Sustainable use of Baltic Sea natural resources based on ecological engineeri...SSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Fredrik Gröndahl. "Sustainable Development" stream. "Sustainable Use of Baltic Marine Resources and the Production of Biogas" course.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
Sustainable use of Baltic Sea natural resources based on ecological engineeri...SSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Fredrik Gröndahl. "Sustainable Development" stream. "Sustainable Use of Baltic Marine Resources and the Production of Biogas" course.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
Can the Global Aluminium Industry Achieve Carbon NeutralitySubodh Das
This invited lecture presented on September 21,2010 at MetalBulletin International Aluminium Confernce in Bahrain discusses aluminium industry\'carbon footprint and suggests a strategy to achieve carbon neutrality
Presentation of Marcos S. Buckeridge for the “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Apresentação de Alfred Szwarc realizada no “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Date / Data : May 14 - 15th 2009/
14 e 15 de maio de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLuS, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop3
Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heatRicardo- AEA
AEA's Kathryn Warren presents at an event hosted by Envirolink at the National Motorcycle Museum, Solihull.
This year’s Landfill Tax rise to £64 per tonne plus disposal charge means that sending waste to landfill is becoming an uneconomical option. In a climate where customers are looking to get the best deal possible on their waste disposal costs, recycling and waste companies are under pressure to find alternatives to landfill. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) offers a potential to utilise the combustible fraction of waste as a fuel within the energy, combined heat and power (CHP) and cement industries.
This event provided an introduction to SRF markets in the UK and Europe; testing standards and protocols; best practice refinement equipment; the perspectives of endusers and case study examples.
Kathryn's presentation looked at the "Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heat"
Michael P Totten presentation Sustainability Opportunities Summit, Denver, Ma...Michael P Totten
Michael P Totten presentation at the 2009 Sustainability Opportunities Summit in Denver. Discusses linkages between rainforest loss, species loss, and positive solutions for preventing greenhouse gas emissions while helping alleviate poverty and preventing biodiversity destruction.
An easily traceable scenario for GHG 80% reduction in Japan for local energy ...Masayuki Horio
To develop a scenario sure and easily traceable even for ordinary citizens toward the national challenge target of 80% CO2 reduction by 2050, we first developed a model to calculate the total CO2 emission corresponding to the final consumption and second developed an appropriate technology based scenario consisting of the following consumer oriented sub-scenarios: (1) energy saving through electrification of all transportation, (2) promotion of wood utilization for housing and household energy saving; (3) introduction of renewable energies; and (4) efficient energy utilization of wastes. Applying the scenario to Kyoto that has the similar strategies to our proposed scenarios, we found that about 80% CO2 emission reduction is possible just within the appropriate technology limit with the effect of population reduction and with the potential emission reduction from construction of private and public infrastructures, and that shifting our final consumption mode into low CO2 emission mode has a significant impact.
Keywords: CO2 emission reduction, appropriate technologies, local energy strategy, the final consumption
Professor Peter Grace says carbon rich soil is "your superannuation", it's not about carbon credits, it's about productivity. He sketches the potential for rangelands to sequester carbon.
NOTE: The presentation and data therein is for information only and can only be reproduced with permission of the author.
Agriculture & Farming: Are we farming the right way? - Jim Orson (NIAB TAG)Farming Futures
This presentation formed part of the Farming Futures workshop 'Cropping Climate Change: Making business sense of nitrous oxide and the nitorgen cycle'
March 5th 2010
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Can the Global Aluminium Industry Achieve Carbon NeutralitySubodh Das
This invited lecture presented on September 21,2010 at MetalBulletin International Aluminium Confernce in Bahrain discusses aluminium industry\'carbon footprint and suggests a strategy to achieve carbon neutrality
Presentation of Marcos S. Buckeridge for the “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Apresentação de Alfred Szwarc realizada no “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Date / Data : May 14 - 15th 2009/
14 e 15 de maio de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLuS, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop3
Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heatRicardo- AEA
AEA's Kathryn Warren presents at an event hosted by Envirolink at the National Motorcycle Museum, Solihull.
This year’s Landfill Tax rise to £64 per tonne plus disposal charge means that sending waste to landfill is becoming an uneconomical option. In a climate where customers are looking to get the best deal possible on their waste disposal costs, recycling and waste companies are under pressure to find alternatives to landfill. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) offers a potential to utilise the combustible fraction of waste as a fuel within the energy, combined heat and power (CHP) and cement industries.
This event provided an introduction to SRF markets in the UK and Europe; testing standards and protocols; best practice refinement equipment; the perspectives of endusers and case study examples.
Kathryn's presentation looked at the "Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heat"
Michael P Totten presentation Sustainability Opportunities Summit, Denver, Ma...Michael P Totten
Michael P Totten presentation at the 2009 Sustainability Opportunities Summit in Denver. Discusses linkages between rainforest loss, species loss, and positive solutions for preventing greenhouse gas emissions while helping alleviate poverty and preventing biodiversity destruction.
An easily traceable scenario for GHG 80% reduction in Japan for local energy ...Masayuki Horio
To develop a scenario sure and easily traceable even for ordinary citizens toward the national challenge target of 80% CO2 reduction by 2050, we first developed a model to calculate the total CO2 emission corresponding to the final consumption and second developed an appropriate technology based scenario consisting of the following consumer oriented sub-scenarios: (1) energy saving through electrification of all transportation, (2) promotion of wood utilization for housing and household energy saving; (3) introduction of renewable energies; and (4) efficient energy utilization of wastes. Applying the scenario to Kyoto that has the similar strategies to our proposed scenarios, we found that about 80% CO2 emission reduction is possible just within the appropriate technology limit with the effect of population reduction and with the potential emission reduction from construction of private and public infrastructures, and that shifting our final consumption mode into low CO2 emission mode has a significant impact.
Keywords: CO2 emission reduction, appropriate technologies, local energy strategy, the final consumption
Professor Peter Grace says carbon rich soil is "your superannuation", it's not about carbon credits, it's about productivity. He sketches the potential for rangelands to sequester carbon.
NOTE: The presentation and data therein is for information only and can only be reproduced with permission of the author.
Agriculture & Farming: Are we farming the right way? - Jim Orson (NIAB TAG)Farming Futures
This presentation formed part of the Farming Futures workshop 'Cropping Climate Change: Making business sense of nitrous oxide and the nitorgen cycle'
March 5th 2010
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Similar to Nitrogen Use and Climate Change Mitigation - Daniel Kindred (ADAS) (20)
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
Nitrogen Use and Climate Change Mitigation - Daniel Kindred (ADAS)
1. Insert image here
Nitrogen Use and Climate
Insert image here
Change Mitigation
Daniel Kindred
Insert image here ADAS Boxworth
www.adas.co.uk
2. Outline
Background – Global drivers
Nitrogen – problems & benefits
Optimising N for GHG mitigation
Optimising N for profitability
Maximising use of non-fertiliser N
Nitrogen Efficient crops
Biofuels & Nitrogen
Conclusion - What can the grower do?
4. Agriculture driving Climate Change
Agriculture contributes ~14% to global
GHG emissions
~1/3 due to methane (livestock)
~23x more potent than CO2
~1/3 due to nitrous oxide (N fertiliser)
~300x more potent than CO2
… and drives Land Use Change ~15%
global emmissions
Pressures/Opportunities to reduce GHGs
from Agriculture
Carbon trading?
Carbon labelling?
Biofuels/Energy crops
Carbon sequestration
…. Economic incentives for mitigating
GHGs?
Total emissions 49000Mt CO2e IPCC 2007
5. GHGs from crops overwhelmed by N
fertiliser
Pesticide
P&K Diesel
Drying
10%
Seed 8% Over 70% GHG emissions
5%
from wheat crop can be due
directly or indirectly to N
fertiliser
Nitrous
oxide
? N
fertiliser
38% 38%
Sylvester-Bradley & Kindred (2008)
HGCA R&D Conference
6. Changing agriculture?
Increasing Demand for crop products
Rising population & Rising affluence,
especially in SE Asia
Increasing consumption of energy, petroleum,
edible oils & meat
Biofuels
Mainly from Maize, sugar cane &
palm oil
Constrained supply
Finite crop land globally
Yield increases have slowed or stopped
Diminished world stocks
Weather/Climate change
Floods, droughts, extreme temperatures
(Increased severity of pests, disease,
weeds)
Crop failures
Productivity shortfall
7. …Drives Land Use Change
Loss of habitats &
biodiversity
Carbon lost from soils and
canopy
• 5900 Mt CO2eq per year
• cf aviation of <3000 Mt per
year
Grassland to crop – 5t
CO2/ha
Forest to crop – 29t
CO2/ha
cf crop inputs GHG costs
~3t CO2e/ha
8. N fertiliser – the problem:
a) Manufacture
1. Fossil Fuel intensive
Haber-Bosch process
H2 from Natural Gas + N2 from
atmosphere = ammonia (NH3)
High temperatures, high pressure
3-4kg CO2/kg N
Modern plants approaching max
efficiency
2. N2O released from Nitric acid production
Ammonia oxidised to form Nitric
acid
Produce ammonium nitrate
~ 3-4kg CO2e/kg N
Can be reduced by abatement
technologies in some plants
9. GHGs of Fertiliser products
Ammonium Nitrate (AN) 30
Ammonia loss (% N applied)
7-8kg CO2e/kg N
Lower from some plants? 25
Lower for most UK AN?
20
Urea
~4kg CO2e/kg N
15
but greater volatilisation and
ammonia loss
10
Risk failing National
Emissions Ceilings Directive
(2001/91/EC) 5
Need 10-20% more fertiliser than
AN 0
Urea Urea+ UAN UAN+ AN
Use Urease inhibitors?
Agrotain Agrotain
Defra Project NT26 (Dampney et al 2006)
10. N fertiliser – the problem:
b) Soil N2O emissions
Denitrification, some nitrification
Complex microbial processes
Very variable & uncertain in the
field
Favoured by wet warm
anaerobic conditions
Needs source of C and N
~6kg N2O/ha/yr
~1800kg CO2e
Baseline emissions?
~2kg N2O/ha?
Related to crop residues?
N2O from N fertiliser additions
Artificial or organic
0.021kg N2O/kg N
~6.2kg CO2e/ kg N
www.farmingfutures.org.uk
11. N fertiliser – the problem
Leaching and
volatilisation
Eutrophication
Water quality - WFD
Nitrate Vulnerable Zones
Indirect emissions of N2O from
leached nitrate and volatilised
ammonia
12. N fertiliser – the benefits
IMPROVES YIELDS
- sometimes by more than double
- More efficient use of other high GHG inputs
- Possible sequestration benefits??
12
Grain yield (kg/ha) 10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400
N applied (kg/ha)
Average response curve from HGCA Project Report 438
(Sylvester-Bradley et al., 2008)
13. N fertiliser
– Reduces land requirement
yield, t/ha
land required, ha/tonne
Deforestation 0 N applied, kg/ha
14. N effects on GHG emissions
1200 12
GHG emissions (kg CO2 e/t)
1000 10
Operations Agrochemicals
800 8
Yield (t/ha)
Grain yield
600 6
400 4
200 2
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
N fertliser applied (kg/ha)
Kindred et al. (2008) In prep
15. N effects on GHG emissions
1200 12
GHG emissions (kg CO2 e/t)
1000 10
N fertiliser emissions
800 Agrochemicals 8
Yield (t/ha)
Operations
600 Grain yield 6
400 4
200 2
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
N fertliser applied (kg/ha)
Kindred et al. (2008) In prep
16. Optimising N to minimise GHGs
1200 12
GHG emissions (kg CO2 e/t)
1000 10
Soil N20 emissions
800 N fertiliser emissions 8
Agrochemicals
Yield (t/ha)
Operations
600 Grain yield 6
400 4
Optima to minimise GHGs?
200 2
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
N fertliser applied (kg/ha)
Kindred et al. (2008) In prep
17. Optimising N to minimise GHGs
1200 12
GHG emissions (kg CO2 e/t)
1000 10
Land use change
Soil N20 emissions
800 8
N fertiliser emissions
Yield (t/ha)
Agrochemicals
Operations
600 Grain yield 6
400 4
Large uncertainties in ILUC
200 calculations, depending on assumptions 2
– optima can be >300kg/ha
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
N fertliser applied (kg/ha)
Kindred et al. (2008) In prep
18. Optima N to minimise GHGs
Depends on your views of whether what
you do on your farm effects what happens
elsewhere in the world
If ignore LUC, then need to cut back N fert
dramatically to minimise GHGs
If account for LUC, may need to increase N
fert, depending on the assumptions made
19. Optimising N for profitability
Economic optima dependent on
Soil N supply
Shape of response curve
Price of grain and fertiliser
Breakeven ratio
Amount of grain needed to
pay for amount of N fertiliser
Grain quality
21. Adjusting N for BER
12
10:1 5:1 3:1
15:1
400
14:1 10 15:1
Grain yield (kg/ha)
13:1
350
12:1 8
300 11:1
AN price £/t
10:1 6
250 9:1
8:1
Economic optima
4 close to GHG
200 7:1
6:1 optima?
150 2
5:1
4:1
100 0
3:1
50 75 100 125 150 175 200
2:1 0 100 200 300 400
Grain price £/t
N applied (kg/ha)
10kg/ha less per point increase in BER
~0.07t/ha decrease in yield
22. Soil N Supplies
Maximise use of non-fertiliser N
20% of sites in HGCA Project Report 348
did not respond to N
Soil organic matter
Previous crop residues
Peas & Beans
Animal manures/compost/sludge
Atmospheric deposition
Over-winter leaching
ADAS Terrington
23. Soil analysis: the best index of soil N
300
Look-up tables (in
N uptake with nil N applied (kg/ha)
RB209) being revised
Measuring SMN & crop N 200
Nov. to Feb.
indicates soil N supply
available to the crop
100
Rarely under-estimates
crop-available N
New HGCA Project 0
to improve soil N 0 100 200 300
measurements. SNS from soil analysis in autumn (kg/ha)
24. N efficient crops N Use Efficiency
(kg DM harvested per kg crop-available N)
0 20 40 60 80
Sugar beet
Potatoes - maincrop
Potatoes - seed
Triticale
Rye
Triticale instead of second Spring barley - feed
wheat? Winter oats
Winter wheat - feed etc.
Peas/beans instead of OSR Winter barley - feed etc.
– GHG free N? Spring wheat - milling
Potatoes - early
Possible Spring oats
Winter wheat - milling
intercropping/under- Spring barley - malting
sowing with clover etc? Winter barley - malting
Oilseed rape - winter
Oilseed rape - spring
Linseed
Peas - harvested dry
Faba beans - winter
Peas - vining
Sylvester-Bradley & Kindred 2008 J Exp Bot
25. Consider N efficient varieties?
Seems to be little difference in N requirement in
modern wheat varieties
Breadmaking wheats needs more N than Feed wheat
Question N efficiency and profitability of growing
milling wheat at high fertiliser costs (economic and
environmental)?
Modern higher yielding wheat have higher N optima
than older varieties
But, NUE at optima no different
Higher yielding varieties less GHG per t
Modern spring barley varieties higher yielding, but
optima not higher than older varieties
HGCA Project Report 438 – Sylvester-Bradley et al 2008
26. GREEN grain project
Genetic Reduction of Energy use and Emissions of Nitrogen through
cereal production
Facilitate breeding of varieties
that require less N fertiliser
and are suitable for distilling,
bioethanol and animal feed
Cheaper to grow
Greater end-use value
Reduced N pollution
GHG & Energy savings for
bioethanol
27. Breeding oilseed rape with a low requirement for
nitrogen fertiliser
Primary Objective
Northeast
Biofuels Breed varieties
which require half of
Elsoms Seeds the N fertiliser of
current varieties
www.adas.co.uk
28. Breeding for N capture: new innovations
Biological Nitrification
inhibitors
Root exudates can inhibit
soil conversion of
ammonium to nitrate
Useful with urea fertilisers
Stops leaching in wet soils
CIMMYT, Mexico
GM technology – faster
ammonium assimilation
Alanine aminotransferase
OSR: 50% N required
Now being transferred to
rice, maize & wheat
Arcadia Biosciences, CA
29. Consider growing biofuels?
Biodiesel – OSR
Bioethanol – wheat/sugar beet
Displace petrol/diesel
Reduce GHG emissions
But, over 50% of GHG intensity of
biofuel comes from growing the crop
Need to minimise GHG emissions
from growing crop
Need low inputs…
And high yield!!!
N strategy very important for growing
Biofuel crops
30. An ‘ideal’ biofuel wheat
field-dry Minimum
grain ... non-starch
Minimum
Nitrogen High
Inputs
yields
50% lots of >70% starch
GH straw
Ea Sav G
sy
ac c
ed Efficient
processing
r
Low land ed
i
requirements tatio
n
31. Nitrogen for biofuels 12 236 13
Grain N x 5.7 (% DM)
10 12
(t/ha @ 85%DM)
Grain yield
500
8 8.6% 11
6
protein 10
Alcohol yield (litres / tonne, dry basis)
480
4 9
2 8
460
0 7
5,000 0 100 200 300 470
184
yield (litres / dry tonne)
Alcohol production
Alcohol processing
440 4,000 N applied (kg/ha)
460
(litres/ha)
3,000
420 450
2,000
440
1,000
400
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0 430
grain protein (%, dry basis)
8,000 0 100 200 300
Greenhouse Gases
N applied (kg/ha)
(kg CO2 eq per ha)
total saving
Reduced protein = increased biofuel 6,000
91 cost
4,000
2,000 net saving
0
0 100 200 300
N applied (kg/ha)
32. Improving N efficiency
Targets:
N capture
Rooting
Soil N ‘processing’
N assimilation
N utilisation
crop N storage
canopy N activity
oilseed photosynthesis etc.
wheat rape
Breeders and testers have used ample nutrients
Now we must minimise crop ‘profligacy’ & ‘gluttony’
33. Cultivations & straw
Minimising fuel use
No grain drying
saves ~0.2 t/ha/yr CO2e
early ripening crops
ample combine capacity
Minimum tillage
saves ? ~0.6 t/ha/yr CO2e
Can increase N2O?
Straw disposal ?
Incorporation
saves ? ~0.7 t/ha/yr CO2e
Bale, cart and use for fuel
saves ? ~2.0 t/ha/yr CO2e
34. Conclusions
– Mitigating climate change on-farm
Buy low GHG intensity fertiliser?
Urea rather than AN? Use Urease inhibitors?
Avoid applying more than the economic optimum
This may be lower than you think!
Make full use of non-fertiliser N
Use SMN testing where appropriate
Make full allowance of N in muck/sludge/compost etc
Allow for N after peas & beans/potatoes/veg etc
35. Conclusions
– Mitigating climate change on-farm
Consider changes to crops/ rotations
Grow cereals with lower N requirements – oats & triticale
Grow more legumes/less OSR
Use of fertility building leys/undersowing/inter-cropping?
Grow biofuels?
Nitrogen use will be important
Breeding likely to provide more N efficient varieties
5-10 years +
38. Developing N efficiency testing
N efficiency yield
RL trials breeding breeding
RB209 N levels
some 1st wheats
10
+ 80 kg/ha N
grain yield (t/ha)
HGCA N-opts 8
Yield breeding: control
+ 15-20 kg N / t 6
NUE breeding 4
Needs low-N testing
2
0
0 100 200 300
N applied (kg/ha)
39. Developing yields
Light limit for UK wheat, 19 t/ha
18
On-farm
No increase for >10 years
Grain yield (t/ha, 3-year means)
16 Water limit
Recommended varieties
Increasing: 0.7 tonne / ha / decade
14
Possible causes
Economics: low prices, cost cutting 12
Climate change ? new varieties
in RL trials
Technology gap ? 10
Can yields respond fast enough to
farms
cancel extra land requirements ? 8
6
4
1970 1990 2010
40. UK agriculture: Nitrogen
efficiency
N inputs .. 1.8 Mt/year
Deposition
Imports in
feeds
Denitrifica-
Food &
Fixation tion
Fertilisers materials
Sewage
Nitrate
leached
Ammonia
N outputs .. 1.8 Mt/year
41. UK agriculture: Nitrogen
legislation
Climate
Change
Nitrate & Water measures
Framework
Directives
Denitrifica-
Food &
tion
materials
EC National
EC National Nitrate
leached
Emission Ceilings
Emission Ceilings Ammonia
Directive
Directive N outputs .. 1.8 Mt/year
42. 14
UK wheat: efficiency 12
Grain yield (t/ha, 3-year means)
10
Potential UK yields
are over 14 t/ha 8
6
4
Breeders increasing
yields by 0.7 t/ha 2
per decade
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
No yield increase
on-farm for >10
years
43. UK wheat: efficiency 200
100
No increase in
N applied
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
3.0
2.5
No trend in 2.0
grain N%
1.5
1.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
44. Nov / Jan:
N management on-
AssessMar: N
Feb / soil
farm
example: wheat
&ApplyNApril:
plan 40rates
Early kg/ha
except if: st half
Apply 1
Late April /
.. of canopy N
high soil N
early May:
Late May:
.. too many shoots
.. high lodgingN half
Apply 2nd for
Apply risk
July:
.. low take all riskN
of canopy
high yields /N to
spray urea
After harvest:
…protein boost
but adjust
boost proteins?
according to yields
Review
canopy& grain yield
…… depends on
if expected
size N%
over 9 t/ha
premiums, yields,
& … Were rates about
past proteins
right?
… Adjust N strategy?
45. Products: N efficiency
Ammonia Emissions 10 cereal trials
30
Ammonia loss (% N applied)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Urea Urea+ UAN UAN+ AN
Agrotain Agrotain
46. N efficiency : effect of high prices
? Break-even ratios
10 (kg grain per kg N) 13
7 5 3 1
8 12
Yields only
6
slightly less 11
grain yield grain protein
(t/ha) lower (N x 5.7, % )
4 proteins 10
optimums
2 9
0 8
0 100 200 300
N applied (kg/ha)
47. Setting N rates 50 recent HGCA trials
Recommended N (difference from optimum)
kg / ha
-200 -100 0 100 200
£0
Average -£50
-9 kg/ha N
-£14/ha
-£100
Net profit
£ / ha
-£150
48. Late N, to boost protein – 9 HGCA
trials
14 Foliar urea 10%
Foliar urea 20%
AN + urea 10%
grain protein (%)
AN + urea 20%
13
AN at GS39
12
11
0 40 80 120
extra late N (kg/ha)
49. Late N, to boost protein – 9 HGCA
trials
16 Boxworth 2003
Essex 2005
15 Rosemaund 2003
High Mowthorpe 2004
14
grain protein (%)
Boxworth 2004
13 Terrington 2004
High Mowthorpe 2005
12 Rosemaund 2004
Terrington 2003
11
10
New HGCA
9
research
8 to predict
0 40 80 120 protein
extra late N (kg/ha)
50. Reviewing Farm N efficiency
Applying N cannot be
accurate on every field
every year
But avoid cumulative
errors
Important for profit &
environment
To monitor overall N
strategy, check:
Soil mineral N
Canopy sizes
nil N patches ?
Grain N% … above or