rates through the openings. Results depend on the external wind conditions, taking into account the local wind climatology.
Giving the influence of the shape and the disposition of the buildings on the wind behaviors, CFD software solves the equations of fluid mechanics with a specific model which allows taking into account the urban environment effects such as vortexes, venturi or wise effects etc…. Finally, the software is able to compute the air mass flow rate inside each internal volume depending on the opening's behaviors attached to the wall building.
The mass flow rates across air inlets and openings, as well as the pressure fields on the building envelope are computed for every wind incidence, considering a wind reference velocity. The local climatology is introduced to deliver statistical data useful to assess the energy consumption and the thermal comfort (air exchange rate, indoor velocity).
Through many architectural and urban design projects, Meteodyn will introduce during this session the characteristics of the software UrbaWind and the results delivered to the design teams.
This presentation was originally delivered at AFCOM's Data Center World conference in May, 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The presentation discuss the state of cooling and airflow management, and also introduces Upsite's newest solution, AisleLok Modular containment. For more information, please visit http://upsite.com/aislelok-modular-containment
Similar to The Value of Air Leakage Testing in Large Commercial Buildings (20)
Leveraging existing home inspections at time-of-sale to promote energy upgrades. Presentation given at ACEEE 2018 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
As the mantra to "electrify everything" intensifies, we'll need to develop a clear understanding of what that goal means and what it will take to get us there. Electrification may be our only practical pathway to decarbonization, but that doesn't reduce the need for a keen awareness of what we're undertaking.
This forum brought in speakers from both Minnesota and around the country to talk about a range of electrification topics including emerging tech, an evolving grid, ongoing natural gas reliance and electric innovations.
This webinar gives a technical overview of the field assessment, measured energy savings, occupant feedback, and evaluation of cost-effectiveness of transport membrane humidifier (TMH) technology.
Energy Fit Homes is a certificate program administered by the Center for Energy and Environment, designed specifically for existing homes in Minnesota and is focused exclusively on energy efficient upgrades that are cost-effective to the homeowner.
The presentation includes background information on building science and the benefits of Energy Fit Homes for both homeowners and Realtors®. Real estate professionals who attended the presentation received the tools needed to start integrating the program into their Realtor® client services.
There’s growing awareness that perhaps the only practical pathway to achieving Minnesota’s deep decarbonization goal is through a combination of steps.
Research lead discusses how new generation air source heat pumps perform in Minnesota’s colder climate, how to best integrate air source heat pumps into utility efficiency programs, and how this new technology has the potential to create new business opportunities in the building and design world.
Research identifying common issues affecting the effectiveness of Energy Recovery Ventilation in Minnesota buildings and developing a protocol to optimize their performance.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
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The Value of Air Leakage Testing in Large Commercial Buildings
1.
2. s
The Value of Air Leakage Testing
in Large Commercial Buildings
An Overview of Study Findings
November 7, 2013
Technical Difficulties:
Anna Jursik at ajursik@mncee.org
Dave Bohac P.E. | Director of Research
3. Counting the Capacity that Didn't Hatch: The Rate
Mitigation Effect of DSM Programs
This webinar will provide an analysis overview, highlighting how
the effects on revenue differ from the levelized cost calculations
currently used, and how historical and ongoing benefits from
DSM program activity might be framed in the future.
Jenny Edwards
Innovation Exchange
Program Manager
Target Audience
• Utility DSM managers
• Energy policy experts
• Policy-makers
Thursday, Dec. 12th
11:00 – 12:00 CST
Register at
www.cee.org/Innovation-Exchange
4. s
The Value of Air Leakage Testing
in Large Commercial Buildings
An Overview of Study Findings
Dave Bohac P.E. | Director of Research
5. Acknowledgements
This project was supported in part by a grant from
the Minnesota Department of Commerce, Division of
Energy Resources through a Conservation Applied
Research and Development (CARD) program
6. Large Building Tightness Specification
• Measure the air flow rate needed to pressurize &
depressurize the building by 75Pa (0.3 in. wc.)
• Divide by the building envelope area – typically
the exterior walls + roof + floor (6 sides)
• Results from 387 US C&I buildings
o Average = 0.72 cfm/ft2
o Range 0.03 – 4.3 cfm/ft2
7. Code Requirements
• US Army Corp Engineers = 0.25 cfm/ft2
o Tested over 300 buildings
o Average = 0.16 cfm/ft2
• IECC 2012 (7 states) whole building compliance
path = 0.40 cfm/ft2
• Washington State: Buildings over five stories
require a whole building test, but do not have to
pass a prescribed value.
• City of Seattle : All buildings require a whole
building test, but do not have to pass a
prescribed value.
8. Why do we care about building air leakage?
• HVAC systems pressurize buildings to
eliminate infiltration – don’t they?
• When HVAC is off => air infiltration
• Pressurization not always effective or
implemented correctly
• NIST/Persily tracer gas results –
infiltration can be significant
11. Single-zone Constant Volume AHU
• Supply and Return Fans turn on/off by schedule
• Outside Air Damper has a minimum position setpoint for
ventilation
• Relief Damper controls air exhausted from the building
Relief Air
2,075 cfm – Exhaust Fans
Relief Air
Damper 25%
open
Mixed Air
Damper 75%
open
Outside Air
10,500 cfm
From Space
Return Fan
MAT Sensor
DAT Sensor
Outside Air
Damper 25%
open
To Space
Supply Fan
Heating Coil
Cooling Coil
15. Single-zone Constant Volume AHU
• Economizer operation
o Mild weather when building needs cooling
o Open outdoor air dampers, exhaust dampers follow;
OA – EA stays the same?
Relief Air
16,175 cfm – Exhaust Fans
Relief Air
Damper 60%
open
Mixed Air
Damper 40%
open
Outside Air
24,600 cfm
From Space
Return Fan
MAT Sensor
DAT Sensor
Outside Air
Damper 60%
open
To Space
Supply Fan
16. Variable Volume AHU with VAV Boxes
• Supply and Return Fans
o Supply fan VFD modulates to meet Duct Static
Pressure (DSP) Setpoint
o Return fan lags supply fan to maintain positive pressure
V
F
D
Return Fan
77% speed
V
F
D
DSP Sensor
(typically 2/3 down
supply duct)
Supply Fan
87% speed
17. Model Infiltration: Range of Flow Imbalance
Minimum outside air = 20,300cfm
1 Story 60,560ft2 Elementary School: leakage = 44,670 cfm@75Pa (0.75cfm@75/ft2)
18. Model Infiltration: Range of Flow Imbalance
Minimum outside air = 20,300cfm
1 Story 60,560ft2 Elementary School: leakage = 14,890 cfm@75Pa (0.25cfm@75/ft2)
22. How leaky or tight are US buildings?
• Test results compiled by the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) –
Emmerich and Persily – over the past 15
years
• 387 commercial and institutional buildings
• NOT RANDOM: researchers, low-energy
programs, private testing firms
• Used to model air infiltration energy loads
and help establish leakage standards
23. NIST Results from US whole building tests
6-sided at 75Pa (cfm/ft2)
Mean Std Dev
Min
0.35
0.38
0.03
0.29
0.20
0.06
0.40
0.15
0.11
0.54
0.40
0.05
0.30
0.23
0.09
0.36
0.30
0.03
Dataset
Efficiency Vermont
ASHRAE RP 1478
Washington
Other VT/NH
Other
All new data
Qty
36
16
18
79
10
159
All previous data
228
0.92
0.70
0.09
4.28
All Buildings
387
0.72
0.63
0.03
4.28
USACE & Navy
300
0.16
Emmerich and Persily 2013
USACE Std = 0.25
Max
1.78
0.75
0.64
1.73
0.75
1.78
24. NIST Results: Frequency Histogram
USACE Std = 4.5
20-25% meet Std
Multiply by 0.055 >> cfm/ft2
Emmerich and Persily 2013
26. NIST Results: Effect of Building Size
Buildings > 54,000ft2 twice as tight
0.55 cfm/ft2
Emmerich and Persily 2013
27. NIST Results: Effect of Climate
Heating degree days > 3,600 one third tighter
0.55 cfm/ft2
Emmerich and Persily 2013
28. NIST Results: Effect of Age
138 buildings with no air barriers built since 1950 – no strong trend
Colder climate
0.55 cfm/ft2
Emmerich and Persily 2013
29. NIST Results: LEED Buildings
• 23 LEED buildings; average = 0.29 cfm/ft2
• Significantly tighter than average of other
364 buildings
• Slightly (5%) leakier than other 56
buildings with an air barrier
30. NIST Results: Effect of Air Barrier
Buildings with air barrier are 70% tighter
Page 30
USACE Std = 4.5, 0.25cfm/ft2
Emmerich and Persily 2013
31. NIST Results: Effect of Air Barrier
Compare no air barrier to tight construction
0.1 cfm/ft2
Page 31
1.0 cfm/ft2
USACE Std = 4.5, 0.25cfm/ft2
Emmerich and Persily 2013
32. NIST Building Infiltration & Energy Models
• Multizone infiltration and energy model
• Compared air infiltration and energy use
for:
o “typical” - no air barrier reported
leakage (4x USACE)
o “target” – good practice (40% below
USACE)
• Five cities in different climate zones
33. NIST Building Infiltration & Energy Models
Two-Story, 24,000ft2 Office Building
One-Story, 12,000ft2 Retail Building
Emmerich and Persily 2013
Page 33
34. Model Infiltration: Range of Envelope Leakage
Minimum outside air = 20,300cfm
1 Story 60,560ft2 Elementary School: HVAC Imbalance = 3,450 cfm
36. Minnesota Leakage Study: work scope
• Conduct investigations on 25 buildings: floor area of
25,000 to 500,000 ft2
• Air seal and pre/post leakage tests on X 7 buildings
6
• Continuous building pressure and HVAC operation
data for 50 to 200 days
• CONTAM pre/post air flow models that include
mechanical system leakage and pressure effects
• Compute infiltration/energy reductions
37. Building Characteristics
Floor
#
Constr
Building ID
Area (sf) Stories
Elem School TF
59,558
1
Middle School
138,887
3
Small Office
26,927
1
Univ Library
246,365
3
Elem School PS
60,968
1
Library/Office
55,407
1
Year
1951
1936
1998
1967
1965
2007
Wall Type
Masonry & corrugated metal panel
Cast concrete w/CMU infill
EFIS tip up (3 walls) and CMU block
Cast concrete w/CMU infill & brick ext
CMU w/brick exterior
Steel studs & brick or stone cladding
3 elementary &
middle schools:
1936 to 1965 with
additions
60,000 – 139,000sf
University Library 246,000sf
Small Office 27,000sf
Library/Office 55,000sf
38. Minnesota Leakage Study: leakage results
All 7 buildings at least 25% tighter than the US Army Corp standard of 0.25 cfm/ft2
Envelope
Floor
Area (ft2)
Air Leakage at 75Pa
6 Sides
Building ID
Area (ft2) 6 Sides2
(cfm) (cfm/ft2)
Elem School TF
59,558
146,977 27,425
0.19
Comm. College
95,000
164,844 28,881
0.18
Middle School
138,887
208,733 32,818
0.16
Small Office
26,927
65,267 9,177
0.14
Univ Library
246,365
171,712 23,356
0.14
Elem School PS
60,968
145,766 17,602
0.12
Library/Office
55,407
139,965 12,321
0.09
Minimum
26,927
65,267
9,177
0.09
Mean
97,587
149,038
21,654
0.14
Median
60,968
146,977
23,356
0.14
Maximum
246,365
208,733
32,818
0.19
EqLA
#
Constr
(ft2)
15.2
17.2
16.6
4.6
13.1
9.6
6.9
4.6
11.9
13.1
17.2
Stories
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
Year
1951
1996
1936
1998
1967
1965
2007
39. Comparison to US Buildings
7 building average is 85% less than the US average, slightly less than US Army Corp average
6 buildings
40. Tighter Buildings in Colder Climates?
7 building average is 85% less than the US average
6 buildings
42. Air Sealing Reduction
“Tight” buildings tightened by 9%
Air Leakage at 75Pa
(cfm)
Building ID
Elem School TF
Comm. College
Middle School
Small Office
Univ Library
Elem School PS
Library/Office
Minimum
Mean
Median
Maximum
Pre
27,425
28,881
32,818
9,177
23,356
17,602
12,321
9,177
21,654
23,356
32,818
Reduction
Post
22,699
28,133
28,872
8,470
21,963
15,837
11,369
8,470
19,620
21,963
28,872
(cfm)
4,726
748
3,947
708
1,392
1,765
953
708
2,034
1,392
4,726
(%)
17%
3%
12%
8%
6%
10%
8%
3%
9%
8%
17%
Leakier
Tighter
Air sealing work confirmed by visual, smoke puffer, and
IR inspections
43. Air Sealing Reduction
More expensive to seal tighter buildings?
Air Sealing Cost
Building ID
Elem School TF
Comm. College
Middle School
Small Office
Univ Library
Elem School PS
Library/Office
Minimum
Mean
Median
Maximum
Total ($/CFM75) ($/ft2)
$ 18,550 $
3.92 $ 6,822
$ 17,845 $ 23.86 $ 17,273
$ 23,700 $
6.00 $ 8,434
$ 4,768 $
6.73 $ 10,058
$ 15,918 $ 11.43 $ 65,159
$ 26,700 $ 15.13 $ 38,132
$ 1,152 $
1.21 $ 1,297
$ 1,152 $
1.21 $ 1,297
$ 15,519 $
9.76 $ 21,025
$ 17,845 $
6.73 $ 10,058
$ 26,700 $ 23.86 $ 65,159
Leakier
Tighter
44. Air Sealing Reduction
Contractor estimates better for leakier buildings?
Leakage Area
EqLA (ft2)
Building ID
Elem School TF
Comm. College
Middle School
Small Office
Univ Library
Elem School PS
Library/Office
Pre
15.2
17.2
16.6
4.6
13.1
9.6
6.9
Post
12.5
16.2
13.8
4.1
12.8
8.9
6.0
Sealed Area (sf)
Reduction
(ft2)
2.7
1.0
2.8
0.5
0.2
0.7
0.9
Contractor Estimated
(%) Roof/Wall
18%
8.84
6%
5.47
17% 11.73
10%
2%
7% 14.45
13%
Total
11.49
5.47
14.98
Meas/Est
0.31
0.19
0.24
Leakier
16.94
0.05
Tighter
Building Leakage < Estimated sealing
45. Air Sealing Energy Savings
Modeled Infiltration and Energy Savings
Space Heat Gas Use (Therms/yr)
Building ID
Elem School TF
Comm. College
Middle School
Small Office
Univ Library
Elem School PS
Library/Office
Avg
Leakage
Savings
Total Infiltration Infil/Total Infil (cfm) Red. (%) (Therm/yr) ($/yr)
40,224
3,468
9%
1,296
17%
811
$
470
32,095
5,168 16%
1,730
3%
88
$
53
44,469
14,950
34%
4,814
12%
1,397
$
810
8%
249
6%
35
$
18
26,563
3,530 13%
1,453
10%
325
$
188
18,108
4,194 23%
1,503
8%
170
$
109
Payback
Cost ($)
$ 18,550
$ 17,845
$ 23,700
$ 4,768
$ 15,918
$ 26,700
$ 1,152
Able to seal “tight” buildings, but work was not cost effective
(years)
39
339
29
904
142
11
46. Mechanical System Leakage
Part of building envelope when not operating
Mean
49%
0.06 cfm/ft2
(6 sides)
Range
17% to 103%
0.02 to 0.12 cfm/ft2
Two most recently built (1998 and 2007) had low leakage
47. Building Pressure Measurements
Average building pressure at ground level (Pa)
-20 < OAT < 0
unoccupied occupied
Comm. College
Elem School PS
Middle School
High School
Elem School TF
Library/Office
Sports Arena
Univ Class T
Univ Union
High Rise Office
Clinic 1
Clinic 2
Clinic 3
Univ Class SH
Maximum
Minimum
Median
-10
-4
-6
6
-11
-10
-49
0
6
-49
-6
-13
11
11
-13
-10
0 < OAT < 20
unoccupied occupied
-6
-4
0
-10
-4
-6
-6
-3
-11
0
0
-5
-2
1
-7
-4
0
-4
-11
-39
-9
-6
0
-39
-6
-5
-35
-11
11
11
-35
-4
20 < OAT < 45
unoccupied occupied
-2
-2
-6
-7
-3
-4
-4
0
-9
-48
-10
-27
-6
-3
0
-48
-5
3
4
-3
-3
2
-4
-1
3
2
-44
-2
-23
-6
9
9
-44
-2
45 < OAT <70
unoccupied occupied
0
0
-3
-6
-1
-2
-4
12
-7
-32
-9
1
12
-32
-2
12
4
2
4
3
2
9
12
8
-21
2
-11
1
7
12
-21
4
70 < OAT <90
unoccupied occupied
1
1
5
6
0
-3
1
1
-9
27
-6
-2
1
-1
1
-6
0
27
-9
1
No buildings operating greater than 10Pa at ground level
Most have higher pressure during occupied hours
50. Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tight buildings: 85% tighter than U.S.
average & at least 25% below Army Corp
standard – due to cold climate location?
Sealing = 9% reduction, more reduction and
less expensive for leakier buildings
Contractor over-estimated sealing area
Long paybacks for air sealing work
Including mechanical systems increased
leakage by 17 to 103% (0.02 to 0.12 cfm/ft2)
HVAC systems tend to pressurize buildings.
Not as great as typical design practice
52. ASHRAE Research: selection criteria
• Goal: 24 to 36 existing mid- and high-rise buildings (16
Completed)
• Non-residential
• 4 stories or higher
• Sustainability certification (14 of 16)
• Built after the year 2000
• Climate zones 2-7 (All 6 Zones Represented)
53. ASHRAE Research Project: leakage results
• Average = 0.29 cfm/ft2
• Green building = 0.32 cfm/ft2; others = 0.22 cfm/ft2
• Air barrier specified and envelope expert = 0.13
cfm/ft2; others = 0.39 cfm/ft2
• Unsealing HVAC penetrations increased leakage by
average of 27% with range of 2% to 51%
54. ASHRAE Research Project: leakage sites
• Roof/wall intersection
• Soffits and overhangs
• Mechanical rooms, garages,
basements, loading docks
• Roll-up and overhead doors
55. Single-zone Constant Volume AHU
• Supply and Return Fans
o On/Off according to schedule
o May cycle on to maintain night setback temperature
Return Fan
Supply Fan
57. What about Energy Recovery Ventilators?
• Why not run the exhaust air through an
ERV to recovery some of that energy
instead of forcing it out through the
envelope?
• Need a tighter envelope to accomplish
ERVs with infiltration control
58. Dave Bohac P.E.
Center for Energy & Environment | Director of Research
dbohac@mncee.org
Megan Hoye, LEED AP
Center for Energy & Environment | Engagement Coordinator
mhoye@mncee.org