Vaginal Hysterectomy
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This document discusses the history and techniques of vaginal hysterectomy. It provides details on the procedure including patient positioning, instrumentation, surgical steps like incising the vaginal mucosa and entering the pelvic spaces, clamping and suturing of ligaments, and uterine removal. Post-operative complications are also reviewed. The document serves as a reference for gynecologists performing this common gynecological surgery.
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Vaginal Hysterectomy
- 1. Dr. Rafi Rozan Obstetrician & Gynecologist Specialist in Comprehensive Family Medicine Mastology, Cosmetic & Laparoscopic Gyn. Medical Technologist Vaginal Hysterectomy
- 2. Soranus of Rome (Reign of the Emperor Hadrian) Berengarius of Balogna (1507) Grafenberg (1617) Laumonier (1792) Baudelocque (Supurative Peritonitis) Beyerle (asserted that the Uterus was removed) Bardol, Marc Antonie, Petit de lyon, Widmann, Ramsbotham, Figuet, Blasius Midwives (1646 -1824 Johnson, Baxter, Faivre, Zwinger, Winsor, Weber Paletta (1812 Malignant uterus)
- 3. Operative techniques Radical Shauta operation Shushart incision Vaginal hysterectomy Prolapsed Hayney (2) Te Linde Matingly (6) Mayo (4) Kapson Cambel Tchernstuk Cornil Doderlein – Kronig Without prolapse Dick Eclins
- 4. Introduction • The technique of operating through the vagina is a prerogative of the gynecologic surgeon. • Vaginal surgery is an essential pre requisite in the cultural and surgical training of a qualified gynecologist. • Vaginal hysterectomy is a signature operation of the gynecologic profession, it is the gold standard and the hallmark of surgical extirpative hysterectomy surgery. • At minimum a gynecologist should preform at least 25% of hysterectomies by the vaginal route.
- 5. Advantages of the vaginal route • Lower morbidity • Less pain • More rapid recovery • Rapid return to normal activities • Less consumption of health care dollars • Less use of resources • Less hemorrhage • Shorter hospital stay • No scars, better cosmetic finish • Safer
- 6. Indications • The same as all other routes
- 7. Contraindications • Absolute : There is no absolute contraindication • Relative : Malignancy Extremely enlarged uterus Dense pelvic adhesions
- 8. Characteristics that can make the vaginal approach challenging • Nulliparity • Increased BMI • History of pelvic radiation • Lack of uterine descent
- 9. Surgical & Preoperative Planning • Informed consent • Surgical counselling • Medical optimization • Adhesions • Mass (leiomyomata) • Enlarged uterine size • Adnexa - Fallopian tubes - Ovaries • Prophylactic cuff suspension • Cystourethroscopy • Thromboprophylaxis • Antibiotics • Vaginal infection • Pelvic organ prolapse (UI) • Bowel preparation • Choice of anesthetic • Instrument selection • Patient positioning • Bladder catheter insertion • Vaginal preparation - 4% chlorohexidine + 4% isopropyl alcohol concentration
- 10. Patient Positioning *Dorsal Lithotomy Position *Pelvic Tilt *Arms tucked to the Side
- 11. Patient Positioning Boot Type Stirrups
- 12. Patient Positioning Candy Cane Stirrups
- 14. Nerves prone to stretch or compression in lithotomy Femoral Nerve Sciatic Nerve Peroneal Nerve Posterior Tibial Nerve
- 15. Instrument selection Steinert Bill Weight Speculum
- 16. Instrument selection SIMS Double end Retractor SIMS Single end Retractor
- 17. Instrument selection Breisky Retractors Chrome Breisky Retractors
- 18. Instrument selection Heaney Clamp Glenner Clamp
- 19. Instrument selection Advance Bipolar electric vessel sealing device Ligasure Plasmakinetics Enseal
- 20. Avascular spaces of the female pelvis
- 21. Procedure Incision into the anterior vaginal mucosa during vaginal hysterectomy
- 22. Advancement of the anterior portion of the vaginal mucosa during vaginal hysterectomy Procedure
- 23. Procedure Incising the posterior pelvic cul-de-sac (Scissors are used to enter the vagina through the posterior cul-de-sac.)
- 24. Procedure Identification of the anterior peritoneal reflection
- 25. Procedure Entry into the vesicovaginal space (anterior cul-de-sac) during vaginal hysterectomy
- 26. Procedure Clamping and suture ligation of the cardinal ligaments during vaginal hysterectomy
- 27. Procedure Suture transfixion of the uterosacral ligaments during vaginal hysterectomy
- 28. Procedure Clamping and suture ligation of the uterine vasculature
- 29. Procedure Clamping of the remaining portion of the broad ligament
- 30. Procedure Clamping of the utero-ovarian ligament
- 31. Procedure Delivery of the uterine fundus posteriorly
- 32. Procedure Wedge resection for uterine decompression
- 37. Procedure Closure of the vaginal mucosa. Culdoplasty: Halban Moschowitz Mc Call
- 38. Common post operative complications • Urinary retention • Urinary incontinence • Cuff Abscess • Cuff dehiscence • Bleeding • Fallopian tube prolapse • Fever • Fistula • Ileus and bowel obstruction • Venous thromboembolism
- 39. REFERENCES • Aarts JW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, et al. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; :CD003677. • Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Committee Opinion No 701: Choosing the Route of Hysterectomy for Benign Disease. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 129:e155. • Zimmerman CW. Vaginal hysterectomy. In: TeLinde's Operative Gynecology, 11, Howard W. Jones III, John A. Rock (Eds), Wolters Kluwer, Philadephia 2015. p.715. • Doucette RC, Sharp HT, Alder SC. Challenging generally accepted contraindications to vaginal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:1386. • Friedman AJ, Barbieri RL, Doubilet PM, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of a gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonist (leuprolide) with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of leiomyomata uteri. Fertil Steril 1988; 49:404. • Carr BR, Marshburn PB, Weatherall PT, et al. An evaluation of the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and medroxyprogesterone acetate on uterine leiomyomata volume by magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:1217. • Minaguchi H, Wong JM, Snabes MC. Clinical use of nafarelin in the treatment of leiomyomas. A review of the literature. J Reprod Med 2000; 45:481. • Favero G, Miglino G, Köhler C, et al. Vaginal Morcellation Inside Protective Pouch: A Safe Strategy for Uterine Extration in Cases of Bulky Endometrial Cancers: Operative and Oncological Safety of the Method. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:938. • Shiota M, Kotani Y, Umemoto M, et al. Indication for laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. JSLS 2011; 15:343. • Lash AF. A method for reducing the size of the uterus in vaginal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1941; 42:452.
- 40. Dr. Rafi Rozan Obstetrician & Gynecologist Specialist in Comprehensive Family Medicine Mastology, Cosmetic & Laparoscopic Gyn. Medical Technologist
Editor's Notes
- VH is the preferred route. Surgeons preference for other routes is no longer considered appropriate to avoid vaginal approach.
- Allows to change the patient position intraoperatively. Decrease exposure because of large size
- Provides most access and exposure for vaginal delivery because they are least bulky. Does not allow for change in position intraoperatively.
- Steinert retracts the posterior vaginal and peritoneal surface one the posterior peritoneum has been entered
- Sims retractor are used with short weight speculum to visualize the cervix
- Breisky Retractors are used to back the vaginal side walls
- Use to clamp vascular pedicles
- Avascular spaces of the female pelvis (Schematic sectional drawing of the pelvis shows the firm connective tissue covering. The bladder, cervix, and rectum are surrounded by a connective tissue.