This document provides information on different types of vaccines, including live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit/recombinant/polysaccharide/conjugate vaccines, and toxoid vaccines. It explains how each type of vaccine works to stimulate the immune system and provides examples of diseases each type is used to protect against. The document also lists several diseases that vaccines can help prevent.
This document discusses various topics related to infectious diseases including:
- Types of diseases like acute, chronic, infectious, and non-infectious
- Common microbes that cause diseases like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
- Means of disease spread such as airborne, waterborne, and vectors
- Treatment methods including reducing symptoms and killing microbes with medicines/antibiotics
- The immune response and how antibodies and white blood cells help defend against pathogens
- Specific diseases are also discussed like malaria, influenza, hepatitis, rabies, and AIDS.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They come in various shapes and sizes and can infect animals, plants, and bacteria. Useful microbes are used in food/beverage production, medicine, vaccine production, and environmental cleanup. Harmful microbes can cause communicable diseases in humans and plants via air, water, food, or contact. Antibiotics are drugs that kill germs and cure infections, while vaccines protect against diseases by triggering antibody production without causing illness. Proper vaccination prevents diseases like cholera, hepatitis, smallpox, and tuberculosis.
1. Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate the immune system to develop antibodies against diseases.
2. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and recombinant.
3. Diphtheria toxoid is prepared from toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxins are treated with formalin to remove toxicity while retaining antigenicity.
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and infections. It defines different types of infections like acute, chronic, and opportunistic infections. It also describes different causative agents of infections like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The document then discusses the classification of antimicrobial drugs based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity and more. It provides examples for each category. The principles of antimicrobial therapy and factors considered in selecting antimicrobial agents are also summarized.
Vaccines work by introducing a small, weakened amount of a virus or bacteria into the body to trigger an immune response and develop antibodies without causing illness. They are designed using different strategies depending on the pathogen, including weakening or inactivating viruses and neutralizing bacterial toxins. Antibiotics, meanwhile, are drugs that treat bacterial infections by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria.
This document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and infection. It covers several key topics:
1) Normal flora are microorganisms that normally live in or on the human body without causing disease. Opportunistic pathogens are normal flora that can cause disease under certain conditions if the host's immunity is compromised.
2) Bacterial infection is determined by factors of both the bacterium and host. The number and virulence of bacteria as well as the host's innate and acquired immunity impact whether infection occurs.
3) Bacterial pathogenicity is influenced by virulence factors like toxins, invasiveness, and the portal of entry. Virulence refers to an organism's ability to cause disease and is determined by its inv
This document defines and discusses various types of infections. It begins by defining an infection as the invasion of an organism's tissues by pathogenic agents, their multiplication, and the host's reaction. Infections can be caused by viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, fungi, and other microorganisms. The document then provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infections.
This document discusses vaccination and immunity. It describes passive immunization, which provides rapid but temporary protection through administration of preformed antibodies. It also discusses principles of vaccination, including inducing memory responses using non-toxic antigens to provide long-term protection. Effective vaccines are described as being safe, protective, inducing long-lasting immunity, cost-effective, and easy to administer. Approaches to vaccine design include use of intact pathogens, subunits, vectors, and adjuvants. The immune response to vaccines is also summarized, including the roles of innate immunity, antigen presentation, memory responses, and the goal of vaccination to generate antigen-specific immune cells providing protection.
This document discusses various topics related to infectious diseases including:
- Types of diseases like acute, chronic, infectious, and non-infectious
- Common microbes that cause diseases like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
- Means of disease spread such as airborne, waterborne, and vectors
- Treatment methods including reducing symptoms and killing microbes with medicines/antibiotics
- The immune response and how antibodies and white blood cells help defend against pathogens
- Specific diseases are also discussed like malaria, influenza, hepatitis, rabies, and AIDS.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They come in various shapes and sizes and can infect animals, plants, and bacteria. Useful microbes are used in food/beverage production, medicine, vaccine production, and environmental cleanup. Harmful microbes can cause communicable diseases in humans and plants via air, water, food, or contact. Antibiotics are drugs that kill germs and cure infections, while vaccines protect against diseases by triggering antibody production without causing illness. Proper vaccination prevents diseases like cholera, hepatitis, smallpox, and tuberculosis.
1. Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate the immune system to develop antibodies against diseases.
2. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and recombinant.
3. Diphtheria toxoid is prepared from toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxins are treated with formalin to remove toxicity while retaining antigenicity.
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and infections. It defines different types of infections like acute, chronic, and opportunistic infections. It also describes different causative agents of infections like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The document then discusses the classification of antimicrobial drugs based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity and more. It provides examples for each category. The principles of antimicrobial therapy and factors considered in selecting antimicrobial agents are also summarized.
Vaccines work by introducing a small, weakened amount of a virus or bacteria into the body to trigger an immune response and develop antibodies without causing illness. They are designed using different strategies depending on the pathogen, including weakening or inactivating viruses and neutralizing bacterial toxins. Antibiotics, meanwhile, are drugs that treat bacterial infections by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria.
This document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and infection. It covers several key topics:
1) Normal flora are microorganisms that normally live in or on the human body without causing disease. Opportunistic pathogens are normal flora that can cause disease under certain conditions if the host's immunity is compromised.
2) Bacterial infection is determined by factors of both the bacterium and host. The number and virulence of bacteria as well as the host's innate and acquired immunity impact whether infection occurs.
3) Bacterial pathogenicity is influenced by virulence factors like toxins, invasiveness, and the portal of entry. Virulence refers to an organism's ability to cause disease and is determined by its inv
This document defines and discusses various types of infections. It begins by defining an infection as the invasion of an organism's tissues by pathogenic agents, their multiplication, and the host's reaction. Infections can be caused by viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, fungi, and other microorganisms. The document then provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infections.
This document discusses vaccination and immunity. It describes passive immunization, which provides rapid but temporary protection through administration of preformed antibodies. It also discusses principles of vaccination, including inducing memory responses using non-toxic antigens to provide long-term protection. Effective vaccines are described as being safe, protective, inducing long-lasting immunity, cost-effective, and easy to administer. Approaches to vaccine design include use of intact pathogens, subunits, vectors, and adjuvants. The immune response to vaccines is also summarized, including the roles of innate immunity, antigen presentation, memory responses, and the goal of vaccination to generate antigen-specific immune cells providing protection.
This document discusses the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. It defines key terms like commensal, opportunistic pathogen, pathogen, virulence, infection, and portal of entry. It describes bacterial virulence factors such as capsules, adhesins, invasiveness, exoenzymes, and toxins. It also discusses concepts like infecting dose, clinical manifestations, and the evolution of infection.
Diseases Caused by Viruses_ Khyati Gupta (1).pdfKhyatiGupta71
Viruses cause a variety of diseases that are transmitted through different routes. Common viral diseases include influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox, rabies, chikungunya, and dengue. Viruses have an incubation period before symptoms appear. Symptoms vary depending on the virus but can include fever, rash, joint pain, and respiratory issues. Some viral diseases may lead to severe complications affecting organs like the heart, brain, or CNS. Antiviral drugs and vaccines exist for some viruses.
This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It begins by defining key terms like infection, acute and chronic infection. It then classifies infections in various ways such as primary vs secondary. The document outlines different sources of infection like humans, animals, insects, soil/water and food. It describes several methods by which infections can be transmitted, including contact, inhalation, ingestion and more. Finally, it discusses factors that influence microbial pathogenicity and mechanisms pathogens use to cause disease, such as adhesion, invasiveness, and survival strategies within the host.
This document discusses types of infections caused by microbes and immunity. There are two main types of infections - viral infections caused by viruses, and bacterial infections caused by bacteria. Bacteria can infect any part of the body and cause illnesses like pneumonia and meningitis. Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cannot reproduce on their own. There are four types of immunity - innate immunity present at birth, adaptive immunity developed after exposure, active immunity from exposure or vaccination, and passive immunity from maternal antibodies that provide short term protection for newborns.
This document summarizes information about Paraprotex, a food supplement that provides anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal protection. It discusses how parasites and infections are becoming more common worldwide due to factors like diet and immunity. Paraprotex aims to strengthen the immune system and change the body's environment to make it inhospitable for parasites and pathogens. The document also reviews mechanisms of immunity against various biological agents like parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. It describes both innate immune responses and acquired immune responses mediated by antibodies and T cells. It discusses how different pathogens elicit distinct immune responses and how parasites have evolved strategies for evading the immune system.
Mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and virulenceMeher Rizvi
This document discusses bacterial virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It defines key terms like pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, virulence, and colonization. It then describes several virulence factors like adhesins, pili, capsules, toxins, enzymes, and plasmids that allow bacteria to adhere to and invade host cells, evade the immune system, and cause damage. Methods of acquiring new virulence genes like plasmids, bacteriophages, and horizontal gene transfer are also summarized.
Infectious diseases result from pathogenic microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. They can be transmitted between individuals through various pathways like physical contact. Non-infectious diseases have causes like genetic disorders, environmental factors and lifestyle choices. They cannot be transmitted between individuals. The immune system usually clears infections, resulting in immunity. However some pathogens can evade immunity and cause life-long infections like HIV.
This document discusses infectious and non-infectious diseases. It defines infectious diseases as clinically evident illnesses caused by pathogenic agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. These pathogens can be transmitted between hosts. Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted between individuals. The document covers causes of infectious diseases like primary pathogens and opportunistic infections. It also discusses immunity, classification of pathogens, and methods of proving infectious disease transmission like Koch's postulates. Non-infectious diseases are defined as not transmissible and caused by genetics, environment, lifestyle, or nutrition. Inherited genetic disorders and environmental factors that can lead to non-infectious diseases are outlined.
Viral infections can range from asymptomatic to causing disease depending on the virus and host factors. Viruses typically enter the body through mucous membranes, then spread locally or systemically. Primary viral replication occurs at the entry site, followed by cellular injury, host immune response, and potential viral clearance or persistence. Disease results from a complex interplay between the virus infecting and damaging host cells, and the host response. The outcome of infection is determined by both viral virulence and host susceptibility.
The document defines various terminologies related to microbial pathogenicity and infection. It discusses terms like saprophytes, parasites, commensals, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, infection, colonization, infestation, and more. It also classifies infections based on factors like source, clinical manifestation, epidemiological patterns, and more. Finally, it covers various mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity like adhesion, invasiveness, toxins, inhibition of phagocytosis, and more.
The Nature Of Disease Controlling Diseasedoc_sawyer
1. There are several methods for controlling infectious disease, including preventing transmission through behavioral changes, modifying the environment, effective sanitation practices, immunization, and using antimicrobial drugs and monoclonal antibodies.
2. The World Health Organization works to improve global health through guidance, standards, cooperation with countries, and developing health technologies.
3. The CDC investigates, monitors, and controls diseases both in the US and globally by rapidly responding to outbreaks.
- Immunization is the process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live, killed or attenuated organisms. It stimulates the immune system and produces antibodies to prevent disease.
- There are various types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated/killed, and toxoids. National immunization schedules provide recommended ages and doses of vaccines like BCG, DPT, polio, hepatitis B, and measles.
- Immunization is essential to reduce child mortality and is one of the most effective public health interventions. Ensuring all children are fully immunized is important to protect both individuals and communities.
The document defines and compares innate, acquired, active, and passive immunity. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial surfaces and cellular factors. It also explains the types of acquired immunity including natural and artificial active immunity induced by infection or vaccination, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity from maternal antibody transfer or administration of antibodies.
The document discusses various topics related to immunization and vaccines. It defines key terms like active immunity, passive immunity, vaccination, and immunization. It describes different types of vaccines such as live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and newer technologies like mRNA and viral vector vaccines. It also discusses the ingredients in vaccines and their purposes. Furthermore, it provides recommendations for vaccination by age, including for pregnancy, newborns, and children.
This document discusses infectious diseases, their causes, symptoms, prevention and control. It describes several bacterial diseases like cholera, typhoid and rabies caused by Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and rabies virus respectively. Malaria is discussed as a protozoan disease spread by the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms, prevention through vaccination and sanitation, and treatment options are provided for each disease. The document also differentiates between cure and remission of diseases as well as ways of preventing diseases through public health measures, nutrition and vaccinations.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from viruses or bacteria. This triggers an immune response that produces antibodies to fight future infections from these pathogens. Vaccines contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria, along with preservatives and adjuvants. When administered, they mimic natural infections and induce immunity. Traditional vaccines include live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid and subunit vaccines. Innovative vaccines include conjugate vaccines, which link weak antigens to strong carriers, and recombinant vector vaccines. Quality control ensures vaccines are safe, potent and effective through in-process and final product testing.
This document discusses opportunistic pathogens and infections. It begins by defining an opportunistic pathogen as a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but can do so when the host's immune system is compromised. Examples of opportunistic bacteria that can cause infections in HIV/AIDS patients are provided, including Campylobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Salmonella. The document also discusses two specific opportunistic pathogens in more detail: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (E. coli). It provides information on their characteristics, infections they can cause, and prevention strategies.
This document discusses vaccines and antiviral drugs. It provides details on the history of vaccines including Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. It describes the various types of vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and conjugate vaccines. The document also discusses the vaccine production process and gives examples of commonly used antiviral drugs for influenza, herpes, and hepatitis.
This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as rendering the subject immune by inoculating with a specific antigen to induce an immune response. It describes two types of immunity: active immunity produced by vaccines/toxoids that is long-lasting, and passive immunity produced by immunoglobulins that only provides temporary protection. It also discusses herd immunity and how a critical level of community immunity through vaccination protects even non-vaccinated individuals. The document outlines the expanded program on immunization in India and the vaccination schedule, describing various live attenuated, killed, and genetically engineered vaccine types for bacterial and viral diseases. It notes contraindications and potential adverse effects.
This document discusses the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. It defines key terms like commensal, opportunistic pathogen, pathogen, virulence, infection, and portal of entry. It describes bacterial virulence factors such as capsules, adhesins, invasiveness, exoenzymes, and toxins. It also discusses concepts like infecting dose, clinical manifestations, and the evolution of infection.
Diseases Caused by Viruses_ Khyati Gupta (1).pdfKhyatiGupta71
Viruses cause a variety of diseases that are transmitted through different routes. Common viral diseases include influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox, rabies, chikungunya, and dengue. Viruses have an incubation period before symptoms appear. Symptoms vary depending on the virus but can include fever, rash, joint pain, and respiratory issues. Some viral diseases may lead to severe complications affecting organs like the heart, brain, or CNS. Antiviral drugs and vaccines exist for some viruses.
This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It begins by defining key terms like infection, acute and chronic infection. It then classifies infections in various ways such as primary vs secondary. The document outlines different sources of infection like humans, animals, insects, soil/water and food. It describes several methods by which infections can be transmitted, including contact, inhalation, ingestion and more. Finally, it discusses factors that influence microbial pathogenicity and mechanisms pathogens use to cause disease, such as adhesion, invasiveness, and survival strategies within the host.
This document discusses types of infections caused by microbes and immunity. There are two main types of infections - viral infections caused by viruses, and bacterial infections caused by bacteria. Bacteria can infect any part of the body and cause illnesses like pneumonia and meningitis. Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cannot reproduce on their own. There are four types of immunity - innate immunity present at birth, adaptive immunity developed after exposure, active immunity from exposure or vaccination, and passive immunity from maternal antibodies that provide short term protection for newborns.
This document summarizes information about Paraprotex, a food supplement that provides anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal protection. It discusses how parasites and infections are becoming more common worldwide due to factors like diet and immunity. Paraprotex aims to strengthen the immune system and change the body's environment to make it inhospitable for parasites and pathogens. The document also reviews mechanisms of immunity against various biological agents like parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. It describes both innate immune responses and acquired immune responses mediated by antibodies and T cells. It discusses how different pathogens elicit distinct immune responses and how parasites have evolved strategies for evading the immune system.
Mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and virulenceMeher Rizvi
This document discusses bacterial virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It defines key terms like pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, virulence, and colonization. It then describes several virulence factors like adhesins, pili, capsules, toxins, enzymes, and plasmids that allow bacteria to adhere to and invade host cells, evade the immune system, and cause damage. Methods of acquiring new virulence genes like plasmids, bacteriophages, and horizontal gene transfer are also summarized.
Infectious diseases result from pathogenic microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. They can be transmitted between individuals through various pathways like physical contact. Non-infectious diseases have causes like genetic disorders, environmental factors and lifestyle choices. They cannot be transmitted between individuals. The immune system usually clears infections, resulting in immunity. However some pathogens can evade immunity and cause life-long infections like HIV.
This document discusses infectious and non-infectious diseases. It defines infectious diseases as clinically evident illnesses caused by pathogenic agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. These pathogens can be transmitted between hosts. Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted between individuals. The document covers causes of infectious diseases like primary pathogens and opportunistic infections. It also discusses immunity, classification of pathogens, and methods of proving infectious disease transmission like Koch's postulates. Non-infectious diseases are defined as not transmissible and caused by genetics, environment, lifestyle, or nutrition. Inherited genetic disorders and environmental factors that can lead to non-infectious diseases are outlined.
Viral infections can range from asymptomatic to causing disease depending on the virus and host factors. Viruses typically enter the body through mucous membranes, then spread locally or systemically. Primary viral replication occurs at the entry site, followed by cellular injury, host immune response, and potential viral clearance or persistence. Disease results from a complex interplay between the virus infecting and damaging host cells, and the host response. The outcome of infection is determined by both viral virulence and host susceptibility.
The document defines various terminologies related to microbial pathogenicity and infection. It discusses terms like saprophytes, parasites, commensals, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, infection, colonization, infestation, and more. It also classifies infections based on factors like source, clinical manifestation, epidemiological patterns, and more. Finally, it covers various mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity like adhesion, invasiveness, toxins, inhibition of phagocytosis, and more.
The Nature Of Disease Controlling Diseasedoc_sawyer
1. There are several methods for controlling infectious disease, including preventing transmission through behavioral changes, modifying the environment, effective sanitation practices, immunization, and using antimicrobial drugs and monoclonal antibodies.
2. The World Health Organization works to improve global health through guidance, standards, cooperation with countries, and developing health technologies.
3. The CDC investigates, monitors, and controls diseases both in the US and globally by rapidly responding to outbreaks.
- Immunization is the process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live, killed or attenuated organisms. It stimulates the immune system and produces antibodies to prevent disease.
- There are various types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated/killed, and toxoids. National immunization schedules provide recommended ages and doses of vaccines like BCG, DPT, polio, hepatitis B, and measles.
- Immunization is essential to reduce child mortality and is one of the most effective public health interventions. Ensuring all children are fully immunized is important to protect both individuals and communities.
The document defines and compares innate, acquired, active, and passive immunity. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial surfaces and cellular factors. It also explains the types of acquired immunity including natural and artificial active immunity induced by infection or vaccination, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity from maternal antibody transfer or administration of antibodies.
The document discusses various topics related to immunization and vaccines. It defines key terms like active immunity, passive immunity, vaccination, and immunization. It describes different types of vaccines such as live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and newer technologies like mRNA and viral vector vaccines. It also discusses the ingredients in vaccines and their purposes. Furthermore, it provides recommendations for vaccination by age, including for pregnancy, newborns, and children.
This document discusses infectious diseases, their causes, symptoms, prevention and control. It describes several bacterial diseases like cholera, typhoid and rabies caused by Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and rabies virus respectively. Malaria is discussed as a protozoan disease spread by the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms, prevention through vaccination and sanitation, and treatment options are provided for each disease. The document also differentiates between cure and remission of diseases as well as ways of preventing diseases through public health measures, nutrition and vaccinations.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from viruses or bacteria. This triggers an immune response that produces antibodies to fight future infections from these pathogens. Vaccines contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria, along with preservatives and adjuvants. When administered, they mimic natural infections and induce immunity. Traditional vaccines include live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid and subunit vaccines. Innovative vaccines include conjugate vaccines, which link weak antigens to strong carriers, and recombinant vector vaccines. Quality control ensures vaccines are safe, potent and effective through in-process and final product testing.
This document discusses opportunistic pathogens and infections. It begins by defining an opportunistic pathogen as a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but can do so when the host's immune system is compromised. Examples of opportunistic bacteria that can cause infections in HIV/AIDS patients are provided, including Campylobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Salmonella. The document also discusses two specific opportunistic pathogens in more detail: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (E. coli). It provides information on their characteristics, infections they can cause, and prevention strategies.
This document discusses vaccines and antiviral drugs. It provides details on the history of vaccines including Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. It describes the various types of vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and conjugate vaccines. The document also discusses the vaccine production process and gives examples of commonly used antiviral drugs for influenza, herpes, and hepatitis.
This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as rendering the subject immune by inoculating with a specific antigen to induce an immune response. It describes two types of immunity: active immunity produced by vaccines/toxoids that is long-lasting, and passive immunity produced by immunoglobulins that only provides temporary protection. It also discusses herd immunity and how a critical level of community immunity through vaccination protects even non-vaccinated individuals. The document outlines the expanded program on immunization in India and the vaccination schedule, describing various live attenuated, killed, and genetically engineered vaccine types for bacterial and viral diseases. It notes contraindications and potential adverse effects.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Vaccines.docx
1. A vaccine isa biological preparationthatimprovesimmunitytoaparticulardx.A vaccine typically
containsan agentthat resemblesadx cosingmicroorganism& is oftenmade 4rm weakenedorkilled
4rm of the microbe,itstoxinorone of itssurface proteins.The agentstimulatesthe body'simmune
systemtorecogize the agentas foreign,destroyit&rememberitsodt the immune systemcanmore
easilyrecognize &destroyanyof these microorganismsthatitlaterencounters. There are several
differenttypesof vaccines.Eachtype isdesignedtoteach the immune systemhow tofightoff certain
kindsof germs — and the seriousdiseasestheycause.Thereare 4 maintypesof vaccines:Live-
attenuatedvaccines,Inactivatedvaccines,Subunit,recombinant,polysaccharide,andconjugate vaccines
& Toxoidvaccines
Live-attenuatedvaccines
Live vaccinesuse a weakened(orattenuated)formof the germthat causesa disease.
Because these vaccinesare sosimilartothe natural infection they prevent,theycreate astrongand
long-lastingimmunethattheyhelp response.Just1or 2 dosesof most live vaccinescangive youa
lifetimeprotectionagainstagermand the disease itcauses.
But live vaccinesalsohave some limitations.Forexample:
Because theycontaina small amountof the weakenedlive virus,somepeople shouldtalktotheirhealth
care providerbefore receivingthem, suchaspeople withweakenedimmunesystems,long-termhealth
problems,orpeople who’ve hadanorgantransplant.
Theyneedtobe keptcool,sotheydon’ttravel well.Thatmeanstheycan’tbe usedincountrieswith
limitedaccesstorefrigerators.
Live vaccinesare usedto protectagainst:Measles, mumps,rubella(MMRcombined
vaccine)Rotavirus,Smallpox,Chickenpox,Yellowfever
Inactivatedvaccines
Inactivatedvaccinesuse the killedversionof the germthatcausesa disease.
Inactivatedvaccinesusuallydon’tprovideimmunity(protection) that’sasstrongaslive vaccines.Soyou
may needseveral dosesovertime (boostershots) inordertogetongoingimmunityagainstdiseases.
Inactivatedvaccinesare usedtoprotectagainst:HepatitisA,Flu(shotonly),Polio(shotonly),Rabies
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, andconjugate vaccines
Subunit,recombinant,polysaccharide,andconjugate vaccinesuse specificpiecesof the germ — like its
protein,sugar,orcapsid (acasing aroundthe germ).
Because these vaccinesuse onlyspecificpiecesof the germ, theygive averystrongimmune response
that’stargetedto keyparts of the germ.Theycan alsobe usedon almosteveryone whoneedsthem,
includingpeople withweakenedimmunesystemsandlong-termhealthproblems.
One limitationof these vaccines isthatyoumay needboostershotstogetongoingprotectionagainst
diseases.
These vaccinesare usedto protectagainst:Hib(Haemophilusinfluenzaetype b) disease,HepatitisB,HPV
(Humanpapillomavirus),Whoopingcough (partof the DTaP combinedvaccine),Pneumococcal
disease,Meningococcal disease,Shingles
Toxoid vaccines
Toxoidvaccinesuse atoxin(harmful product) made bythe germthat causesa disease.Theycreate
immunitytothe parts of the germ that cause a disease insteadof the germitself.Thatmeansthe
immune response istargetedtothe toxininsteadof the whole germ.
Like some othertypesof vaccines,youmayneedboostershotstoget ongoingprotectionagainst
diseases.
Toxoidvaccinesare usedtoprotect against:Diphtheria,Tetanus
How dovaccineswork?
2. Vaccinesworkbystimulatingthe immunesystemtoproduce immunemoleculessuchasantibodies
(substancesproducedbythe bodytofightdisease).If youare vaccinatedandcome intocontact with
the disease itself,the antibodiesproducedfollowingvaccinationwill fightthe germsthatcancause the
disease avaccine wasgiventoprevent.
Vaccinationpromptsthe immune systemtoproduce itsownantibodies,asthoughthe bodyhas been
infectedwithadisease,butwithoutcausingsickness.Thisiscalled"active immunity".If avaccinated
personcomesintocontact withthe germ-causingdisease itself,the immune systemwillrecognise itand
immediatelyproduce the antibodiesneeded tofightit.
On administration,some vaccinesmaypromptthe immune systemtoproduce Tand B lymphocytes.
Subsequentlymemory Tand B lymphocytesare storedinthe body.If a germthat the vaccine was given
againstentersthe bodyof an immunizedperson,the memory TandB lymphocytesare releasedtofight
and eliminatethe germfromthe body,withoutthe persongettingsick.
Vaccine Preventable Diseases
Cholerais an acute intestinal infectioncausedbyingestionof foodorwatercontaminatedwiththe
bacteriumVibriocholera.
Dengue isa mosquito-borne flavivirusfoundintropical andsub-tropical regionsof the world,mostlyin
urban andsemi-urbansettings.Day-bitingAedesmosquitosspreaddisease.
Diphtheriais an infectiousdiseasecausedbythe bacteriumCorynebacteriumdiphtheria,which
primarilyinfectsthe throatandupperairways,andproducesatoxinaffectingotherorgans.
HepatitisA isa viral liverdisease thatcancause mildto severe illness.
HepatitisB isa viral infectionthatattacksthe liverandcan cause bothacute and chronicdisease.Itisa
majorglobal healthproblem,andthe mostserioustype of viral hepatitis.
HepatitisE isa viral liverinfectionwhichisusuallyself-limiting,butmaydevelopintofulminanthepatitis
(acute liverfailure).
Haemophilusinfluenzatype b (Hib) isa bacteriaresponsible forsevere pneumonia,meningitisand
otherinvasive diseasesalmostexclusivelyinchildrenagedlessthan5 years.
Human papillomavirus(HPV) causescervical cancer,whichisthe fourthmostcommon cancerin
women.
Influenzaisa contagious,acute respiratoryillnesscausedbyinfluenzaviruses,usuallyinfluenzaA or B
subtypes.Influenzacancause mildto severe illness,anditmaypredispose toexacerbationsof
underlyingdiseaseordevelopmentof secondarybacterial infections.
Japanese encephalitis(JE) isthe maincause of viral encephalitisinmanycountriesof Asia.The JEvirus
isa flavivirusrelatedtodengue,yellowfeverandWestNile viruses.The virusexistsinatransmission
cycle betweenmosquitoes,pigsand/orwaterbirds.Humansgetinfectedwhenbittenbyaninfected
mosquito.
Measlesisa highlycontagiousviral disease.Itremainsanimportantcause of deathamongyoung
childrenglobally,despitethe availabilityof asafe andeffectivevaccine.
Meningococcal meningitis,causedbyNeisseriameningitidis(meningococcus) isaleadingcause of
bacterial meningitisandsepticaemia.Endemicdiseaseoccursworldwide,withoutbreaksmost
frequentlyoccurringinthe “MeningitisBelt”of sub-SaharanAfrica
Mumps isan infectioncausedbyavirusand spreadhuman-to-humanviadirectcontactor by airborne
droplets.Itissometimescalledinfectiousparotitis,anditprimarilyaffectsthe salivaryglands.
Pertussisisa highlycontagiousdisease of the respiratorytractcausedby Bordetellapertussis,abacteria
that livesinthe mouth,nose,andthroat.Many childrenwhocontractpertussishave coughingspells
that lastfour to eightweeks.
Pneumococcal diseases,causedbyStreptococcuspneumoniabacterium.The bacteriumisthe cause of
a numberof common diseases,rangingfromseriousdiseasessuchasmeningitis, septicaemiaand
pneumoniatomilderbutcommonerinfectionssuchassinusitisandotitismedia.
3. Polio(poliomyelitis)isahighlyinfectiousdisease causedbyavirus.Itinvadesthe nervoussystemand
can cause irreversibleparalysisinamatterof hours.Polioisspreadthroughperson-to-personcontact.
Rabies isa zoonoticviral disease whichinfectsdomesticandwildanimals.Itistransmittedtoother
animalsandhumansthroughclose contact withsalivafrominfectedanimals(i.e.bites,scratches,licks
on brokenskinandmucousmembranes).Once symptomsof the disease develop,rabiesisfatal toboth
animalsandhumans.
Rotaviruses are the mostcommoncause of severe diarrhoealdisease inyoungchildrenthroughoutthe
world.AccordingtoWHO 2008 estimates,about450 000 childrenaged<5 yearsdie each yearfrom
vaccine-preventablerotavirusinfections;the vastmajorityof these childrenlive inlow-income
countries.
Rubellais transmittedinairborne dropletswheninfectedpeoplesneeze orcough,rubellaisanacute,
usuallymildviral disease traditionallyaffectingsusceptiblechildrenandyoungadultsworldwide.
Rubellainfectionjustbefore conceptionandinearlypregnancymayresultinmiscarriage,foetal death
or congenital defectsknownascongenital rubellasyndrome (CRS).
Tetanus isa non-communicabledisease contractedthroughexposuretothe sporesof the bacterium,
Clostridiumtetani,thatexistsworldwideinsoil andinanimal intestinal tracts,andassuch can
contaminate manysurfaces andsubstances.Tetanusoccurringduringpregnancyorwithin6weeksof
the endof pregnancyiscalled“maternal tetanus”,while tetanusoccurringwithinthe first28days of life
iscalled“neonatal tetanus”.
Tick-borne encephalitis isanimportantcause of viral infectionsof the central nervoussystemin
eastern,central andnorthernEuropeancountries,andinnorthernChina,Mongolia,andthe Russian
Federation.
Tuberculosis(TB) iscausedby a bacterium, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis(Mtb).Itisacurable and
preventabledisease thatmostoftenaffectsthe lungs.TBistransmittedfrompersontoperson,by
people withpulmonary(lung) TBwhorelease Mtbintothe air throughcoughing,sneezingorspitting.
Typhoid feverisan infectioncausedbythe Salmonellatyphi bacterium,usuallythroughingestionof
contaminatedfoodorwater.The acute illnessischaracterizedbyprolongedfever,headache,nausea,
lossof appetite,andconstipationorsometimesdiarrhoea
Varicella,alsocommonlyreferredtoas“chickenpox”,isanacute and highlycontagiousdisease.Itis
causedby primaryinfectionwiththe varicella-zostervirus(VZV).Varicellaoccursworldwide andinthe
absence of a vaccinationprogramme,affectsnearlyeverypersonbymid-adulthood.
YellowFever(YF) isa mosquito-borne viral diseaseof humansandotherprimates,andiscurrently
endemicinover43 countriesinthe tropical regionsof AfricaandThe Americas.Infectionwiththe YF
viruscan be asymptomaticor cause a wide spectrumof disease,frommildsymptomstosevere illness
withbleeding,jaundice and,ultimately,death.