What would happen to Earth if humans went extinct?
Nature always finds a way.
Who will disappear first: Human Species or Planet Earth?
https://youtu.be/1Ew0QdVrxa0
A different kind of skyline.
What does it indicates?
Where the wild things are?
We will try to find the answers.
The planet might eventually become lusher and more diverse.
Carbon dioxide doesn't stay suspended in the atmosphere forever.
Moving forward
Is there any point in us pondering what our planet will look like, without us here? Well, on the one hand, we might simply take comfort in the knowledge that, free of people, our planet would ultimately be fine, as Weisman said. In fact, it would ultimately thrive.
The document discusses extinction and mass extinction events throughout Earth's history. It notes that extinction is a natural part of evolution, with 99.9% of all species that ever lived now extinct. Mass extinctions have occurred periodically, where the extinction rate far exceeds the normal background rate, such as the Permian-Triassic extinction over 250 million years ago where 90-95% of marine species went extinct. Some hypotheses for the causes of mass extinctions include large meteorite impacts, as well as volcanic activity and climate changes.
RUNNING HEAD Rough Draft-Peer reviewPage 1PEER REVIEW.docxtoltonkendal
RUNNING HEAD: Rough Draft-Peer review Page 1
PEER REVIEW Page 7
ROUGH DRAFT
A few minutes of intense shaking, followed by a devastating tsunami, producing widespread destruction. FEMA's best-case scenario, 13,000 people will lose their lives, (Schultz, 2015). The question is not if it's going to happen, it's when. The countdown to catastrophe is on for the Pacific Northwest. We're talking about the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the who, what, where, when, and how this overdue megaquake will strike.
The Cascadia subduction zone is a 620-mile-long crack in the earth's crust. It is in the pacific northwest where the North American tectonic plate meets the Juan de Fuca plate, (Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa, 2017). Tectonic plates are pieces of crust that move across the earth's surface over millions of years, (Oskin, 2015). The subduction zone is where two tectonic plates meet. One eventually bends underneath the other, which is what we see in the North Pacific. The Juan de Fuca plate is sliding under the weaker, North American plate. Eventually, the North American plate will buckle, result in a devastating earthquake, followed by massive Tsunami.
Subduction zones are found all along the edge of the Pacific in what is called, "The ring of fire." Off the coasts of Washington, Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Indonesia birthed the most devastating earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions in history, (Oskin, 2015). The bigger the subduction zone, the higher magnitude of the earthquake. A subduction zone earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 or greater will likely produce a tsunami. The Cascadia subduction zone is a big one. It runs 620 miles long and 62 miles wide. It has all the ingredients necessary to produce massive devastation.
So how do we know that the Pacific Northwest is in danger? Tsunamis are a direct result of an earthquake, volcanic eruption or a massive landslide. The once dubbed, "Orphan Tsunami," hit the eastern coast of Japan on January 27th, 1700, (Atwater et al., 2015). The year 1700 in the Pacific Northwest was considered prehistory, meaning there were no written records of events. Japan, on the other hand, have produced numerous ancient writings of stories that told of flooded fields, wrecked houses, fire, a shipwreck, and evacuations. The Japanese knew that tsunamis were a result of an earthquake, and because they didn't feel any shaking prior, they called the event a high tide. At the time, it wasn't known that tsunamis could occur from earthquakes that happened from faraway lands. Outsiders of Northwestern North America scarcely knew of its existence. At that time, leading European geographers left that part of the map blank. So, for this mystery, the Japanese didn't even know the Pacific Northwest existed, much less that it had produced the earthquake that generated the tsunami, (Atwater et al., 2015).
The Chilean earthquake that struck on May 22, 1960, generated a tsunami that surged a ...
- Dinosaurs lived on Earth for over 165 million years from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. They varied greatly in size and appearance.
- Extinction occurs when a species can no longer adapt to environmental changes, leading to their death. The asteroid impact theory and volcanic eruption theory attempt to explain the mass extinction event that killed the dinosaurs.
- Both theories have evidence supporting and challenging them. Evidence supporting asteroid impact includes the iridium layer and shocked quartz found globally. Evidence challenging it suggests the impact predated the extinction. Evidence for volcanism includes massive eruptions emitting sulfur for 10,000 years. Evidence challenging volcanism finds an asteroid
- Dinosaurs lived on Earth for over 165 million years from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. They varied greatly in size and appearance.
- Extinction occurs when a species can no longer adapt to environmental changes, leading to their death. A popular theory is that an asteroid impact caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. However, some evidence challenges this and suggests massive volcanic eruptions may have been responsible.
- The document discusses and provides evidence for both the asteroid impact theory and volcanic eruption theory for the cause of the dinosaur extinction. While the asteroid theory was widely accepted, newer evidence is increasingly supporting the volcanic eruption theory as well.
The Dinosaur Extinction Mystery By Michael Bento EssayJennifer Wright
The document discusses the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. It provides background on the Mesozoic era when dinosaurs lived, as well as the periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) within it. While fossils show dinosaurs existed for around 180 million years, they declined in the later Cretaceous period until disappearing 65 million years ago in an event called the K-T extinction. Theories for what caused their extinction include an asteroid impact or increased volcanic activity.
Overview Of Earth´S History And Periods EssayKristi Anderson
The document discusses the global warming event that occurred during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event approximately 250 million years ago. A massive volcanic eruption in Siberia caused increased carbon dioxide and methane levels, resulting in extreme global warming on Earth. The volcanic activity, known as the Siberian Traps, erupted over several vents and covered a large area of Siberia with basalt lava. This eruption caused catastrophic climate change and ocean acidification that destroyed the majority of plant and animal species at the time, particularly marine species. Recovery of ecosystems after the mass extinction took a very long time.
The document summarizes Earth's geologic history condensed into one calendar year. Key events include:
- By March, oceans formed but no life existed on the barren planet.
- First life emerged in April in the form of single-celled organisms near ocean vents.
- By December, more complex sea creatures evolved and the first plants colonized land despite heavy rains.
- On December 31st, early humans appeared in the last hour of the year along with Neanderthals and cave drawings. Modern civilizations emerged in the final minutes.
The canyon provides a green oasis closer than one may think. Hiking its trails can be treacherous but rewarding. The author describes their experience hiking difficult trails in Spearfish Canyon. They had to climb steep hills with loose rocks and heave over fallen trees and boulders, tiring themselves as the trails got steeper. Their ankles relied on sturdy boots as they hiked hundreds of feet up the mountain.
The document discusses extinction and mass extinction events throughout Earth's history. It notes that extinction is a natural part of evolution, with 99.9% of all species that ever lived now extinct. Mass extinctions have occurred periodically, where the extinction rate far exceeds the normal background rate, such as the Permian-Triassic extinction over 250 million years ago where 90-95% of marine species went extinct. Some hypotheses for the causes of mass extinctions include large meteorite impacts, as well as volcanic activity and climate changes.
RUNNING HEAD Rough Draft-Peer reviewPage 1PEER REVIEW.docxtoltonkendal
RUNNING HEAD: Rough Draft-Peer review Page 1
PEER REVIEW Page 7
ROUGH DRAFT
A few minutes of intense shaking, followed by a devastating tsunami, producing widespread destruction. FEMA's best-case scenario, 13,000 people will lose their lives, (Schultz, 2015). The question is not if it's going to happen, it's when. The countdown to catastrophe is on for the Pacific Northwest. We're talking about the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the who, what, where, when, and how this overdue megaquake will strike.
The Cascadia subduction zone is a 620-mile-long crack in the earth's crust. It is in the pacific northwest where the North American tectonic plate meets the Juan de Fuca plate, (Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa, 2017). Tectonic plates are pieces of crust that move across the earth's surface over millions of years, (Oskin, 2015). The subduction zone is where two tectonic plates meet. One eventually bends underneath the other, which is what we see in the North Pacific. The Juan de Fuca plate is sliding under the weaker, North American plate. Eventually, the North American plate will buckle, result in a devastating earthquake, followed by massive Tsunami.
Subduction zones are found all along the edge of the Pacific in what is called, "The ring of fire." Off the coasts of Washington, Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Indonesia birthed the most devastating earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions in history, (Oskin, 2015). The bigger the subduction zone, the higher magnitude of the earthquake. A subduction zone earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 or greater will likely produce a tsunami. The Cascadia subduction zone is a big one. It runs 620 miles long and 62 miles wide. It has all the ingredients necessary to produce massive devastation.
So how do we know that the Pacific Northwest is in danger? Tsunamis are a direct result of an earthquake, volcanic eruption or a massive landslide. The once dubbed, "Orphan Tsunami," hit the eastern coast of Japan on January 27th, 1700, (Atwater et al., 2015). The year 1700 in the Pacific Northwest was considered prehistory, meaning there were no written records of events. Japan, on the other hand, have produced numerous ancient writings of stories that told of flooded fields, wrecked houses, fire, a shipwreck, and evacuations. The Japanese knew that tsunamis were a result of an earthquake, and because they didn't feel any shaking prior, they called the event a high tide. At the time, it wasn't known that tsunamis could occur from earthquakes that happened from faraway lands. Outsiders of Northwestern North America scarcely knew of its existence. At that time, leading European geographers left that part of the map blank. So, for this mystery, the Japanese didn't even know the Pacific Northwest existed, much less that it had produced the earthquake that generated the tsunami, (Atwater et al., 2015).
The Chilean earthquake that struck on May 22, 1960, generated a tsunami that surged a ...
- Dinosaurs lived on Earth for over 165 million years from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. They varied greatly in size and appearance.
- Extinction occurs when a species can no longer adapt to environmental changes, leading to their death. The asteroid impact theory and volcanic eruption theory attempt to explain the mass extinction event that killed the dinosaurs.
- Both theories have evidence supporting and challenging them. Evidence supporting asteroid impact includes the iridium layer and shocked quartz found globally. Evidence challenging it suggests the impact predated the extinction. Evidence for volcanism includes massive eruptions emitting sulfur for 10,000 years. Evidence challenging volcanism finds an asteroid
- Dinosaurs lived on Earth for over 165 million years from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago. They varied greatly in size and appearance.
- Extinction occurs when a species can no longer adapt to environmental changes, leading to their death. A popular theory is that an asteroid impact caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. However, some evidence challenges this and suggests massive volcanic eruptions may have been responsible.
- The document discusses and provides evidence for both the asteroid impact theory and volcanic eruption theory for the cause of the dinosaur extinction. While the asteroid theory was widely accepted, newer evidence is increasingly supporting the volcanic eruption theory as well.
The Dinosaur Extinction Mystery By Michael Bento EssayJennifer Wright
The document discusses the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. It provides background on the Mesozoic era when dinosaurs lived, as well as the periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) within it. While fossils show dinosaurs existed for around 180 million years, they declined in the later Cretaceous period until disappearing 65 million years ago in an event called the K-T extinction. Theories for what caused their extinction include an asteroid impact or increased volcanic activity.
Overview Of Earth´S History And Periods EssayKristi Anderson
The document discusses the global warming event that occurred during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event approximately 250 million years ago. A massive volcanic eruption in Siberia caused increased carbon dioxide and methane levels, resulting in extreme global warming on Earth. The volcanic activity, known as the Siberian Traps, erupted over several vents and covered a large area of Siberia with basalt lava. This eruption caused catastrophic climate change and ocean acidification that destroyed the majority of plant and animal species at the time, particularly marine species. Recovery of ecosystems after the mass extinction took a very long time.
The document summarizes Earth's geologic history condensed into one calendar year. Key events include:
- By March, oceans formed but no life existed on the barren planet.
- First life emerged in April in the form of single-celled organisms near ocean vents.
- By December, more complex sea creatures evolved and the first plants colonized land despite heavy rains.
- On December 31st, early humans appeared in the last hour of the year along with Neanderthals and cave drawings. Modern civilizations emerged in the final minutes.
The canyon provides a green oasis closer than one may think. Hiking its trails can be treacherous but rewarding. The author describes their experience hiking difficult trails in Spearfish Canyon. They had to climb steep hills with loose rocks and heave over fallen trees and boulders, tiring themselves as the trails got steeper. Their ankles relied on sturdy boots as they hiked hundreds of feet up the mountain.
This document discusses mass extinction events that have occurred throughout history. It provides details on 5 major extinction events, including their timing in millions of years ago and potential causes such as asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, and climate change. Causes of species extinction are also explored, including climate change, changes in sea levels/currents, asteroids/cosmic radiation, acid rain, disease, invasive species, habitat loss, pollution, and human population growth.
This document discusses mass extinction events that have occurred throughout history. It provides details on 5 major extinction events, including their timing in millions of years ago and potential causes such as asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, climate change from glaciation or warming. The document also discusses various factors that can lead to species extinction, including climate change, changes in sea levels/currents, asteroids/cosmic radiation, acid rain, disease, invasive species, habitat loss, pollution, and human population growth.
This ppt is about the world's apocalypse, whenever it comes. We describe what can cause the world to end, what are the dangers to be aware of etc. We also explain how to protect oneself, if unfortunately the apocalypse had happened.
While the biosphere is always in flux, there have been notable instances of dramatic changes in the biosphere, the most extreme examples being five mass extinction events. In this resource, Cynthia Stokes Brown defines mass extinction, discusses that K-T extinction in detail, describes the other four major extinctions in Earth history, and ends by describing some of the proposed causes of mass extinction.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
There have been five major mass extinction events in Earth's history where large numbers of species went extinct. The most severe was 252 million years ago at the end of the Permian period, where 83% of genera on land and sea went extinct due to climate change and volcanic eruptions. The most recent extinction event was 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, where an asteroid impact contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs and 17% of species. Scientists believe a sixth mass extinction is currently underway primarily due to human activities like habitat destruction, pollution, and overpopulation.
The Bionic City by Melissa Sterry. Published September 2011.Melissa Sterry
Introduction: 'In the course of her research, Melissa Sterry came to realise that "what humankind considers a force for destruction, nature considers a force for creation". Melissa is now developing The Bionic City: a model that transfers knowledge from complex natural ecosystems to a blueprint for a future city resilient to extreme meteorological and geological events.'
Published in the Sept/Oct 2011 issue of Sustain.
The asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs could also indirectly form the path of the largest wave ever found on Earth.
A series of comb-like structures more than three stories high and nearly two Eiffel Towers apart appear to be buried about 1,500 feet beneath central Louisiana. The big feature is the megariplet formed by the massive tsunami created by the Chicxulub asteroid impact, the researchers said in a letter to Earth and Planetary Research on Sept. 15.
The document discusses Alycia Stigall's research from 2010 on the decline in speciation during the late Devonian biodiversity crisis. Stigall studied potential causes of speciation such as reproductive isolation and geographic isolation, also known as vicariance. Biodiversity relies on balance between species, but this can be disrupted by invasive species, which are non-native organisms that impact ecosystems. Stigall's research provided insights into why speciation rates decreased during a past mass extinction event.
1) The document discusses the connection between continental drift and plate tectonics, explaining that continental drift occurred as the single early continent of Pangea broke apart due to movements of tectonic plates.
2) NASA studies how continental drift may affect the future positioning of continents hundreds of millions of years from now.
3) Evidence for possible life on other planets includes extremophiles on Earth that thrive in extreme conditions, evidence that interstellar dust contains organic compounds and microbes, and indications that the Jupiter moons Europa and Callisto may harbor subsurface oceans.
Biomass Briquettes A Sustainable Solution for Energy and Waste Management..pptxECOSTAN Biofuel Pvt Ltd
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Electrical Testing Lab Services in Dubai.pdfsandeepmetsuae
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Pruning enhances your garden's visual appeal by keeping plants neat and well-formed. Whether you prefer a formal, structured look or a more natural, free-flowing design, regular pruning helps you achieve and maintain your desired garden style. A well-pruned garden looks cared for and can significantly improve the overall beauty of your outdoor space.
Emmanuel Katto Uganda - A PhilanthropistMarina Costa
Emmanuel Katto is a well-known businessman from Uganda who is improving his town via his charitable work and commercial endeavors. The Emka Foundation is a non-profit organization that focuses on empowering adolescents through education, business, and skill development. He is the founder and CEO of this organization. His philanthropic journey is deeply personal, driven by a calling to make a positive difference in his home country. Check out the slides to more about his social work.
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In today’s fast-moving digital world, building websites is super important for how well a business does online. But, because things keep changing with technology and what people expect, teams who make websites often run into big problems. These problems can slow down their work and stop them from making really good websites. Let us see what the best website designers in Delhi have to say –
https://www.edtech.in/services/website-designing-development-company-delhi.htm
Webroot antivirus helps with online security. Use reliable security software to protect your devices from attacks, providing online security and quiet mind when using technology for business or work.
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This document discusses mass extinction events that have occurred throughout history. It provides details on 5 major extinction events, including their timing in millions of years ago and potential causes such as asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, and climate change. Causes of species extinction are also explored, including climate change, changes in sea levels/currents, asteroids/cosmic radiation, acid rain, disease, invasive species, habitat loss, pollution, and human population growth.
This document discusses mass extinction events that have occurred throughout history. It provides details on 5 major extinction events, including their timing in millions of years ago and potential causes such as asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, climate change from glaciation or warming. The document also discusses various factors that can lead to species extinction, including climate change, changes in sea levels/currents, asteroids/cosmic radiation, acid rain, disease, invasive species, habitat loss, pollution, and human population growth.
This ppt is about the world's apocalypse, whenever it comes. We describe what can cause the world to end, what are the dangers to be aware of etc. We also explain how to protect oneself, if unfortunately the apocalypse had happened.
While the biosphere is always in flux, there have been notable instances of dramatic changes in the biosphere, the most extreme examples being five mass extinction events. In this resource, Cynthia Stokes Brown defines mass extinction, discusses that K-T extinction in detail, describes the other four major extinctions in Earth history, and ends by describing some of the proposed causes of mass extinction.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
There have been five major mass extinction events in Earth's history where large numbers of species went extinct. The most severe was 252 million years ago at the end of the Permian period, where 83% of genera on land and sea went extinct due to climate change and volcanic eruptions. The most recent extinction event was 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, where an asteroid impact contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs and 17% of species. Scientists believe a sixth mass extinction is currently underway primarily due to human activities like habitat destruction, pollution, and overpopulation.
The Bionic City by Melissa Sterry. Published September 2011.Melissa Sterry
Introduction: 'In the course of her research, Melissa Sterry came to realise that "what humankind considers a force for destruction, nature considers a force for creation". Melissa is now developing The Bionic City: a model that transfers knowledge from complex natural ecosystems to a blueprint for a future city resilient to extreme meteorological and geological events.'
Published in the Sept/Oct 2011 issue of Sustain.
The asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs could also indirectly form the path of the largest wave ever found on Earth.
A series of comb-like structures more than three stories high and nearly two Eiffel Towers apart appear to be buried about 1,500 feet beneath central Louisiana. The big feature is the megariplet formed by the massive tsunami created by the Chicxulub asteroid impact, the researchers said in a letter to Earth and Planetary Research on Sept. 15.
The document discusses Alycia Stigall's research from 2010 on the decline in speciation during the late Devonian biodiversity crisis. Stigall studied potential causes of speciation such as reproductive isolation and geographic isolation, also known as vicariance. Biodiversity relies on balance between species, but this can be disrupted by invasive species, which are non-native organisms that impact ecosystems. Stigall's research provided insights into why speciation rates decreased during a past mass extinction event.
1) The document discusses the connection between continental drift and plate tectonics, explaining that continental drift occurred as the single early continent of Pangea broke apart due to movements of tectonic plates.
2) NASA studies how continental drift may affect the future positioning of continents hundreds of millions of years from now.
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Biomass briquettes are an innovative and environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional fossil fuels, providing a long-term solution for energy production and waste management. These compact, high-energy density briquettes are made from organic materials such as agricultural wastes, wood chips, and other biomass waste, and are intended to reduce environmental effect while satisfying energy demands efficiently.
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What would happen to Earth if humans went extinct.pdf
1. What would happen to Earth if humans went
extinct?
By Emma Bryce
published August 16, 2020
Nature always finds a way.
Some videos caught my attention. You may also check them.
Video Link:
https://youtu.be/1Ew0QdVrxa0
Deep within Guatemala's rainforest sits one of the most famous remnants of the Maya civilization: a
roughly 2,000-year-old citadel turned to ruins called Tikal. When Alan Weisman hiked through the
surrounding region, he discovered something fascinating along the way: "You're walking through this
really dense rainforest, and you're walking over hills," said Weisman, author and journalist. "And the
archaeologists are explaining to you that what you're really walking over are pyramids and cities that
haven't been excavated."
In other words, we know about sites like Tikal because humans have gone to great efforts to dig up
and restore their remains. Meanwhile, countless other ruins remain hidden, sealed beneath forest and
earth. "It's just amazingly thrilling how fast nature can bury us," Weisman told Live Science.
This scene from the rainforest allows us a glimpse of what our planet could look like, if humans simply
stopped existing. Lately, that idea has been especially pertinent, as the global COVID-19 pandemic has
kept people inside, and emboldened animals to return to our quieter urban environments — giving us
a sense of what life might look like if we retreated further into the background. Weisman, who wrote
"The World Without Us" (Thomas Dunne Books, 2007), spent several years interviewing experts and
systematically investigating this question: What would happen to our planet — to our cities, to our
industries, to nature — if humans disappeared?
A different kind of skyline
There are several developing theories for what could drive humanity to extinction, and it is unlikely
that we'd all simply disappear in an instant. Nevertheless, imagining our sudden and complete
eradication from the planet — perhaps by an as-yet undiscovered, human-specific virus, Weisman said
— is the most powerful way to explore what could occur if humans left the planet.
In Weisman's own research, this question took him firstly into cities, where some of the most dramatic
and immediate changes would unfold, thanks to a sudden lack of human maintenance. Without people
to run pumps that divert rainfall and rising groundwater, the subways of huge sprawling cities like
London and New York would flood within hours of our disappearance, Weisman learned during his
research. "[Engineers] have told me that it would take about 36 hours for the subways to flood
completely," he said.
2. Lacking human oversight, glitches in oil refineries and nuclear plants would go unchecked, likely
resulting in massive fires, nuclear explosions and devastating nuclear fallout. "There's going to be a
gush of radiation if suddenly we disappear. And that's a real wildcard, it's almost impossible to predict
what that's going to do," Weisman said. Similarly, in the wake of our demise, we'd leave behind
mountains of waste — much of it plastic, which would likely persist for thousands of years, with effects
on wildlife that we are only now beginning to understand.
Meanwhile, petroleum waste that spills or seeps into the ground at industrial sites and factories would
be broken down and reused by microbes and plants, which would probably take decades. Persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) — human-made chemicals such as PCBs that currently can’t be broken
down in nature — would take much longer, Weisman says. "Some of these POPs may be around until
the end of time on Earth. In time, however, they will be safely buried away." The combined rapid and
slow release of all the polluting waste we leave behind would undoubtedly have damaging effects on
surrounding habitats and wildlife. (But that doesn't necessarily mean total destruction: We need only
look at the rebounding of wildlife at the site of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster to understand that nature
can be resilient on short timescales, even under such extremes.)
While that polluting legacy unfolds, water running underground in cities would corrode the metal
structures that hold up the streets above subterranean transport systems, and whole avenues would
collapse, transformed suddenly into mid-city rivers, Weisman explained. Over successive winters,
without humans to do regular de-icing, pavements would crack, providing new niches for seeds to take
root — carried on the wind and excreted by overflying birds — and develop into trees that continue
the gradual dismemberment of pavements and roads. The same would happen to bridges, without
humans there to weed out rogue saplings taking root between the steel rivets: coupled with general
degradation, this could dismantle these structures within a few hundred years.
Related: Are trees vegetarian?
With all this fresh new habitat opening up, nature would stoically march in, pasting over the formerly
concrete jungle with grasslands, shrubbery and dense stands of trees. That would cause the
accumulation of dry organic material, such as leaves and twigs — providing the perfect fodder for fires
sparked by lightning, which would go roaring through the maze of buildings and streets, potentially
razing whole parts of cities to the ground. "Fires are going to create a lot of charred material that will
fall to the street, which is going to be terrific for nurturing biological life. The streets will convert to
little grasslands and forests growing up within 500 years," as Weisman tells it.
Over hundreds of years, as buildings are subjected to sustained damage from erosion and fire, they
would degrade, he said. The first to topple would be modern glass and metal structures that would
shatter and rust. But tellingly, "buildings that will last the longest are the ones made out of the Earth
itself" — like stone structures, Wesiman added. Even those would become a softened version of their
former selves: eventually the defined, iconic skylines we know so well today would be no more.
Where the wild things are
Looking beyond the city limits to the great swathes of farmland that currently cover half of Earth's
habitable land, there would be a swift recovery of insects, as the application of pesticides and other
chemicals ceases with humanity's demise. "That's going to start a real cascade of events," Weisman
said. "Once the insects are doing better, then the plants are going to do much better, then the birds."
Surrounding habitats — plant communities, soils, waterways and oceans — will recover, free from the
far-reaching influence that chemicals have on ecosystems today. That, in turn, will encourage more
wildlife to move in and take up residence.
This transition will precipitate an increase in biodiversity on a global scale. Researchers who have
modeled the diversity of megafauna — the likes of lions, elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses and bears —
across the planet have revealed that the world used to be exceptionally rich in these species. But that
changed when humans began to spread across the planet, hunting these animals and invading their
habitats. As humans migrated out of Africa and Eurasia to other parts of the globe, "we see a consistent
increase in extinction rates following the arrival of humans," explained Søren Faurby, a lecturer in
macroecology and macroevolution at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. "In Australia, there is
3. an increase in extinction near 60,000 years ago. In North and South America, an increase is seen
[about] 15,000 years ago, and in Madagascar and the Caribbean islands a drastic increase is seen a few
thousand years ago."
Related: Why haven't all primates evolved into humans?
Without humans spreading to the far corners of the Earth and driving down megafauna populations,
the entire planet could have been as diverse in these species as the famed Serengeti in East Africa is
today, Faurby told Live Science. "Effectively, there used to be large animals everywhere, and there
would be large animals everywhere around the globe without human involvement." His research has
revealed that without humanity's heavy species impact, the central United States, and parts of South
America, would be the most megafauna-rich places on Earth today. Animals like elephants would be
a common sight in the Mediterranean Islands. There would even be rhinoceroses across most of
northern Europe.
Without humans, could Earth reclaim that diversity? Even if we did suddenly disappear from the
picture, it would still take millions of years for the planet to recover from those past extinctions, Faurby
and his colleagues have calculated. They investigated what it would take to return to a baseline level
of species richness and a distribution of large-bodied animals across the planet that mirrors what we
had before modern humans fanned out across the globe. They estimate it would take "somewhere
between 3 and up to 7 million or more years to get back to the pre-extinction baseline," explained Jens-
Christian Svenning, a professor of macroecology and biogeography at Aarhus University in Denmark,
and a colleague of Faurby's who has worked on the same body of research.
Basically, "if there weren't human impacts, the whole world would be one big wilderness," Svenning
told Live Science.
Nature finds a way
The planet might eventually become lusher and more diverse — but we can't dismiss the effects
of climate change, arguably humanity's most indelible impact on the planet. Weisman notes the
inherent uncertainty in making useful predictions about what will unfold. For instance, if there are
explosions at industrial plants, or oil or gas wellheads that continue to burn long after we're all gone,
huge amounts of heat-trapping carbon dioxide would continue to be discharged into the atmosphere,
he explained.
Carbon dioxide doesn't stay suspended in the atmosphere forever: Our oceans play an essential role in
absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. But there are still limits to how much of it the
ocean can take up without its own waters acidifying to unhealthy levels — potentially to the detriment
of thousands of marine species. There's also a cap on how much the sea can physically absorb, meaning
it isn't simply the bottomless carbon sink it's often thought to be.
Related: What are the ingredients of life?
As it stands, current levels of CO2 in our atmosphere will already take thousands of years to be fully
removed from the atmosphere. (Based on the research he did for his own book, Weisman found it
could take upwards of 100,000 years.) And if the sea reaches its cap and more greenhouse gases stay
suspended up in the atmosphere, the resulting continuous warming will lead to further melting of the
polar ice caps, and the release of even more greenhouse gases from softening permafrost. This will
cycle into an ongoing, climate-altering, feedback loop. All this means that we can confidently assume
that climate change's impacts will last long after we leave.
But to this, Weisman offered a word of hope. During the Jurassic period, he said, there was five times
as much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as there is today, which led to a dramatic increase in ocean
acidity. Evidently, however, there must have been marine species that coped with these extremes, and
went on to evolve and be part of the planet we know today. Which is to say that ultimately, despite
climate extremes and the immense losses they can incur, "nature always finds a way," Weisman said.
There might one day be a world without humans, but that won't stop the rest of the planet from
soldiering on.
4. Moving forward
Is there any point in us pondering what our planet will look like, without us here? Well, on the one
hand, we might simply take comfort in the knowledge that, free of people, our planet would ultimately
be fine, as Weisman said. In fact, it would ultimately thrive.
But taking a glimpse at this imagined future might also prompt us to be more mindful of our actions,
in a bid to preserve our own spot on the planet, too. Weisman sees an inherent value to visualizing a
world without us, which is why he decided to write his book in the first place. He explained that when
he started out, he was conscious that many people avoid environmental stories because it makes them
feel bad about the damage that humans are doing to the planet, and how in turn, that's hastening our
own demise. "I found out a way to get rid of the fear factor was just to kill [humans] off first," he said,
with humor.
With that distraction gone, he found, he could focus people's attention on the planet, and the real point
he wanted to make: "I wanted people to see how beautifully nature could come back, and even heal a
lot of the scars that we've placed on this planet. Then to think, is there possibly a way to add ourselves
back into this picture of a restored Earth?"
Originally published on Live Science.