The Vajont Disaster, 1963
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Vajont Dam Disaster, a technical presentation to raise awareness among students. The tragedy occurred in 1963, emblematically marking the end of Italy's economic boom.
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![HYSTORICAL CONTEST | ECON. BOOM
1
9
6
3
URBAN GROWTH
Cartiere Burgo – Mantova
1961 – 1963
Pier Luigi Nervi
Suspended structure 30 x 250 m
Le mani sulla città
Francesco Rosi
“the characters of the movie are
not real, but it is authentic the
social and cultural reality that
produces this kind of
characters.” [movie quote]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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(1) In the 1930s, SADE designed a dam in the Vajont gorge to generate hydropower, which required flooding the valley and displacing the local environment. (2) Construction of the dam began in the 1950s, and by 1963 engineers had started filling the reservoir, but a massive landslide caused a wave that overtopped the dam. (3) On October 9, 1963, over 260 million cubic meters of rock broke off the mountainside and crashed into the reservoir, sending a 200-meter wave that destroyed the villages of Longarone and others, killing over 2,000 people in the worst civil disaster of 20th century Italy.
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The Vajont Disaster, 1963
- 1. 9 October 1963 Alessandro Masoero | Politecnico di Torino alessandro.masoero@polito.it
- 2. HYSTORICAL CONTEST | ECON. BOOM 1 9 6 3 URBAN GROWTH Cartiere Burgo – Mantova 1961 – 1963 Pier Luigi Nervi Suspended structure 30 x 250 m Le mani sulla città Francesco Rosi “the characters of the movie are not real, but it is authentic the social and cultural reality that produces this kind of characters.” [movie quote]
- 3. HYSTORICAL CONTEST | ECON. BOOM 1 9 6 3 SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY Giulio Natta Chemistry Nobel Isotactic Polypropylene– Moplen Vajont Dam Carlo Semenza Highest arch dam in the world (currently n. 3)
- 4. S.A.D.E. | Società Adriatica di Elettricità 1902 – Created at Venice by Giuseppe Volpi 1962 – law n. 1643, electric system nationalisation 1964 – S.A.D.E. closes PIAVE NET From Travenanzes (BZ) 1740 m slm To Livenza River (at 22 m slm)
- 5. GRANDE VAJONT Project Pieve Dam Vajont Dam Val Gallina Dam Soverzene Power Plant 240 MW Gardona Power Plant Pontesei Power Plant Vodo Dam Valle Dam Pontesei Dam VODO 855 m slm 918 000 m3 PONTESEI 775 m slm 634 000 m3 VALLE 706.5 m slm 1 106 000 m3 PIEVE 683.5 m slm 46 347 000 m3 VAJONT 683.5 m slm 105 000 000 m3 VAL GALLINA 677 m slm 4 900 000 m3
- 6. HISTORY OF A TRAGEDY 1956 – SADE comes 1957 – Project changes 1958 – Testing Commission 1959 – Geological surveys “war” 1960 – I Filling and Landslide 1961 – Bypass tunnel 1962 – II Filling and Model 1963 – III Filling, ENEL comes level 710 m 700 m limit Construction starts. Ends in 1960 landslide v h reservoir C.S.LL.PP. positive advice > h ∝
- 7. KNOWN PROBLEMS November 1960 – 700 000 m3 landslide TOPONOMASTIC à Monte Toc, in regional dialect “Patoc” means “rotten”
- 8. THE LANDSLIDE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS “No landslide happens from a second to another. This kind of behaviour it is impossible for a mountain.” A. Heim – 1932 Caloi 1959 Superficial Debris Semenza & Giudici 1960 Paleo-landslide Müller 1961 200 000 000 m3 Caloi 1961 Fractured rock 150m deep Ghetti & Marzolo 1961 - 62 Hydraulics models 40 000 000 m3 1 minute I filling, nov ’60 landslide Bypass tunnel, 600 m 710 m II filling III filling, landslide 9 oct ‘63
- 9. M. BorgàM. Salta M. Pul LANDSLIDELongarone Overtop > 150 m dam: 264 m 240-270 millions of m³ landslide in 115 millions of m³ of water in 30 – 40 seconds
- 10. 700 500 600 1100 500 800 700 500 600 1100 500 800 1 – FIRST STEP Lower part of the landslide reaches the opposite valley side REFERENCE POINTS STARTING POINT LANDSLIDE| DYNAMICS
- 11. 700 500 600 1100 500 800 700 500 600 1100 500 800 Higher layers reach the opposite valley side Middle layer reaches the opposite valley side 3 – THIRD STEP 2 – SECOND STEP LANDSLIDE| DYNAMICS
- 12. THE LANDSLIDE
- 13. CASSO Reservoir level 710 m slm
- 14. CASSO Reservoir level 710 m slm Monte Toc Landslide
- 15. CASSO Reservoir level 710 m slm Monte Toc Landslide Inundated areas
- 16. THE WAVE Longarone I PHASE Wave occupying all the Vajont Canyon: Wet A. Canyon ≅ 10 000 m2 L. Canyon ≅ 1400 m V ≅ 14 x 106 m3 Q = (14 x 106) / 240 ≅ 60 m3/s 600 800 1000 12004 minutes to reach Longarone Δt between electricy outage in Colomber Power House and Austria trasmission line
- 17. THE TRAGEDY Pirago church tower bell, one of the two survived buildings (together with the dam structure) 25-30 millions of m³ overtopped the dam toward the Piave Valley Wave with v = 1400 / 240 ≅ 6 m/s following the pressurised air Hiroshima bomb effect 12 kt = 12 * 106 kg di T.N.T.
- 18. LA TRAGEDIA | LONGARONE 1450 deaths Longarone (4000 inhabitants)
- 19. THE TRAGEDY | LONGARONE 1450 deaths Longarone (4000 inhabitants)
- 20. THE TRAGEDY | UPSTREAM 158 deaths at Erto and Casso
- 21. CONSEGUENCES Testing “rush”? Testing compulsory for Public funds SADE value depends not directly on Vajont reservoir but on stocks quotation from 1959 to 1962 Landslide hidden to not lowering the SADE value (to be sold to ENEL) TRAIL 1968 – 1971 : 11 under judgment 1969: I GRADO, 3 condemned (Biadene, Batini e Violin) 1970: APPELLO, 2 condemned (Biadene, Sensidoni) 1971: CASSAZIONE, like II phase. Predictable event (but punishment reduced!) 2000: Agreement between ENEL, Montedison (SADE) and State. 33.3% re-payment
- 22. BOOKS Marco Paolini – Vajont, 9 ottobre ‘63. Orazione Civile Marcel Roubault – Le catastrofi naturali sono prevedibili Tina Merlin – Sulla pelle viva Edoardo Semenza – La storia del Vajont raccontata dal geologo che ha scoperto la frana Ideas, Data and Graphics re-elaborated from originals produced by ENEL, Paolini and Roubault.