Valerian is a perennial herb native to Europe and Asia. Its underground parts, including the rhizome and roots, are used medicinally and have a distinctive odor. Valerian contains various constituents like valepotriates, volatile oil, and alkaloids that act on the central nervous system to promote relaxation, anxiety relief, and sleep. It is commonly used as a natural sedative or sleep aid and to treat conditions involving stress, nervousness, and digestive issues. Adulteration of valerian root with substitute plants is an issue, requiring proper identification of authentic valerian.
Aquarium plant: Utility and propagationKartik Mondal
Being at the base of food chain, plants are important in any ecosystem. Plants help to provide the biological balance, besides creating bio-topic aquarium.
The presence of different aquatic plant provides a number of houses to the fishes inside the aquarium.
Most fresh water aquariums can be set up with live plants and whenever possible, it is recommended to do so.
Cosmopolitan, but most adundantly in tropical and subtropical region,
but a few are distributed in temperate regions.
Leaves-Simple, entire, opposite decussate or alternate (Thevetia) or in whorls of 3.
Flower: Bisexual, actinomorphic, bracteate, bracteolate,
pentamerous, hypogynous.
Stamens as many as corolla lobes, inserted at their throat and alternate with them.
Gynoecium: Usually bicarpellary. The ovaries are two in number, distinctly separate but with a common
style and stigma.
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English ppt on herbal plants.
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The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit and their compound, stipulate leaves.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. BOTANICAL SOURCE
• Dried, whole or fragmented underground parts of Valeriana
officinalis L., including the rhizome surrounded by the roots and
stolons . Family – valerianaceae.
5. CULTIVATION, COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
Valerian does well in all ordinary soils, but prefers rich, heavy loam, well supplied
with moisture.
The soil should first be treated with farmyard manure, and after planting it is well to
give liquid mannure from time to time, as well as plenty of water.
The soil must be well mannured to secure a good crop. Weeding requires considerable
attention.
Propagation may also be by seed, either sown when ripe in cold frames, or in March in
gentle heat, or in the open in April.
In the first two cases, transplant in May to permanent quarters. But to ensure the best
alkaloidal percentage, it is best to transplant and cultivate the daughter plants of the
wild Valerian.
6. The flowering tops must be cut off as they appear, thus enabling the better
development of the rhizome.
Many of the young plants do not flower in the first year, but produce a luxuriant
crop of leaves, and yield rhizome of good quality in the autumn.
In September or early October, all the tops are cut off with a scythe and the
rhizomes are harvested.
The drug as found in commerce consists usually of the entire or sliced erect rhizome,
which is dark yellowish-brown externally, about 1 inch long and 1/2 inch thick, and
gives off numerous slender brittle roots from 2 1/2 to 4 inches long, whilst short,
slender, lateral branches (stolons) are also occasionally present.
The root-stock, which is sometimes crowned with the remains of flowering stems and
leaf-scales is usually firm, horny and whitish or yellowish internally, but old
specimens may be hollow.
7. CHARACTERISTICS
• Rhizomes –
1. obconic to ellipsoidal, branched or simple.
2. 2.5- 7-5 cm long, 1-3 cm diameter.
3. Yellowish brown to dark brown in colour.
4. numerous roots and root scars give a very rough surface.
Transverse section- Bark thin, cortex broad, wood forming a narrow
circle around a large pith ; light brown.
Fracture- short horny.
8. • Root-
1. 3- 10 cm long, 0.5- 3 mm in diameter
2. Light yellowish brown or tan to dark brown
3. Longitudinally wrinkled.
Fracture- short uneven
Transverse section- Bark thin, cortex broad and yellowish brown, pith
small.
Stolons –
• 20- 80 mm long pale yellowish gray with prominent nodes separated
by longitudinally striated internodes.
• Cortex and pith are broad in comparison to vascular cylinder.
9. TASTE & ODOUR :
The drug has a camphoraceous, slightly bitter taste and a
characteristic, powerful, disagreeable odour, which gradually
develops during the process of drying, owing to a change which
occurs in the composition of the volatile oil contained in the sub-
epidermal layer of cells: the odour of the fresh root, though not very
agreeable, is devoid of the unpleasant valerianaceous odour.
10. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Iridoid valepotriates (0.5% -2.0%): valtrates, isovaltrate, didrovaltrate,
valerosidate and others
• Volatile essential oil (0.2 – 02.8%): bornyl isovalerenate and bornyl
acetate; valerenic, valeric, isovaleric and acetoxyvalerenic acids;
valerenal, valeranone, cryptofaurinol; and other monoterpenes and
sesquiterpenes
• Alkaloids (0.01 – 0.05%): valeranine, chatinine, alpha-methyl
pyrrylketone, actinidine, skyanthine and naphthyridylmethylketone
• Lignans: hydroxypinoresinol
11. USES
• Anxiety, nervousness, stress related conditions such as insomnia, neck
pain, headaches, muscle cramps, irritability, stomachache, irritable bowel
syndrome, constipation, and diarrhea.
• Valerian’s effects on the central nervous system have been variously
attributed to valepotriates,their breakdown products (baldrinals),
valerenic acid, valerenal and valeranone, and other constituents in the
essential oil.
• Isovaleric acid is responsible for the herb’s unpleasant aroma.
• Valerenic acid has spasmolytic and muscle relaxant effects and inhibits
the breakdown of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central
nervous system.
• The lignan hydroxypinoresinol also binds benzodiazepine receptors in the
amygdala and is thought to work synergistically with bornyl acetate,
valerenic acid, and the valepotriates in terms of valerian’s overall
sedative effects.
• Valerian’s alkaloids are present only in minute amounts. They have
cholinesterase activity in vitro which has not been verified in animals or
humans
12. SUBSTITUTES
• Valerian root is often fraudulently adulterated with those of other species,
notably with those of V. dioica (Linn.) (Marsh Valerian), which are smaller
and of much feebler odour, and not possessed of such active properties..
• The roots of V. Phu (Linn.) are also frequently found mingled with those of
the official plant in the imported drug. Its rhizome is sometimes known as
V. Radix Majoris. It is from 4 to 6 inches long, 1/2 inch in thickness, brown
and with a feeble, valerian-like odour and taste,and is rooted at the
bottom only, the roots being numerous and yellowish.
13. • It is stated also that in Germany various Ranunculaceous (or
Buttercup) roots are a dangerous adulterant of Valerian; they
may be readily detected by their want of the peculiar odour of
the official root. The Valerian in the markets of Paris is often
largely adulterated with the roots of Scabious (Scabiosus succisa,
Linn.) and S. arvensis (Linn.). They are shorter than the genuine
root, less rough, very brittle, not striated, or channelled, and with
a white fracture. Though inodorous in themselves, they are very
apt to acquire odour from contact with the Valerian.
• The roots of Geum urbanum, or Avens, which in themselves are
pleasingly aromatic, but may also on contact acquire some of the
odour, have also occasionally been found in parcels of imported
Valerian root