This article provides valuable information about the genres of Uyghur folk singing. The article also provides a detailed overview of the Uyghur musical heritage, which speaks to the ancient history of Uygur music culture. by Muyassarkhon Achildiyeva and Dilafruz Madalieva 2020. Uyghur folk singing genre. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 222-226. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.923. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/923/871 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/923
History of Collection and Recording of Samples of Uzbek Music Folkloreijtsrd
The issues raised in Uzbek music treatises are close to modern elementary music theory. But they also have issues related to the practical aspects of the East peoples' music in the past, which is not the case in modern music theory. Medieval scholars have increasingly defended maqam music in solving problems of music theory. In doing so, they analyzed in the example of the sound section tones, halftones, and quarter tones in maqam. Mamarasulzoda A Zulhumor | Mamarasulova Mukaddas "History of Collection and Recording of Samples of Uzbek Music Folklore" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47736.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47736/history-of-collection-and-recording-of-samples-of-uzbek-music-folklore/mamarasulzoda-a-zulhumor
Chinese Traditional Music (School Presentation 2013)Deanne Alcalde
Traditional Chinese Music School Presentation with nice template and History, Background, Facts, and Key points of Traditional Chinese Music. It contains slides about the Foundation tone, Rites and Ritual, General Traits of Chinese Music, and Traditional Instruments.
Its all about the music and dance in china.
In this presentation, you can observe the different kinds of their dances, their music (include history, vocal and instrument)
History of Collection and Recording of Samples of Uzbek Music Folkloreijtsrd
The issues raised in Uzbek music treatises are close to modern elementary music theory. But they also have issues related to the practical aspects of the East peoples' music in the past, which is not the case in modern music theory. Medieval scholars have increasingly defended maqam music in solving problems of music theory. In doing so, they analyzed in the example of the sound section tones, halftones, and quarter tones in maqam. Mamarasulzoda A Zulhumor | Mamarasulova Mukaddas "History of Collection and Recording of Samples of Uzbek Music Folklore" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47736.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47736/history-of-collection-and-recording-of-samples-of-uzbek-music-folklore/mamarasulzoda-a-zulhumor
Chinese Traditional Music (School Presentation 2013)Deanne Alcalde
Traditional Chinese Music School Presentation with nice template and History, Background, Facts, and Key points of Traditional Chinese Music. It contains slides about the Foundation tone, Rites and Ritual, General Traits of Chinese Music, and Traditional Instruments.
Its all about the music and dance in china.
In this presentation, you can observe the different kinds of their dances, their music (include history, vocal and instrument)
For more of my uploads please visit me:
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This article deals with the Uzbek music, and the legacy of our ancestors is based on the masterpieces they left behind. It has been reported that music has evolved not only today but also for centuries by Abduraxmonova Manzura Batirovna 2020. Ancestors’ heritage in the Uzbek musical art. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 4 (Apr. 2020), 19-22. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i4.338. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/338/331 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/338
For more of my uploads please visit me:
PPT - http://brisktopia.com/Jd3
Videos - http://brisktopia.com/K4A
FB page - http://brisktopia.com/Knf
Choir sheets are also available just ping me- http://brisktopia.com/PVd
This article deals with the Uzbek music, and the legacy of our ancestors is based on the masterpieces they left behind. It has been reported that music has evolved not only today but also for centuries by Abduraxmonova Manzura Batirovna 2020. Ancestors’ heritage in the Uzbek musical art. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 4 (Apr. 2020), 19-22. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i4.338. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/338/331 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/338
Harmony between society and personality, and its influence on the phenomenon ...SubmissionResearchpa
This article deals with the phenomenon of happiness as a socio-anthropological phenomenon that requires consideration in harmony between social reality and a person, society and personality with their dreams, desires, experiences and ideas. A person, although he thinks about happiness alone, although he considers happiness as a phenomenon that concerns only his life, this does not mean that happiness manifests itself according to his absolute will and absolutely touches and obeys his desires. Society influences the happy or unhappy life of a person not only by established rules, but also by careful contributions and traditions by Eshonkulova Nurjakhon Abdujabborovna 2020. Harmony between society and personality, and its influence on the phenomenon of happiness. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 87-88. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.925 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/925/873 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/925
Establishment of the Institute and Waqf aspects of its development in Central...SubmissionResearchpa
The article describes the essence of waqf institution and some aspects of its development in Central Asia. The importance of the endowment institution not only as a philanthropist, but also as a social institution that embodies many functions in society is highlighted by Nargiza Ismatova 2020. Establishment of the Institute and Waqf aspects of its development in Central Asia (until the second half of the 19th century). International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 71-75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.916 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/916/864 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/916
The history of the Kokand Khanate in the press of Turkestan (According to Sut...SubmissionResearchpa
Suttorkhon Abdulgafforov's book "A Brief Essay on the Internal Situation of the Kokand Khanate Before the Russian Invasion", published in the Turkestan press, provides valuable information on the history of Kokand. In particular, it reflects governance, traditional education, the judicial system and the military situation in the last days of the khanate by Rakhimjanova Nigora Kudratillaevna 2020. The history of the Kokand Khanate in the press of Turkestan (According to Suttorkhon Abdulgafforov). International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 68-70. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.915 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/915/863 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/915
Of partial defects of the dental rows of dynamic study of the state of the mu...SubmissionResearchpa
Despite the rapid development of dentistry and advances in the prevention of diseases of the maxillofacial region, implantology, and the treatment of dental diseases, the number of patients who need prosthetics with removable orthopedic structures of dentures remains high, and only increases with age, due to the increasing rate of aging. society of the planet (M.Yu. Ogorodnikov, 2007; V.I.Shemonaev, 2012; E.S. Kalivradzhiyan, 2013; E.A.Zholudev, 2014; CE. Bragin, 2014; L.D. Veisheim, 2014). Among the reasons for the high demand for orthopedic treatment with removable dentures, the leading position is still held by insufficient sanitation of the oral cavity, untimely access of patients to the dentist. In addition, an important role is played by the problem of imperfection of materials and technologies used for the manufacture of dentures, leading to a deterioration in the condition of the dentition by A.Kh. Zhumaev 2020. Of partial defects of the dental rows of dynamic study of the state of the mucosa of the oral cavity in the new conditions of functioning. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 61-63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.913 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/913/861 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/913
The essence and specifics of modern social and cultural activities in Karakal...SubmissionResearchpa
Socio-cultural activity as a process of active development, dissemination and creation of cultural values is ultimately focused on the formation of the cultural environment of human life, the elaboration of mechanisms for its socialization, enculturation and self-realization, the creation of methodological directions for the development of spiritual interests and requirements of people in order to realize the essential forces and capabilities of each person by Ahimbetova Gulbahar Kanatbaevna 2020. The essence and specifics of modern social and cultural activities in Karakalpakstan. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 56-60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.912 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/912/860 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/912
International commercial arbitration in Uzbekistan: current state and develop...SubmissionResearchpa
This article is devoted to a number of issues relating to the functioning of international commercial arbitration as a non-State mechanism for the settlement of international commercial disputes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In article also found a brief introduction on the history of arbitration in Uzbekistan since its independence. Special attention is paid to the rules introduced since the entry into force of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On international commercial arbitration”. Moreover, the author highlights some problematic issues and inconsistencies that exist in the legislation on legal proceedings in arbitration courts. The author also addresses several issues regarding the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards by Ziyoda Boratova 2020. International commercial arbitration in Uzbekistan: current state and development prospects . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 47-49. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.911 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/911/859 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/911
Obtaining higher fatty alcohols based on low molecular polyethylene and their...SubmissionResearchpa
One of the ways to change the physicochemical properties of diesel fuels is to add so-called additives to it. The purpose of this work is to obtain higher fatty alcohols and the use of qualitatively new imported - substituted additives, synthesized on the basis of the use of local secondary raw materials, which is increases their efficiency by Fozilov Hasan Sadriddin Ugli 2020. Obtaining higher fatty alcohols based on low molecular polyethylene and their useage as lubricating additives for diesel fuels. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 44-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.910 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/910/858 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/910
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This study examines adult basic education in the 21st century world. The study identifies a new paradigm in response to global changes particularly concerning employment. Preparation for additional training as the basis for basic education for adults in the 21st century. The study also indicates that there is relationship between literacy, environment and development by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-thinking adult basic education in the 21st century . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 227-230. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.1041. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/1041/989 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/1041
The term cerebral palsy has been around for more than a century, and the disease itself has probably existed without a name throughout human history. However, despite its long history, there is still no unity in views on this issue. by O. E. Idiev 2020. Infantile cerebral palsy and dental anomalies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 212-215. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.921. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/921/869 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/921
An innovative mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of independent educati...SubmissionResearchpa
This article provides recommendations for the organization of methodological services based on innovative approaches that affect the quality of education in general and special education institutions. by Mahmudova Madinahon Sobirkhonovna 2020. An innovative mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of independent education of future defectologists. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 210-211. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.920. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/920/868 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/920
The role of radiation diagnostic methods in pathological changes of the hip j...SubmissionResearchpa
Endoprosthesis replacement-operational treatment of diseases and damages of hip joint. The problem of prevention of complications and their negative effects is extremely actual today. However the role of different beam techniques in identification of adverse effects and complications of endoprosthesis replacement of joints is studied insufficiently. Results of clinic and diagnostic and beam researches of 40 patients with pathology of hip joint are analyzed. The used beam methods of research - roentgenography, multispiral computed tomography. At presurgical stage the main objective was detection of pathology of joint, definition of indications and planning of operative measure. Situation and relationship of components of endoprosthesis, condition of bone tissue, and also bone cement round cup and leg of prosthesis were key parameters of radiological assessment of outcomes of endoprosthesis replacement. Complex use of radiological techniques (roentgenography and spiral computed tomography) allows to specify and add semiotics of changes of bone tissue at the level of acetabular hollow and proximal department of femur after endoprosthesis replacement. by Janibekov J. J 2020. The role of radiation diagnostic methods in pathological changes of the hip joint before and after endoprosthetics. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 203-205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.918. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/918/866 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/918
Proverbs are one of the oldest popular genres of Uzbek folklore, which reflects the worldview, attitude to society and moral norms of the people. In this article, spiritual and idealistic features of proverbs are elucidated and salient examples from masterpieces are given. by Kodirova Saodat Abdurakhimovna 2020. Idealistic study of proverbs. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 201-202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.888. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/888/843 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/888
Positive and negative features of mythological images in the epics “Beowulf” ...SubmissionResearchpa
At the time of what is considered primitive today, our ancestors were a hundred times more poets than we are. Thousands of years ago, the way of thinking of our ancestors was in the form of “poetic observation”: they accepted their life and everything in nature as a symbol of their imaginary concepts. At that time it was understood that the sky, water, greenery, sun, moon, light and darkness had a soul; the day was replaced by night, and the struggle between good and evil was thought to be over. by More Citation Formats https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/887/842 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/887
This article discusses theoretical considerations about the production and sale process in the automotive industry. On this way, the way makes analyses both theorirical and practical analyses as the whole. In conlcusion, this makes emphesis on outcomes and shortcomings of the processes of production and implementation. by Nabiev Muzaffar Abdumalikovich 2020. Special three processes of production and implementation. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 190-191. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.885. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/885/841 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/885
This research corresponds to the priority of the development of science and technology of the republic. "Spiritual and moral, cultural development of a democratic and legal society, the formation of an innovative economy." The research is carried out within the framework of the research plan of the Navoi State Pedagogical Institute. The main results of the study will be tested in the activities of pedagogical institutes, including students of Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, as well as in the 1st academic lyceum in Navoi and the 2nd academic lyceum under Navoi State Mining Institute. by Usmonova Lola Mallaevna 2020. Improving traditional methods of teaching chemistry. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 187-190. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.883. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/883/840 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/883
The artistic interpretation of the human spirit in a work of art is analyzed on the example of the works of later years. The article focuses on the analysis of the heartache, the contradictions in the inner world, based on the story of the fugitive Norqobil, which describes the realities of the Afghan war. During the analysis, the influence of time and environment on the occurrence of conflicts in the human heart was highlighted. by Nasirov Azimiddin Normamatovich 2020. Expression of spiritual experiences in art. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 181-182. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.881. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/881/838 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/881
Natural disasters are casualties that occur outside of human consciousness and activity. They can occur quickly or gradually. These are events that end with the disappearance. Natural disasters: landslides, floods, strong winds, fires, droughts, landslides, avalanches, rain. Some natural emergencies lead to the development of man-made emergencies. The causes of earthquakes are divided into: - Tectonic earthquakes; - volcanic earthquake; by Ravshanova Inoyatkhon Erkinovna and Shermatova Yoqutkhon Sobirovna 2020. Natural emergencies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 170-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.878. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878/835 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878
Due to intolerance of dental materials used for therapeutic treatmentSubmissionResearchpa
Long-term clinical observations show that widely used dentures made of metals and their alloys are not indifferent, cause a number of diseases of the oral mucosa, and have social and medical consequences in the form of intolerance to dental prosthesis materials[1,2]. Currently, ceramic materials, plastics, stainless steels, cobalt-chromium, silver-palladium alloys, gold-based alloys, platinum, etc. are used for orthopedic treatment. these alloys include the following metals: iron, chromium, Nickel, titanium, manganese, silicon, molybdenum, cobalt, palladium, zinc, silver, gold, etc. Signs of intolerance may occur when placing dentures and filling materials in the oral cavity. Intolerance to prosthetic materials can be caused by different reasons that have different mechanisms of pathology development. Solving problems with intolerance to dental materials in each patient requires analysis together with a dentist, an immunologist, and an immunological laboratory [1-4]. by O. A. Razhabov, Khaуitova M. A and Usmonov N. U. 2020. Due to intolerance of dental materials used for therapeutic treatment. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 160-162. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.876. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/876/833 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/876
The effect of a biostimulator on the growth, development and yield of oily su...SubmissionResearchpa
The article examines the effect of VL-77 biostimulator on the growth, development and yield of oilseed sunflower variety "Dilbar" in the conditions of typical irrigated gray soils of Tashkent region by cultivating seeds for sowing in the field in 6 different doses and 2-4 leaves. The stems and leaves were processed by Yuldasheva Zulfiya Kamalovna, Karabaeva Dilfuza Jo’raevna and Muhriddin Normamat ogli 2020. The effect of a biostimulator on the growth, development and yield of oily sunflower . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 157-159. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.875. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/875/832 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/875
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
Uyghur folk singing genre
1. e-ISSN : 2620 3502
p-ISSN : 2615 3785
International Journal on Integrated Education
Volume 3, Issue XI, November 2020 | 222
Uyghur folk singing genre
Muyassarkhon Achildiyeva,
Fergana State University
Art Studies faculty, music education teacher
muyassarxon71300@fardu.uz
Dilafruz Madalieva,
Tashkent institute of irrigation and
agricultural mechanization engineers
Department of English language
dilyafayz@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
This article provides valuable information about the genres of Uyghur folk singing. The article also provides a
detailed overview of the Uyghur musical heritage, which speaks to the ancient history of Uygur music culture.
Keywords: Mukam, art, epic, pattern, idol, folk song.
I.Introduction
After the independence of Uzbekistan, radical positive changes have taken place in the social, political and cultural
life of our people. Of course, it is important that these changes been studied scientifically, including in the fields of
history, philosophy, and art history. After all, these sciences must been freed from the tyranny of the sole ruler and
ideology of the recent past, and must achieve an objective and consistent analysis of the cultural and spiritual values of
our people over the centuries. At the same time, the Uzbek people, which has a rich cultural heritage, has long historical
ties with other neighboring nations, including the Uyghur people, and it is important to shed light on the role of these
relations in the cultural and spiritual life of both peoples.
The rich cultural wealth, created by the ancient ancestors of the Uyghur peoples, has been carefully preserved
for a long time like the apple of an eye and passed on from generation to generation. This, in particular, is evidenced by
archaeological monuments, architectural structures inherited from the past, as well as various forms of written and oral
works (stories, fables and proverbs, epics).1
2. Material and methods
In our opinion, Uyghur music is divided into 3 major regions in terms of the process of historical formation
and its specific features. These are the music of the southern part of the God mountain , the Kashgar music centered on
Kashgar, the Kumul music centered on Kumul-Turfan in the east, and the music of the Ili Valley in the north, or more
precisely, the city of Gulja in the northwest. Kashgaria and the Ili Valley have always been in close contact with the
West because they are located west of the Uyghur land.
Uyghur music is rooted in the musical traditions of Chinese, Kazakh and other peoples. According to works of art
published in China, the music of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region has a history of several thousand years. In
the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, East Turkestan music such as "28 nagma", "Yellow stork" was performed in the Chinese
capital. The stone inscriptions found on the Turfan also reflect the high musical art of the region.
Sources say that there were large ensembles in East Turkestan in the 3rd and 4th centuries. When the Buddhist
scholar Kumrojuva (344-413) was taken prisoner in China, he was accompanied by an ensemble of 28 people.
Musicians like Su Jaf and Bagmantur are well known. At that time, the words of music were diverse, consisting of
rubab, nay, bolamon, surnay, field drum, yandombog, jalla dopi, gungko, yolguzak, dap (circle), and komoncha. Later,
dutar, tanbur, gijjak, sato and chang were added to them. They perform a variety of musical instruments, especially folk
and classical dances.2
Traditional Uyghur music includes forms that have been established for a long time: from ancient parikhan
sayings ("Perre method"), peasant songs ("Kash", "Suchi", "Oma", etc.) to classical music (mukam, sama and others)
genres. From vocal genres to folk songs such as song, yalla, discuss, professional idols, patterns performed in series,and
patterns are widely used. In the 20th century, musicians such as Turdi Axun alnagma, Rozi tanbur, Khusanjon Jami,
Zikri Alpatto, Giyosiddin Barot were known, in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, there is the Mukam Society.
In Uyghur epics, romantic lyric ("Gharib and Sanam", "Takhir and Zukhra", "Layli and Majnun"), heroic ("Seit nochi",
"Abdurahmon khanhoja"), religious ("Sultaniy Jamjima") plays an important role. There are several local styles of
Uyghur traditional music: ili, khotan, kumulturfan, dolan and others.
3. Theory
The Uyghurs are one of the oldest Turkic peoples in Central Asia and have played an important role not only
in the region but also in European history. A. Semenov writes: “… The Uyghurs belong to a very ancient people, they
have a special place in the history of Asia and Europe and are located in these two parts of the world. If we consider the
fact that the Uyghurs are composed of nineteen tribes united into two groups called the Uyghurs and the nine Uyghurs,
1
Abdulaziz Khashimov "Uyghur professional music traditions". (Monograph)
2
Dillon, Michael (2004). Xinjiang: Chinaʼs Muslim far northwest. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32051-1. p.24
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the Chinese name for the Hun kingdom is “ten derived from the Chinese transcription of the word “Uyghur”, we have to
agree with academician Radlov. At the beginning of the 4th century AD, the Uyghurs began to spread their rule to the
West, and later, at the urging of European riches, the Western Huns moved through the Urals and established a great
Hun empire that shook Europe. Academician Radlov's view was later confirmed by the famous German sinologist Hird,
who said that "Of all the later Turkic languages, Uyghur is the closest to the language of the Huns."3
The history of Uyghur music dates back to BC. There is ample written information, material sources, and
stories, proverbs, and fables about folklore. In particular, a group of envoys consisting of Monarch Jang Chian and his
companions, sent to the western lands by Khan Veda, king of the Han state founded in the 2nd century BC, arrived in
the Uyghur land and collected a lot of information from the present-day Kumul and Oraturk districts. They studied a
sample of music called “Mukhidur” that existed here and brought it with them to Chan Anga (now Shi An), the capital
of the Han dynasty. The king's ordained musician Li Yan Nyan said to have composed 28 orda (central) nags based on
this musical pattern ("Mukhidur").
Modern Uyghur scholars believe that the musicians mentioned by Mozizi are not the original authors of the
perfection; instead, they assume that these musicians, mainly Omonnisahon and Yusuf Kidirkhan, changed the existing
music in accordance with the Arab-Persian traditions. Thus, the Uyghur perfectionists believe that it should be in line
with the Arab-Persian traditions, and more so with the traditions of the Great Collections (chong song) of the 5th
century in East Turkestan. Written based on modern versions, the famous Mukam artist Turdi Axun (1952) notes that
the perfect was modified a little later. He detailed, that, according to local tradition, there were some musicians, who
always performed separate parts of the perfect: the “Chong Naghma” (“chong naghma”) complex at the khan’s palace,
ordinary singers ("dastanchi") performed "Dastan"; folk singers performed "Mashrab." In the nineteenth century. Run-
aka, who well known in Kashgar, gathered the musicians of these three groups and combined the three repertoires.
The musical folklore of the Uyghur people, like that of other peoples of the world, is characterized by a variety of
symbols and genres. Its origins go back to ancient times. The great travelers of the East and the West have left valuable
information about the Uyghur people, emphasizing their love of music, song and dance. "The people there are happy,"
wrote Marco Polo, a 13th-century Venetian traveler. They are inseparable from musical instruments. ”4
3. Results and Discussion
The genres of oral music of the Uyghur people have their own rich and colorful performing traditions. It has
survived from the distant past in the form of an oral tradition, that is, from teacher to disciple, and thus from generation
to generation, and has survived to the present day. Uyghur song and dance music attracts attention with its unique
aspects. During the reign of Yorkent was created a series of "12 statuses". The Markur series includes 340 musical
samples: ancient sayings, oral folk epics, dance music and more. The Kashgar mukam is distinguished by its large size.
The series includes 170 vocal pieces and 72 instrumental pieces. These series can be played 24 hours a day.
The professional music of Uyghur music, which originated in ancient times, has a long history. As a result of
the close interaction of the peoples of the East and, above all, the neighboring fraternal Turkic peoples along the Great
Silk Road with the musical culture, they had much in common. In this regard, the genres of mukam, epic, pattern and
idol play a special role. These genres play an important role in the formation of the mukam series, which is the highest
stage of Ili Uyghur professional music.
The muKam series is a synthetic genre formed under the high influence of several professional music genres. It
was part of a series of mukams and sung by a performer in the form of a free badiha. This section is now referred to as
"The Beginning of Mukam", "Introduction" or "Mukamboshi". The second part of the series is Doston Nagma, which is
based entirely on the melodies and poems of the "gazal" parts of the epics. The nokho genre is mainly based on the
traditions of ensemble performance accompanied by a number of nokhican-narrators and duttors and tambourines. The
last part of the mukam series, the mashrap nagma, was greatly influenced by the form of the sanam(beauty) genre, along
with many say, musicians and dancers, and the important factors in it, such as the musical enthusiasm. As a result, there
is a complete resemblance of melodies between professional music genres or a certain degree of closeness of aytic
melody devices, uniformity of rhythmic scale and method bases, and finally performance of some genres with some
sections of mukam his brotherhood in terms of which served as a key factor in the formation of the Twelve mukam
series, the highest peak of the professional genres. This is illustrated in the table below.
Professional music genres Mukam series
Mukam 1.Mukam bashi (head)
2. Dastan nagma (epos artifice)
Dastan (epos)
Nokhsho
I Epos artifice
II Epos artifice
II Epos artifice
3
A.Semenov “Essay on the cultural role of the Uyghurs in the Mongolian states” // Materials on the history and culture
of the Uyghur people. - Alma-Ata, 1978, p. 23
4
M.Polo.Travels in Tatarstan and other countries of the East. - SPb., 1873
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III Epos artifice
III Epos artifice
3. Mashrap nag’ma (artifice)
Sanam(beauty)
I Mashrap artifice
II Mashrap artifice
III Mashrap artifice
The music of Kashgar, Kumun and Ili oases is the leader in Uyghur music culture. Genres, epics, patterns, idols that
belong to the professional system of Uyghur music.
1. The structure of the mukams of Kashgar music culture.
1) "Mukambashi" (methodless prelude).
2) "Chonnagmi".
3) “Dastan nagmi” (Epos artifice).
4) Mishrib nagmi (dance section).
The instrumental section is called Margu.
2. The structure of hawthorn mugs.
1) "Mukambashi".
2) “Chakma”.
3) “Sanam”.
4) “Salika”.
5) “Salarman”.
The Mukam genre gradually developed into 12 series and developed in the oases. "Cancer"
1) "Cho - biya"
2) "Mushavrak"
3) Charigakh
4) "Piyanchgoh"
5) "Own score"
6) “Ajam”
7) "Oshak"
8) “Bayat”
10) "Nava"
11) “Sigakh”
12) "Iraq"
Thus, from the performance of mukam, dastan(epos), nokhsho and sanam genres, which played a significant
role in the formation of the mukam series and are the highest examples of Ili Uyghur professional music, to the mukams
of complex genres (nokhsho, sanam) intended for the participation of many performers. The tooth principle was taken
as a basis.
Formed on the basis of oral tradition, Uyghur music culture consists of folk music, folk art, mukam,
instrumental melodies and dances. The songs include ceremonial, labor, domestic, lyrical, and religious melodies.
Instrumental melodies are performed solo and with ensemble. In particular, there are musical dances for women, such
as "Porcelain Dance", "Chokka Dance", "Taksiya Dance", men's "Potta Method", "Sama Method", "Dance with Lagan".
Songs play an important role in the daily life of the Uyghur people. It's hard to imagine celebrations,
gatherings without music and dance. Uyghur folk songs have a wonderful melody. It can be performed both
individually and collectively. Singing is a direct accompaniment to a song, which lifts the mood of the song and
sometimes leads to applause.
In Uyghur historical songs, it is clearly expressed as an expression of the people's hard life and heroic struggle against
the invaders. Today, the series "Twelve Uyghur Mukam", which is a wonderful musical heritage of folk music, is
Professional music divided into 3 areas:
Kashkar Kumun Ili valley
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widely performed. Uyghur folk songs and mukams are performed to the accompaniment of musical instruments. It
should be noted that the series "Twelve Uyghur Mukami" by Tamara Alibakiyeva, Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor of the Almaty Conservatory named after Kurmangazi, as well as an important source in the scientific and
creative study of Uyghur folk songs. With this series, Tamara Alibakiyeva collected folklore materials of Uyghur folk
songs and first classified the genre of Uyghur music folklore. The masterpiece of Uyghur music, the cycle “Twelve
Uyghur Mukam”, identifies examples of folklore and studies them historically and theoretically. In his research, the
musicologist developed a curtain-intonation system of medieval Uyghur music5
.
Tamara Alibakiyeva identified the interaction of ancient musical civilizations based on a comparative analysis
of the professional music of the Uyghur people with the professional music genres of medieval Eastern cultures. During
his career, the researcher has published more than 300 books and articles on the history of the development of Uyghur
musical culture, published various encyclopedic, popular scientific and educational manuals around the world. These
include "Uyghur Historical Songs", "Twelve Uyghur Songs", "Uyghur Wedding Songs", "Uyghur Funeral Songs" and
others. He has presented at international music conferences, symposiums, seminars and concerts. Tamara Alibakiyeva
has been actively promoting Uyghur art in the international arena for more than 40 years. He is well known among
musicologists from the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia.
Here are some of the Uyghur folk songs collected by Tamara Alibakiyeva. We have the following information.
Collector: Tamara Alibakiyeva.
Ilyos Sakiyev - rubab, dutar.
Adiljan Niyazov - tanbur, nay, dap.
All songs presented here in Uyghur.
1. A caravan song.
2. Irrigator song.
3. Sherherd's song.
4. Spinner song.
5. Reaper's song.
6. Wedding song.
7. Nazugum.
8. Gulomkhan.
9. A girl's lyric song.
10. Swallow.
11. Damullam6
.
Uyghur music encompasses several distinctive regional styles, as a result of the region’s geographical location
and complex history, with its population separated by mountains and deserts, which has historically been the subject of
many external forces. Cities of the Southern Oasis: The musical traditions of Khatan and Kashgar were closely linked to
the classical traditions of Bukhara and Samarkand in Central Asia, and the city, the eastern oasis of Kumul, was closely
linked to northwestern Chinese music. Each city in these regions still has its own unique tone, but it is intertwined with
a common language and culture that has survived as a result of trade and human migration.
The most prestigious and well-known genre of Uyghur folk music is the "perfect", which is a wide collection
of songs, instruments and dance music. In addition to the mukam, the Uyghurs are a popular music genre of epic
musical tales (dastan) as well as other types of story songs ("koshak", "leprosy", "swallowing" and "madkhiyaname").
At the same time, folk songs, which are usually dedicated to the sufferings of everyday life and the themes of love, play
a special role in Uyghur music culture.
Despite Islam’s indifferent attitude to music in the West, Uyghur music culture has many religious genres of
music from a religious point of view, mainly Sufis, who use music to express and propagate their religious concepts.
Even today, this traditional music genre competes with the pop music industry as well as state-sponsored professional
teams.
We all know that the centuries-old Uyghur music culture has its own unique melodies and songs. It is worth
noting that the genre of singing, which is an integral part of Uyghur music culture, deserves special attention. This is
due to the fact that Uyghur music has a unique melody, a variety of colors, traditions have been preserved for a long
time and are passed on to future generations. In addition to its presentation, the researcher is of interest to musicologists
and ethnographers. As an example, the song "This Plane", which was theoretically analyzed from a musical point of
view, confirms our opinion.
The 12 mukams, which are considered to be the flower of Uyghur music culture, especially musical folklore,
also testify to the high level of development of folk singing. The variety of themes of folklore is directly related to
Uzbek music. Music requires special attention due to its variety of themes, variations, diversity, intonation. In this
regard, it is natural to draw attention to the scientific work of the famous musicologist Tamara Alibakiyeva, who has
linked all her scientific and creative work with Uyghur folk music. As mentioned above, much of his work is related to
Uyghur folk singing.
5
For the history of the theater, see A. Kaidarov. Uygur Soviet Theater. Almaty, 1984.
6
Uighurmusic.tripod.com. the Uighurs/Uyghur Music/Uighur Folk Song.
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4. Conclusion
Summarizing, study shows that Uyghur folk singing, along with its originality, is very close to Uzbek music
locally, and is of special importance in terms of all musical theoretical laws. Tamara Alibakiyeva and K. Alimbayeva
got acquainted with the folklore. In turn, the closeness of Uyghur music to Uzbek music, its long history, and the fact
that Uyghurs have lived in close proximity to the Uzbek people since ancient times, directly contribute to the common
culture.
Reference:
1. Abdulaziz Khashimov "Uyghur professional music traditions". (Monograph).
2. Dillon, Michael (2004). Xinjiang: Chinaʼs Muslim far northwest. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32051-1. p.24
3. A. Semenov, Essay on the cultural role of the Uyghurs in the Mongolian states // Materials on the history and
culture of the Uyghur people. - Almaty, 1978, p.23
4. M. Polo, Travels in Tatarstan and other countries of the East. - SPb., 1873.
5. M. K. Xamraev , The centuries of the undying word, A.-A., 1969;
6. Essays on the History of Uyghur Soviet Literature, Almaty, 1967;
7. Traditions and nova-turluk problems in Uyghur literature, Almaty. 1970.
8. For the history of the theater, see A. Kaidarov, Uygur Soviet Theater. Almaty, 1984.
9. Sh.Oyxo’jayeva. (Text of lectures)
Websites:
1. interkomitet.uz/qomita-haqida/milliy-madaniy-markazlar/o-zbekiston-uyg-ur-madaniyat-markazi/
2. www.ziyouz.com.
3. the.uighurs.tripod.com.
4. httpdd: // www.last.fm.