Vaccine animal model
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In vivo assays using animal models play a crucial role in assessing the potency and safety of human vaccines by allowing researchers to address problems that arise during development. Natural disease models use specific pathogens and their native hosts to model host-pathogen interactions, while surrogate models use species that can only be infected experimentally. These assays in animal models analyze specific immune responses and allow exploration of various aspects of vaccine formulation and delivery.
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POSTER ON ALTERNATIVE ANIMAL MODEL SYSTEM
Animal models are used in medical research to mimic human diseases and test potential treatments. This document compares four common animal models: mice, woodchucks, pigs, and cattle. Each species has advantages and disadvantages for modeling certain human diseases and conditions. Mice are abundant and have a short breeding cycle but are small. Woodchucks can model hepatitis infections but require individual housing and grow quickly. Pigs and cattle are large and physiologically similar to humans but pigs need special facilities and cattle have a long breeding cycle. The four species allow researchers to study different diseases, test immune responses, and gain biological insights relevant to human health.
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This document discusses several studies related to viruses and the immune system. It first summarizes a study that found a patient had a successful immune response to Lassa virus infection characterized by early IFN-α expression and activated CD8 T cells, which correlated with virus clearance. It next summarizes a modeling study that found eliminating HPV16-related cervical cancer requires higher vaccine efficacy than other HPV types due to differences in infection duration and cancer risk. The document concludes by stating these studies help understand life processes important for treatment and many medical technologies are inspired by biological research.
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This document discusses "superbugs", which are bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics known as Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Two deaths at a California medical center were linked to CRE after patients were exposed via contaminated medical instruments. CRE infections cause thousands of cases and deaths annually in the US. They are difficult to treat as the bacteria have become resistant to most available antibiotics. Prevention through hygienic practices by healthcare workers and attention to sterilizing instruments is important to avoid CRE becoming a widespread epidemic.
uts-vol1
UCSD undergraduate researchers are studying various ecosystems and their components in order to better understand their functioning and identify factors crucial for preservation. Studies described include examining the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in mammary gland and stem cell development, investigating how the antibiotic salinomycin affects cancer stem cells, and exploring the foraging behavior of bees and life histories of cacti. The goal is to gain insights that can inform effective conservation strategies to protect interdependent living things and environments.
Superbug
NDM-1 is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria that makes them resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics like carbapenems. Bacteria carrying multiple resistance genes, including NDM-1, are called "superbugs" as they are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both medicine and agriculture has contributed to increased antibiotic resistance through evolutionary selection pressure. NDM-1 resistance can spread between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Cases are usually caused by E. coli or Klebsiella transmitted through contaminated feces or surfaces. Prevention efforts should focus on rational antibiotic use, vaccination, hand hygiene, and reducing overall antibiotic consumption.
Vaccine 140629024208-phpapp01-210604150900
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
Superbugs
This document discusses the growing threat of antibiotic resistance and defines various levels of drug-resistant bacteria, known as "superbugs." It provides data from the CDC on illnesses and deaths in the US caused by antibiotic resistance. Certain drug-resistant bacteria are categorized as "urgent threats" or "serious threats" based on their impact. While new antibiotics are lacking, photodynamic therapy may be useful for treating certain drug-resistant infections affecting the skin, wounds, or resulting from medical procedures. The document emphasizes that misuse of antibiotics and spread of resistant bacteria are major factors contributing to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance worldwide.
Antibiotic Resistance as a development and aid issue
1) The document discusses the global threat of antibiotic resistance, noting it is a development and aid issue.
2) Key factors that have contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance include overuse of antibiotics in agriculture, overprescription by doctors, lack of access to diagnostics in developing countries, and global travel and trade.
3) Addressing antibiotic resistance requires strengthening surveillance, rationalizing antibiotic use, securing access to effective antibiotics globally, developing new diagnostics and treatment guidelines, and reframing antibiotic resistance as a global health and development priority.
Recommended
POSTER ON ALTERNATIVE ANIMAL MODEL SYSTEM
Animal models are used in medical research to mimic human diseases and test potential treatments. This document compares four common animal models: mice, woodchucks, pigs, and cattle. Each species has advantages and disadvantages for modeling certain human diseases and conditions. Mice are abundant and have a short breeding cycle but are small. Woodchucks can model hepatitis infections but require individual housing and grow quickly. Pigs and cattle are large and physiologically similar to humans but pigs need special facilities and cattle have a long breeding cycle. The four species allow researchers to study different diseases, test immune responses, and gain biological insights relevant to human health.
THE CELL AND ITS EVOLUTION
This document discusses several studies related to viruses and the immune system. It first summarizes a study that found a patient had a successful immune response to Lassa virus infection characterized by early IFN-α expression and activated CD8 T cells, which correlated with virus clearance. It next summarizes a modeling study that found eliminating HPV16-related cervical cancer requires higher vaccine efficacy than other HPV types due to differences in infection duration and cancer risk. The document concludes by stating these studies help understand life processes important for treatment and many medical technologies are inspired by biological research.
Superbug Infection | Dr Jose Poulose
This document discusses "superbugs", which are bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics known as Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Two deaths at a California medical center were linked to CRE after patients were exposed via contaminated medical instruments. CRE infections cause thousands of cases and deaths annually in the US. They are difficult to treat as the bacteria have become resistant to most available antibiotics. Prevention through hygienic practices by healthcare workers and attention to sterilizing instruments is important to avoid CRE becoming a widespread epidemic.
uts-vol1
UCSD undergraduate researchers are studying various ecosystems and their components in order to better understand their functioning and identify factors crucial for preservation. Studies described include examining the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in mammary gland and stem cell development, investigating how the antibiotic salinomycin affects cancer stem cells, and exploring the foraging behavior of bees and life histories of cacti. The goal is to gain insights that can inform effective conservation strategies to protect interdependent living things and environments.
Superbug
NDM-1 is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria that makes them resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics like carbapenems. Bacteria carrying multiple resistance genes, including NDM-1, are called "superbugs" as they are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both medicine and agriculture has contributed to increased antibiotic resistance through evolutionary selection pressure. NDM-1 resistance can spread between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Cases are usually caused by E. coli or Klebsiella transmitted through contaminated feces or surfaces. Prevention efforts should focus on rational antibiotic use, vaccination, hand hygiene, and reducing overall antibiotic consumption.
Vaccine 140629024208-phpapp01-210604150900
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
Superbugs
This document discusses the growing threat of antibiotic resistance and defines various levels of drug-resistant bacteria, known as "superbugs." It provides data from the CDC on illnesses and deaths in the US caused by antibiotic resistance. Certain drug-resistant bacteria are categorized as "urgent threats" or "serious threats" based on their impact. While new antibiotics are lacking, photodynamic therapy may be useful for treating certain drug-resistant infections affecting the skin, wounds, or resulting from medical procedures. The document emphasizes that misuse of antibiotics and spread of resistant bacteria are major factors contributing to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance worldwide.
Antibiotic Resistance as a development and aid issue
1) The document discusses the global threat of antibiotic resistance, noting it is a development and aid issue.
2) Key factors that have contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance include overuse of antibiotics in agriculture, overprescription by doctors, lack of access to diagnostics in developing countries, and global travel and trade.
3) Addressing antibiotic resistance requires strengthening surveillance, rationalizing antibiotic use, securing access to effective antibiotics globally, developing new diagnostics and treatment guidelines, and reframing antibiotic resistance as a global health and development priority.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
Prevention and vaccines of malaria
Malaria is a common infectious disease spread by mosquitos and caused by a plasmodium parasite. It can be prevented through various methods including vaccines. The most advanced malaria vaccine currently is RTS,S, which has completed Phase III clinical trials showing 51.3% efficacy against clinical malaria. RTS,S consists of a virus-like particle displaying hepatitis B surface antigen alone and fused with a fragment of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, inducing CD4 T cells but not CD8 T cells in humans.
Fighting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance webinar
Lord Jim O’Neill, the UK Commercial Secretary to the Treasury and Chair of the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, recently released a report laying out recommendations to fight the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Overuse of antibiotics, especially of broad spectrum antibiotics rather than targeted narrow spectrum therapies, has led to an increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections. This emerging health issue is poised to have devastating global consequences, making it impossible to treat previously curable diseases. AMR already contributes to 700,000 deaths a year, and the report warns that it could cause 10 million deaths a year and $100 trillion in lost global productivity by 2050 if nothing is done to stop its spread.
In recent years, advances in diagnostic technology have made rapid point-of-care testing possible for many diseases – enabling providers to immediately prescribe the most appropriate therapy during the course of a patient’s visit.
This webinar will focused on the importance of understanding the need for diagnostics, what is being done in development and the solutions that are available now.
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
1) A study evaluated four SARS-CoV vaccine candidates in mice to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.
2) All vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies and protected mice from SARS-CoV challenge as shown by reduced lung virus levels.
3) However, when mice were challenged after vaccination, all mice exhibited histopathologic lung changes, including eosinophil infiltration. This suggested the vaccines induced a Th2-type immunopathology rather than protection from disease.
4) The findings indicate SARS-CoV vaccines may protect against infection but could also cause immunopathology upon exposure to the live virus. More research is needed before applying these vaccines to humans.
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in future
Superbugs have developed resistance to many antibiotics due to their overuse and misuse. This threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections (1). Researchers are exploring new approaches using nanotechnology, biotherapy, and inhibiting bacterial DNA exchange to develop effective treatments (2). However, it may take decades to achieve breakthroughs, during which many patients could die. Increased funding support is needed from multiple sources for research to continue developing new antibiotics and treatments in the interim (3).
Dr. Kent Schwartz - Disease Interventions: Are We Doing as Good as We Know?
Disease Interventions: Are We Doing as Good as We Know? - Dr. Kent Schwartz, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, from the 2016 Ceva Swine U.S. Launch & Scientific Symposium, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-ceva-symposium-aasv
Deciphering drug resistance in mtb using wgs
This document discusses how whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has improved understanding of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB). WGS has identified specific mutations that cause resistance to classical and new antitubercular drugs. It has also revealed how resistance evolves within patients and spreads between patients. Clinical applications of WGS include rapid detection of drug resistance and tracking of TB outbreaks. However, challenges remain in applying WGS to improve TB control and diagnosis.
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This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
Sci am special online issue 2003.no09 - germ wars
This document summarizes the advances in antiviral drugs that have occurred due to viral genomics and new drug discovery techniques. It describes how sequencing viral genomes has allowed researchers to identify new targets for antiviral drugs, such as specific viral proteins. It provides examples of drug discovery strategies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as attachment to cells or viral replication. The document indicates that dozens of new antiviral therapies have been developed and hundreds more are in development to treat viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes.
Genomic epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic pae...
The document summarizes research on Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic paediatric infection in the Peruvian Amazon. It finds that isolates from Peruvian children have a local gene pool and genotypes rarely seen globally. Lineages associated with asymptomatic infection are proliferating in the region. Though globally circulating strains are present, the regional accessory genome content differs. Poultry is identified as the predominant infection source for children in the Peruvian Amazon. Further sampling is needed to better understand regional differences and reservoirs.
Superbug
1. NDM-1 is a gene that confers resistance to carbapenems, a class of antibiotics used as a last resort. It was first identified in India in 2008.
2. The NDM-1 gene allows bacteria like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to be resistant to nearly all beta-lactam antibiotics. Infections can be difficult to treat and can spread between patients and countries.
3. While NDM-1 bacteria have been found worldwide, some criticize naming it after New Delhi, as it implies the gene originated in India and could damage medical tourism there. However, others state India lacks adequate infection control and antibiotic policies.
Superbug
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
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These slides briefly describe the relation of dengue virus and an endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia. We can eliminate Dengue fever by using the strategy to manipulate mosquito biology such that it would be unable to transfer virus to humans.
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1. Researchers have developed a new DNA-based test that can more quickly and accurately distinguish between two potato pests called the golden nematode and pale cyst nematode.
2. The test identifies unique DNA sequences in the parasitism genes of each nematode species, allowing identification from small nematode samples.
3. Scientists also discovered a new species of Ehrlichia bacteria carried by ticks that can cause febrile illness in humans in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The most severe cases can impact multiple organs and effective treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline.
Why it is important
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases and can increase mortality rates. When bacteria become resistant to current antibiotic treatments, people may remain infectious longer and be more likely to die from infections like MRSA. This also reduces our ability to control infectious diseases and increases healthcare costs due to the need for more expensive or longer treatments. Antibiotic resistance complicates medical procedures and could make some, like transplants or cancer treatment, no longer viable options. The World Health Organization reports treatment failures for gonorrhea, E. coli urinary tract infections, and other diseases, and that antibiotic resistance has spread worldwide.
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Like personalized medicine, personalized vaccinology aims to provide the right vaccine, to the right patient, at the right time, to achieve protection from disease, while being safe (i.e., free from unintended side effects). Starting with these lines, this presentation will provide overall information related to the vaccinomoic along with the suitable examples and thus will be helpful for the students to understand the basics related to the same.
Molecular determinants of pathogenicity and virulence among pathogens.pptx
This document discusses molecular determinants of pathogenicity and virulence among pathogens. It defines pathogenicity as the potential ability of a pathogen to produce disease, and virulence as the degree of pathogenicity. It describes different types of pathogenicity tests (in vivo, in vitro, in silico) and factors that determine pathogenicity, including host susceptibility, presence of virulence factors, and environmental factors. It also discusses different types of virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins, toxins, and intracellular survival factors. It defines virulence genes and provides examples of adhesins, invasins, and toxins in Salmonella.
Antígenos quiméricos y Mutación del DNA
Gen contra el cáncer, implementado como imunoterapia prometedora contra VIH y Como los Virus son un promotor de la evolución Humana.
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-
This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of MRSA carriage and infection in children with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). The researchers conducted a prospective case-control study of children presenting to Atlanta hospitals with SSTIs. They found that a history of antibiotic use and previous MRSA SSTIs were associated with MRSA carriage and infection. Children with abscess SSTIs were more likely to be colonized with MRSA USA300 strain than other SSTI types. Recurrence risk was higher for MRSA USA300 SSTI cases. Certain MRSA USA300 virulence genes like lukS/F-PV, agr and bsaB may contribute to carriage and SSTI
Molecular epidemiology and Disease causation.pptx
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This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
Prevention and vaccines of malaria
Malaria is a common infectious disease spread by mosquitos and caused by a plasmodium parasite. It can be prevented through various methods including vaccines. The most advanced malaria vaccine currently is RTS,S, which has completed Phase III clinical trials showing 51.3% efficacy against clinical malaria. RTS,S consists of a virus-like particle displaying hepatitis B surface antigen alone and fused with a fragment of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, inducing CD4 T cells but not CD8 T cells in humans.
Fighting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance webinar
Lord Jim O’Neill, the UK Commercial Secretary to the Treasury and Chair of the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, recently released a report laying out recommendations to fight the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Overuse of antibiotics, especially of broad spectrum antibiotics rather than targeted narrow spectrum therapies, has led to an increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections. This emerging health issue is poised to have devastating global consequences, making it impossible to treat previously curable diseases. AMR already contributes to 700,000 deaths a year, and the report warns that it could cause 10 million deaths a year and $100 trillion in lost global productivity by 2050 if nothing is done to stop its spread.
In recent years, advances in diagnostic technology have made rapid point-of-care testing possible for many diseases – enabling providers to immediately prescribe the most appropriate therapy during the course of a patient’s visit.
This webinar will focused on the importance of understanding the need for diagnostics, what is being done in development and the solutions that are available now.
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
1) A study evaluated four SARS-CoV vaccine candidates in mice to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.
2) All vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies and protected mice from SARS-CoV challenge as shown by reduced lung virus levels.
3) However, when mice were challenged after vaccination, all mice exhibited histopathologic lung changes, including eosinophil infiltration. This suggested the vaccines induced a Th2-type immunopathology rather than protection from disease.
4) The findings indicate SARS-CoV vaccines may protect against infection but could also cause immunopathology upon exposure to the live virus. More research is needed before applying these vaccines to humans.
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in future
Superbugs have developed resistance to many antibiotics due to their overuse and misuse. This threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections (1). Researchers are exploring new approaches using nanotechnology, biotherapy, and inhibiting bacterial DNA exchange to develop effective treatments (2). However, it may take decades to achieve breakthroughs, during which many patients could die. Increased funding support is needed from multiple sources for research to continue developing new antibiotics and treatments in the interim (3).
Dr. Kent Schwartz - Disease Interventions: Are We Doing as Good as We Know?
Disease Interventions: Are We Doing as Good as We Know? - Dr. Kent Schwartz, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, from the 2016 Ceva Swine U.S. Launch & Scientific Symposium, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-ceva-symposium-aasv
Deciphering drug resistance in mtb using wgs
This document discusses how whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has improved understanding of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB). WGS has identified specific mutations that cause resistance to classical and new antitubercular drugs. It has also revealed how resistance evolves within patients and spreads between patients. Clinical applications of WGS include rapid detection of drug resistance and tracking of TB outbreaks. However, challenges remain in applying WGS to improve TB control and diagnosis.
ARE INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (ICU’s) A THREAT TO LIFE?
Intensive care units are considered epicenters of antibiotic resistance due to the frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for critically ill patients, close proximity of patients allowing transmission of resistant bacteria, and presence of chronically ill patients who may harbor resistant bacteria. The overuse of antibiotics in ICUs places significant selective pressure on bacteria to develop resistance. Infections caused by resistant bacteria in ICUs have major impacts on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Strategies to reduce the emergence and transmission of resistant bacteria in ICUs include minimizing antibiotic use through improved prescribing and surveillance of resistance patterns, implementing strict infection control measures, and optimizing antibiotic therapy based on culture results.
Vacunasvet
This document discusses alternatives to antibiotics for controlling infectious diseases in animals through the use of veterinary vaccines. It summarizes that while vaccination has been effective, traditional vaccine formulations have changed little. New technologies in vaccine formulation and delivery, as well as increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis, offer opportunities to develop new vaccines. These include subunit vaccines targeting specific antigens, as well as live attenuated and DNA vaccines. Improved vaccines could help reduce reliance on antibiotics for disease control if used with other intervention strategies.
Sci am special online issue 2003.no09 - germ wars
This document summarizes the advances in antiviral drugs that have occurred due to viral genomics and new drug discovery techniques. It describes how sequencing viral genomes has allowed researchers to identify new targets for antiviral drugs, such as specific viral proteins. It provides examples of drug discovery strategies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as attachment to cells or viral replication. The document indicates that dozens of new antiviral therapies have been developed and hundreds more are in development to treat viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes.
Genomic epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic pae...
The document summarizes research on Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic paediatric infection in the Peruvian Amazon. It finds that isolates from Peruvian children have a local gene pool and genotypes rarely seen globally. Lineages associated with asymptomatic infection are proliferating in the region. Though globally circulating strains are present, the regional accessory genome content differs. Poultry is identified as the predominant infection source for children in the Peruvian Amazon. Further sampling is needed to better understand regional differences and reservoirs.
Superbug
1. NDM-1 is a gene that confers resistance to carbapenems, a class of antibiotics used as a last resort. It was first identified in India in 2008.
2. The NDM-1 gene allows bacteria like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to be resistant to nearly all beta-lactam antibiotics. Infections can be difficult to treat and can spread between patients and countries.
3. While NDM-1 bacteria have been found worldwide, some criticize naming it after New Delhi, as it implies the gene originated in India and could damage medical tourism there. However, others state India lacks adequate infection control and antibiotic policies.
Superbug
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
Wolbachia and dengue virus
These slides briefly describe the relation of dengue virus and an endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia. We can eliminate Dengue fever by using the strategy to manipulate mosquito biology such that it would be unable to transfer virus to humans.
PCR NEWS
1. Researchers have developed a new DNA-based test that can more quickly and accurately distinguish between two potato pests called the golden nematode and pale cyst nematode.
2. The test identifies unique DNA sequences in the parasitism genes of each nematode species, allowing identification from small nematode samples.
3. Scientists also discovered a new species of Ehrlichia bacteria carried by ticks that can cause febrile illness in humans in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The most severe cases can impact multiple organs and effective treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline.
Why it is important
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases and can increase mortality rates. When bacteria become resistant to current antibiotic treatments, people may remain infectious longer and be more likely to die from infections like MRSA. This also reduces our ability to control infectious diseases and increases healthcare costs due to the need for more expensive or longer treatments. Antibiotic resistance complicates medical procedures and could make some, like transplants or cancer treatment, no longer viable options. The World Health Organization reports treatment failures for gonorrhea, E. coli urinary tract infections, and other diseases, and that antibiotic resistance has spread worldwide.
What's hot (16)
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
Fighting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance webinar
Fighting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance webinar
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in future
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in future
Dr. Kent Schwartz - Disease Interventions: Are We Doing as Good as We Know?
Dr. Kent Schwartz - Disease Interventions: Are We Doing as Good as We Know?
ARE INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (ICU’s) A THREAT TO LIFE?
ARE INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (ICU’s) A THREAT TO LIFE?
Genomic epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic pae...
Genomic epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni associated with asymptomatic pae...
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Vaccine test play a crucial role in the assessment of the potency and safety of human vaccines. Efficient translation from basic research to clinical therapies will depend on the availability of appropriate animal models to address every problem that arises during vaccine development. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/vaccine-assessment-in-vivo-assays.htm
Vaccinomics
Like personalized medicine, personalized vaccinology aims to provide the right vaccine, to the right patient, at the right time, to achieve protection from disease, while being safe (i.e., free from unintended side effects). Starting with these lines, this presentation will provide overall information related to the vaccinomoic along with the suitable examples and thus will be helpful for the students to understand the basics related to the same.
Molecular determinants of pathogenicity and virulence among pathogens.pptx
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Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-
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Nisha revrse vaccinology
Reverse vaccinology uses genomics and bioinformatics to identify antigens that could be used in vaccines, rather than relying on culturing pathogens. It sequences the genome of a pathogen and predicts potential antigens, allowing development of vaccines for pathogens that cannot be grown in culture. This approach was used to develop a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B, the first reverse vaccinology vaccine approved for use. Traditional vaccinology is limited by only being able to use antigens that are abundant during infection and that the pathogen can be cultured, whereas reverse vaccinology makes all antigens available for vaccine development.
Immunotherapeutics
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body's natural defenses to fight cancer. There are several types of immunotherapy including cancer vaccines, T cell therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, non-specific immunotherapies, and monoclonal antibodies. T cell therapy involves modifying a patient's T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells, while oncolytic virus therapy uses genetically modified viruses to kill cancer cells. Immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various forms of cancer, but greater understanding is still needed of how the immune system interacts with tumor cells and the mechanisms by which tumors evade immunity.
Introduction-to-Epidemiological-Methods- Dr Asif Khan
This document provides an introduction to epidemiological methods used to study patterns of health and disease in populations. It discusses key study designs including observational and experimental studies. It also covers measures of disease frequency and association, and challenges such as bias, confounding, and causal inference. The document outlines approaches for outbreak investigation and surveillance. It emphasizes the importance of ethical standards and notes applications such as public health interventions and advancing global health surveillance.
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Current Concepts in Laboratory Testing to Guide Antimicrobial Therapy
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What is oncolytic virus
Recently, the development of molecular biotechnology allows modifications of viral genomes genetically and optimizes the transformation of available viruses with weak pathogenicity. These methods are used to enhance the oncolytic effect and reduce adverse reactions to maximize both efficacy and safety. Indeed, the oncolytic virus can stimulate a pro-inflammatory tumor environment by enhancing antigen recognition and robust immune responses. It overcomes the immune evasiveness and escape of malignant cells to eliminate the tumor cells.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/definition-of-an-oncolytic-virus.htm
What is oncolytic virus therapy
An oncolytic virus is a form of promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of malignant tumors, which uses viruses to selectively infect and kill tumor cells and further to induce or boost specific antitumor immunity. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/definition-of-an-oncolytic-virus.htm
Reporter-encoding Oncolytic Virus
Oncolytic viruses encoding reporter genes utilized for in vivo molecular imaging are useful to locate the distribution of oncolytic viruses in pre-clinical tests. Optical detection methods mainly include green fluorescent protein (GFP), enhanced GFP (eGFP), discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed), and bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which utilizes luciferases. Reporter-encoding oncolytic viruses, including vaccinia virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, allow accurate tracking of gene expression, tumor metastases, viral infection as well as assessment of gene therapy.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/category-reporter-encoding-oncolytic-virus-293.htm
Pre-made Oncolytic VACV
Vaccinia virus can accommodate more than 30 kb of foreign DNA. Foreign genes can be stably integrated into the viral genome, resulting in efficient and long-term gene expression. The deletion of the viral genes of thymidine kinase (TK) and vaccinia growth factors (VGF) results in enhanced tumor-selectively and antitumor activity, and reduced virus virulence. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/category-pre-made-oncolytic-vaccinia-virus-291.htm
Pre-made Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus
Oncolytic viruses are a class of antitumor agents that selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large, enveloped virus that is considered as the most potential live biotherapeutic agent because of its strong oncolytic efficacy and potent antigen presentation capability that can combine well with its natural oncolytic activities for cancer immunotherapy. Many types of modified vaccinia virus have been used for in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/category-pre-made-oncolytic-vaccinia-virus-291.htm
Pre-made Oncolytic HSV
Partial deletion of the HSV gene results in superior packaging capacity of >30 kb foreign DNA with low toxicity as an expression vector. Multiple modified purified oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) products can avoid evading the host immune response and reduce toxicity by gene knock-out, such as ICP0, ICP4, ICP22, ICP27 or ICP47.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/category-pre-made-oncolytic-herpes-simplex-virus-290.htm
Pre-made Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus
Oncolytic viruses are using for the treatment of cancer due to the specific antitumor activity in tumor cells. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a human neurogenic dsDNA virus that has the characteristic of life-long latent infection of neurons and allows for long-term transgene expression.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/category-pre-made-oncolytic-herpes-simplex-virus-290.htm
Oncolytic Virus Delivery
Oncolytic viruses have the potential to powerfully and selectively kill cancer cells and have shown impressive efficacy in preclinical and clinical settings. However, their potential can be restricted by inefficient delivery into the complex tumor environment. Thus, the efficient delivery of oncolytic viruses remains a significant challenge in the field of oncology, limiting their therapeutic effect. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/approaches-to-delivery-of-oncolytic-viruses.htm
Oncolytic Virus Application
Numerous viruses are being developed pre-clinically and clinically. An investigation of all registered clinical trials in 2017 demonstrates 78 interventional trials regarding OVs. This ability for near-universal therapeutic impact in cancer makes OVs a popular therapeutic tool. Today, both preclinical and early-stage clinical trials are intensively investigating the approach to improve oncolytic virotherapy.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/applications-of-oncolytic-viruses-in-cancer-treatment.htm
Oncolytic Virus Animal Model
To fully optimize oncolytic virotherapy and provide meaningful mechanistic insight, it is important to have representative animal models of oncolysis in various tumor types. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/animal-models-for-oncolytic-virus-study.htm
Abciximab mechanism of action
Abciximab (also known as abcixifiban or c7E3 Fab), is the Fab fragment of the chimeric human-murine, monoclonal antibody 7E3. It is composed of murine variable regions and human constant regions.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/abciximab-overview.htm
Abagovomab mechanism of action
Abagovomab is a murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (MW: 165-175 kDa), produced by a mouse hybridoma and generated against OC125, which serves to functionally imitate the human cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). https://www.creativebiolabs.net/abagovomab-overview.htm
Wnt Pathway
Wnt comprises a diverse family of secreted lipid-modified signaling glycoproteins that are 350-400 amino acids in length. Wnt is an acronym in the field of genetics that stands for 'Wingless/Integrated'.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/wnt-signaling-pathway.htm
TNF Pathway
TNF works through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is the major signal receptor of TNF-α. TNFR2, which mediates limited biological responses, binds to TNF-α and TNF-β. TNF signaling transduction through TNFR1 and TNFR2 can induce a variety of cellular responses, which depends on many factors, including the metabolic state of the cell and the adaptor proteins present in the cell.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/tnf-signaling-pathway.htm
TLR Pathway
Innate immune receptors, also known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), have been identified in the serum, on the cell surface, in endosomes, and in the cytoplasm. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is one of the particularly important groups of PRRs.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/tlr-signal-pathway.htm
TGF-β Pathway
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine that participates in both physiological and pathological processes.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/tgf-beta-signaling-pathway.htm
TCR Pathway
T-cell receptor (TCR) is a heterodimers composed of α and β peptide chains. TCR is mainly responsible for recognizing the antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC).https://www.creativebiolabs.net/tcr-signal-pathway.htm
RAS Pathway
Ras, which is a low-molecular-weight GDP/GTP-binding guanine triphosphatase, is the prototypical member of the Ras superfamily of proteins. https://www.creativebiolabs.net/ras-signaling-pathway.htm
PPAR Pathway
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors, which are responsible for regulating gene expression.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/ppar-signaling-pathway.htm
VPI3K-AKT Pathway
PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is one of the important signal transduction pathways in cells. It is involved in regulating cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, survival, transcription and protein synthesis by affecting the activation of downstream effector molecules. https://www.creativebiolabs.net/pi3k-akt-signaling-pathway.htm
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- 1. VACCINE ASSESSMENT IN VIVO ASSAYS CONTACT: HELLO@REALLYGREATSITE.COM In vivo assays play a crucial role in the assessment of the potency and safety of human vaccines. Efficient translation from basic research to clinical therapies will depend on the availability of appropriate animal models to address every problem that arises during vaccine development. Natural disease models use specific pathogens and their native hosts to model the interactions between hosts and pathogens in the appropriate biological context. Surrogate models use species that can only be infected with the pathogen of interested under experimental conditions. assessment service in animal models to analyze specific aspects of the immune response such as the role of specific immune compartments or individual cell populations explore various aspects of vaccine formulation and delivery, including route of administration, targeting to specific receptors and inducing mucosal immunity to the body.