The document discusses the different uses of the present perfect tense in English, including:
1) The state present perfect which refers to a state that began in the past and continues to the present.
2) The event present perfect which refers to one or more past events within a period leading to the present, reported either as recent news or more remote past events.
3) The habitual present perfect which refers to past events that repeatedly occur up to and including the present.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 08, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses various aspects of tense and aspect in English grammar. It describes how time is conceptualized as past, present and future. It defines tense as a grammatical category realized through verb inflection, distinguishing between the present and past tense in English. It also discusses aspect, the progressive and perfect aspects. Finally, it examines different ways of expressing future time in English using modal verbs, the going to construction, simple present and present progressive tenses.
1. The simple future and "be going to" concepts in English are expressed in Turkish using verb suffixes ending in [-ecek] or [-acak]. These suffixes are added based on person and number.
2. Questions are formed by adding question particles like [-mi] after the verb. Negative questions use the negation suffixes [-me] or [-ma] before [-ecek] or [-acak].
3. When asking questions with question words like "where", "when", etc., question particles are not needed. Verb conjugations and suffixes are still used to indicate future meaning.
Turkish tenses, modals , linking verbs and their english equivalents (are de...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document provides an overview of the Turkish simple present tense (Geniş Zaman) and verb conjugations. It explains that the tense morpheme is [İR] with subject allomorphs attached to verbs. Verbs ending in vowels combine with tense morphemes, while those ending in consonants have the consonant detach and attach to the tense morpheme. Examples of conjugated verbs are provided for different subjects. Transitive and intransitive verbs are also distinguished.
This document discusses the use of the simple future and "be going to" construction in Turkish. It provides examples of how these concepts are expressed using the suffixes -ecek and -acak in Turkish, along with the rules for conjugating verbs using these suffixes. It also covers how to form positive and negative statements, questions, and polite requests using the simple future and "be going to" construction in Turkish.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns that produce nouns or adjectives. Some of the morphemes discussed are [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-cI]. It explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of a word, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not change the meaning.
This document provides an overview of noun compounds in Turkish. It discusses the structure of noun compounds, which have two parts: a possessive part and an owned part. It explains how possessive personal allomorphs are attached to both parts depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or consonant. For example, the allomorphs for "my" are -im, -ım, -üm, -um, -em, -am when attached to the owned part. The document also provides many examples of noun compounds with different possessive pronouns and discusses sound changes that may occur when suffixes are added.
Punctuation marks (enchanted learning com)EugenioFouz
There are many common punctuation marks including periods, commas, colons, apostrophes, dashes, ellipses, exclamation points, hyphens, parentheses, question marks, quotation marks, and semicolons. Each punctuation mark has specific uses such as separating elements in a list (comma), showing possession (apostrophe), introducing a list (colon), emphasizing a statement (exclamation point), and connecting independent clauses (semicolon). Proper use of punctuation helps clarify meaning and improve readability.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 08, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses various aspects of tense and aspect in English grammar. It describes how time is conceptualized as past, present and future. It defines tense as a grammatical category realized through verb inflection, distinguishing between the present and past tense in English. It also discusses aspect, the progressive and perfect aspects. Finally, it examines different ways of expressing future time in English using modal verbs, the going to construction, simple present and present progressive tenses.
1. The simple future and "be going to" concepts in English are expressed in Turkish using verb suffixes ending in [-ecek] or [-acak]. These suffixes are added based on person and number.
2. Questions are formed by adding question particles like [-mi] after the verb. Negative questions use the negation suffixes [-me] or [-ma] before [-ecek] or [-acak].
3. When asking questions with question words like "where", "when", etc., question particles are not needed. Verb conjugations and suffixes are still used to indicate future meaning.
Turkish tenses, modals , linking verbs and their english equivalents (are de...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document provides an overview of the Turkish simple present tense (Geniş Zaman) and verb conjugations. It explains that the tense morpheme is [İR] with subject allomorphs attached to verbs. Verbs ending in vowels combine with tense morphemes, while those ending in consonants have the consonant detach and attach to the tense morpheme. Examples of conjugated verbs are provided for different subjects. Transitive and intransitive verbs are also distinguished.
This document discusses the use of the simple future and "be going to" construction in Turkish. It provides examples of how these concepts are expressed using the suffixes -ecek and -acak in Turkish, along with the rules for conjugating verbs using these suffixes. It also covers how to form positive and negative statements, questions, and polite requests using the simple future and "be going to" construction in Turkish.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns that produce nouns or adjectives. Some of the morphemes discussed are [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-cI]. It explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of a word, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not change the meaning.
This document provides an overview of noun compounds in Turkish. It discusses the structure of noun compounds, which have two parts: a possessive part and an owned part. It explains how possessive personal allomorphs are attached to both parts depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or consonant. For example, the allomorphs for "my" are -im, -ım, -üm, -um, -em, -am when attached to the owned part. The document also provides many examples of noun compounds with different possessive pronouns and discusses sound changes that may occur when suffixes are added.
Punctuation marks (enchanted learning com)EugenioFouz
There are many common punctuation marks including periods, commas, colons, apostrophes, dashes, ellipses, exclamation points, hyphens, parentheses, question marks, quotation marks, and semicolons. Each punctuation mark has specific uses such as separating elements in a list (comma), showing possession (apostrophe), introducing a list (colon), emphasizing a statement (exclamation point), and connecting independent clauses (semicolon). Proper use of punctuation helps clarify meaning and improve readability.
This document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. It provides examples of how:
1) Turkish infinitives are formed by adding various suffixes to verbs, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives ("to verb") and gerunds ("verb-ing") which can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
2) Both Turkish infinitives and English gerunds can be used as subjects, objects, objects of prepositions, or subject complements in sentences.
3) Some English present participles formed with "-ing" can be used as adjectives, with Turkish equivalents using suffixes like "-en/-an".
The document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. In Turkish, verbs are made into infinitives through various suffixes added to the verb, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives and gerunds. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, while gerunds function as nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate how Turkish infinitives correspond to either English infinitives or gerunds in different sentence structures and functions.
A contrastive analysis of the english and turkish pronouns yuksel goknelgoknely
This document contrasts pronouns in English and Turkish. It notes that Turkish pronouns are rule-governed, with subject pronouns followed by affixes to indicate object, possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns. However, some English pronouns are irregular. It provides tables of pronouns in both languages. The document then discusses in detail how different types of pronouns are formed in Turkish using affixes compared to some irregularities in English pronoun forms.
This document provides a contrastive list of English and Turkish verbs. It notes that some English verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, while Turkish has fewer such verbs. The document then lists examples of frequently used English verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive, along with their Turkish equivalents and how their forms change. It provides the verbs in sentences and notes syntactic differences between English and Turkish, such as how objects and subjects are marked.
Subject allomorphs and possessive allomorphs in turkish yuksel goknelOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses subject and possessive allomorphs in Turkish. It explains that morphemes in Turkish may have different pronunciations called allomorphs that carry the same meaning. It then discusses how the Turkish sound system transforms a sequence of morphemes into a syllabic sequence that can be vocalized through combinations and attachments of vowels and consonants. Examples are provided to illustrate rules for how identical vowels combine, how single consonants attach to following vowels, and how some vowel-ending morphemes drop vowels. Subject and possessive allomorphs that indicate pronouns are also explained.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish and their English equivalents. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns in Turkish that produce nouns or adjectives, such as [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-ce]. It also gives examples of morphemes attached to nouns that produce adjectives, such as [-cIl], [-lI], and [-sIz]. The document explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of words, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not alter meaning.
This document outlines 28 rules for English spelling. The rules address pronunciation patterns involving consonant combinations and vowels, exceptions to typical pronunciation patterns, doubling consonants in certain contexts, and past tense endings. The rules are intended to be taught by applying the phonograms sound by sound in spelling lessons, rather than through rote memorization, so students learn the process of analysis and thinking.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It begins by defining morphemes and explaining two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes. It then describes derivational morphemes, which change the meaning or part of speech of words, versus inflectional morphemes, which do not change meaning. The document provides numerous examples of derivational morphemes attached to nouns and adjectives in Turkish and their allomorphic variations. It explains that allomorphs are variant pronunciations of the same morpheme that do not change its meaning.
This document discusses morphemes, allomorphs, and syllables in Turkish and English. It defines morphemes as the smallest meaningful units in a language. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. The document provides many examples of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and discusses differences in how prepositions are expressed in Turkish using bound morphemes. It also outlines the vowel harmony rules that govern morpheme combinations in Turkish.
This document provides information about Turkish tenses, modals, and linking verbs and their English equivalents. It begins by explaining the color coding used to identify different parts of sentences. It then discusses the Turkish simple present tense, called the "Geniş Zaman". It provides the suffixes used for subjects and examples of verbs conjugated in this tense. It notes differences between transitive and intransitive verbs. Finally, it gives more examples of verbs ending in vowels or consonants conjugated in the simple present tense.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns that produce nouns or adjectives. Some of the morphemes discussed are [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-cI]. It explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of a word, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not change the meaning.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 07, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses the uses of modal verbs such as should, ought to, must, and shall. It explains that should and ought to are used to express advice or recommendation. Must can express obligation or necessity, either from the speaker's authority or as something inevitable. Shall is used to make predictions after I or we, and was used more commonly in the past to express obligation or insistence with other subjects.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 11, 12 13Alen Šogolj
This document discusses conditional clauses and how they are used to express different types of conditions. It begins by explaining that conditional clauses can convey either a direct or indirect condition. It then describes the different types of conditional clauses: Type 0 expresses cause and effect, Type 1 expresses an open condition, and Types 2 and 3 express tentative, hypothetical, or unreal conditions. It provides examples for each type and discusses the typical verb tenses and structures used. The document also covers variations, indirect speech, backshifting, and other changes that can occur when converting direct to indirect speech.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 06, 12 13Alen Šogolj
This document discusses the meanings and uses of modal auxiliaries in English. It explains that modals have root meanings involving ability, permission, and obligation, and epistemic meanings involving possibility and necessity. Each modal has both root and epistemic uses. The document then examines individual modals such as can, may, must, and should, outlining their core meanings and how they are used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, obligation, and other concepts in different tenses and constructions. It provides many examples to illustrate the nuanced meanings and appropriate uses of each modal verb.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 05, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses various categories related to verbs in English grammar, including finite and nonfinite verb phrases, tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It provides examples and explanations of each category. Finite verb phrases can occur as the main verb of independent clauses and show tense, person and number agreement. Nonfinite verb phrases do not normally head independent clauses and include infinitives, -ing and -ed participles.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 04, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses the major classes of verbs in English: full verbs, primary verbs, and modal auxiliary verbs. Full verbs can act only as main verbs, modal auxiliaries can act only as auxiliary verbs, and primary verbs like "be" and "have" can act as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. The functions of different verb forms like the base form, -s form, -ing participle, and -ed participle are also outlined. Operators like auxiliary verbs can carry tense, negation, and questioning.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 12, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses various types of multi-word verbs in English including phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, and phrasal-prepositional verbs. It provides examples and explains the differences between these types of multi-word verbs. Key points include: phrasal verbs consist of a verb and particle, which can be an adverb or preposition; prepositional verbs include a verb and prepositional object; and phrasal-prepositional verbs have a verb, adverb, and preposition. The document also covers active and passive voice constructions for these multi-word verbs.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 10, 12 13Alen Šogolj
This document discusses the progressive aspect in English grammar. It begins by explaining that the progressive focuses on an event or situation as being in progress at a particular time, implying it has limited duration and may not be complete. It then examines how stative verbs are generally not used progressively, but can be to indicate temporary behavior or attitudes. Various uses of the progressive are explored, including the event progressive, habitual progressive, and special uses like referring to anticipated future events. The document also discusses how certain verb types like verbs of bodily sensation can be used progressively or non-progressively. Finally, it analyzes non-progressive verbs in more depth.
This document discusses different types of verbs in the English language including:
- Lexical verbs which show actions or states and auxiliary verbs which provide additional information like tense.
- Dynamic verbs which show physical actions and stative verbs which show mental states.
- Modal auxiliary verbs which indicate possibility or probability.
- Tenses which locate verbs in time through aspects like simple, progressive, and perfective.
- Voice including active voice where the subject performs the action and passive voice where the subject receives the action.
There are four types of variations in verb phrases: tense, aspect, mood, and voice. Tense can be present or past, aspect can be unmarked, perfect, progressive, or perfect progressive, mood can be indicative, imperative, or subjunctive, and voice can be active or passive. Finite verb phrases occur in independent clauses and have tense, person, and number agreement with subjects. Nonfinite verb phrases include infinitives, -ing participles, and -ed participles. English has two tenses, present and past, and aspect refers to whether a verb action is completed or continuing.
This document discusses various grammatical constructions in English that can be used to express future time. It notes that while English has no distinct future tense, there are a number of ways to denote futurity including the use of modal auxiliaries like will and shall, the present progressive, and the simple present tense under certain circumstances. Specific constructions like will/shall + infinitive, be going to + infinitive, and be to + infinitive are explained in terms of their meanings and appropriate uses for indicating future events, intentions, predictions and obligations. Contextual examples are provided to illustrate the different options for expressing future time in English.
This document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. It provides examples of how:
1) Turkish infinitives are formed by adding various suffixes to verbs, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives ("to verb") and gerunds ("verb-ing") which can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
2) Both Turkish infinitives and English gerunds can be used as subjects, objects, objects of prepositions, or subject complements in sentences.
3) Some English present participles formed with "-ing" can be used as adjectives, with Turkish equivalents using suffixes like "-en/-an".
The document discusses Turkish infinitives and how they compare to English infinitives and gerunds. In Turkish, verbs are made into infinitives through various suffixes added to the verb, functioning as nouns. English has both infinitives and gerunds. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, while gerunds function as nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate how Turkish infinitives correspond to either English infinitives or gerunds in different sentence structures and functions.
A contrastive analysis of the english and turkish pronouns yuksel goknelgoknely
This document contrasts pronouns in English and Turkish. It notes that Turkish pronouns are rule-governed, with subject pronouns followed by affixes to indicate object, possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns. However, some English pronouns are irregular. It provides tables of pronouns in both languages. The document then discusses in detail how different types of pronouns are formed in Turkish using affixes compared to some irregularities in English pronoun forms.
This document provides a contrastive list of English and Turkish verbs. It notes that some English verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, while Turkish has fewer such verbs. The document then lists examples of frequently used English verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive, along with their Turkish equivalents and how their forms change. It provides the verbs in sentences and notes syntactic differences between English and Turkish, such as how objects and subjects are marked.
Subject allomorphs and possessive allomorphs in turkish yuksel goknelOur Sad Loss, 1930-2018
This document discusses subject and possessive allomorphs in Turkish. It explains that morphemes in Turkish may have different pronunciations called allomorphs that carry the same meaning. It then discusses how the Turkish sound system transforms a sequence of morphemes into a syllabic sequence that can be vocalized through combinations and attachments of vowels and consonants. Examples are provided to illustrate rules for how identical vowels combine, how single consonants attach to following vowels, and how some vowel-ending morphemes drop vowels. Subject and possessive allomorphs that indicate pronouns are also explained.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish and their English equivalents. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns in Turkish that produce nouns or adjectives, such as [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-ce]. It also gives examples of morphemes attached to nouns that produce adjectives, such as [-cIl], [-lI], and [-sIz]. The document explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of words, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not alter meaning.
This document outlines 28 rules for English spelling. The rules address pronunciation patterns involving consonant combinations and vowels, exceptions to typical pronunciation patterns, doubling consonants in certain contexts, and past tense endings. The rules are intended to be taught by applying the phonograms sound by sound in spelling lessons, rather than through rote memorization, so students learn the process of analysis and thinking.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It begins by defining morphemes and explaining two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes. It then describes derivational morphemes, which change the meaning or part of speech of words, versus inflectional morphemes, which do not change meaning. The document provides numerous examples of derivational morphemes attached to nouns and adjectives in Turkish and their allomorphic variations. It explains that allomorphs are variant pronunciations of the same morpheme that do not change its meaning.
This document discusses morphemes, allomorphs, and syllables in Turkish and English. It defines morphemes as the smallest meaningful units in a language. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. The document provides many examples of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and discusses differences in how prepositions are expressed in Turkish using bound morphemes. It also outlines the vowel harmony rules that govern morpheme combinations in Turkish.
This document provides information about Turkish tenses, modals, and linking verbs and their English equivalents. It begins by explaining the color coding used to identify different parts of sentences. It then discusses the Turkish simple present tense, called the "Geniş Zaman". It provides the suffixes used for subjects and examples of verbs conjugated in this tense. It notes differences between transitive and intransitive verbs. Finally, it gives more examples of verbs ending in vowels or consonants conjugated in the simple present tense.
This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns that produce nouns or adjectives. Some of the morphemes discussed are [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-cI]. It explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of a word, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not change the meaning.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 07, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses the uses of modal verbs such as should, ought to, must, and shall. It explains that should and ought to are used to express advice or recommendation. Must can express obligation or necessity, either from the speaker's authority or as something inevitable. Shall is used to make predictions after I or we, and was used more commonly in the past to express obligation or insistence with other subjects.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 11, 12 13Alen Šogolj
This document discusses conditional clauses and how they are used to express different types of conditions. It begins by explaining that conditional clauses can convey either a direct or indirect condition. It then describes the different types of conditional clauses: Type 0 expresses cause and effect, Type 1 expresses an open condition, and Types 2 and 3 express tentative, hypothetical, or unreal conditions. It provides examples for each type and discusses the typical verb tenses and structures used. The document also covers variations, indirect speech, backshifting, and other changes that can occur when converting direct to indirect speech.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 06, 12 13Alen Šogolj
This document discusses the meanings and uses of modal auxiliaries in English. It explains that modals have root meanings involving ability, permission, and obligation, and epistemic meanings involving possibility and necessity. Each modal has both root and epistemic uses. The document then examines individual modals such as can, may, must, and should, outlining their core meanings and how they are used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, obligation, and other concepts in different tenses and constructions. It provides many examples to illustrate the nuanced meanings and appropriate uses of each modal verb.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 05, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses various categories related to verbs in English grammar, including finite and nonfinite verb phrases, tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It provides examples and explanations of each category. Finite verb phrases can occur as the main verb of independent clauses and show tense, person and number agreement. Nonfinite verb phrases do not normally head independent clauses and include infinitives, -ing and -ed participles.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 04, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses the major classes of verbs in English: full verbs, primary verbs, and modal auxiliary verbs. Full verbs can act only as main verbs, modal auxiliaries can act only as auxiliary verbs, and primary verbs like "be" and "have" can act as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. The functions of different verb forms like the base form, -s form, -ing participle, and -ed participle are also outlined. Operators like auxiliary verbs can carry tense, negation, and questioning.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 12, 12 13Alen Šogolj
The document discusses various types of multi-word verbs in English including phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, and phrasal-prepositional verbs. It provides examples and explains the differences between these types of multi-word verbs. Key points include: phrasal verbs consist of a verb and particle, which can be an adverb or preposition; prepositional verbs include a verb and prepositional object; and phrasal-prepositional verbs have a verb, adverb, and preposition. The document also covers active and passive voice constructions for these multi-word verbs.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 10, 12 13Alen Šogolj
This document discusses the progressive aspect in English grammar. It begins by explaining that the progressive focuses on an event or situation as being in progress at a particular time, implying it has limited duration and may not be complete. It then examines how stative verbs are generally not used progressively, but can be to indicate temporary behavior or attitudes. Various uses of the progressive are explored, including the event progressive, habitual progressive, and special uses like referring to anticipated future events. The document also discusses how certain verb types like verbs of bodily sensation can be used progressively or non-progressively. Finally, it analyzes non-progressive verbs in more depth.
This document discusses different types of verbs in the English language including:
- Lexical verbs which show actions or states and auxiliary verbs which provide additional information like tense.
- Dynamic verbs which show physical actions and stative verbs which show mental states.
- Modal auxiliary verbs which indicate possibility or probability.
- Tenses which locate verbs in time through aspects like simple, progressive, and perfective.
- Voice including active voice where the subject performs the action and passive voice where the subject receives the action.
There are four types of variations in verb phrases: tense, aspect, mood, and voice. Tense can be present or past, aspect can be unmarked, perfect, progressive, or perfect progressive, mood can be indicative, imperative, or subjunctive, and voice can be active or passive. Finite verb phrases occur in independent clauses and have tense, person, and number agreement with subjects. Nonfinite verb phrases include infinitives, -ing participles, and -ed participles. English has two tenses, present and past, and aspect refers to whether a verb action is completed or continuing.
This document discusses various grammatical constructions in English that can be used to express future time. It notes that while English has no distinct future tense, there are a number of ways to denote futurity including the use of modal auxiliaries like will and shall, the present progressive, and the simple present tense under certain circumstances. Specific constructions like will/shall + infinitive, be going to + infinitive, and be to + infinitive are explained in terms of their meanings and appropriate uses for indicating future events, intentions, predictions and obligations. Contextual examples are provided to illustrate the different options for expressing future time in English.
This document provides a summary of Kai von Fintel's notes for a future chapter on conditionals. It discusses different types of conditionals, including:
1) Indicative conditionals, where tense is interpreted normally according to the Lewis-Kratzer thesis that the if-clause restricts an epistemic modal.
2) Conditionals with future tense in the if-clause ("future less vivid" conditionals), which involve a covert future operator in the if-clause.
3) Conditionals with past tense morphology in both clauses ("future less vivid" conditionals), which locate the time of evaluating accessibility in the past.
4) Counterfactual conditionals, which involve a second
This document discusses time and tense in English grammar. It defines time as referring to when an action occurs, and tense as the grammatical structure that expresses time. It then outlines the 12 verb tenses in English and provides examples of their uses. Special uses of tenses are discussed, including using the present tense to talk about the past or future. The document also covers sequences of tenses, reported speech, conditional sentences, and exercises to practice tense usage.
Time has three divisions - past, present, and future. Verb tenses are used to indicate when actions occur within these time frames. The simple present tense describes general truths and habitual actions. The present continuous tense describes ongoing actions. The present perfect tense expresses actions that occurred before now at an indefinite time in the past. The past simple tense describes finished actions in the past, while the past continuous tense expresses actions that were ongoing in the past. The past perfect tense refers to actions completed before other past actions. The future simple tense uses "will" to express predictions or future facts, while "going to" indicates future plans or intentions.
The document provides examples of verb tenses and forms in English including:
1) Present, past, and progressive tenses as well as examples of their uses.
2) Future tenses including simple future, intention future, and examples of their uses.
3) Examples of transitive and intransitive verbs and correcting improper verb forms.
4) Short composition and translation exercises practicing various verb tenses.
The document discusses various verb tenses and how they are used to indicate the time and aspect of actions. It categorizes the 12 verb tenses into past, present and future tenses based on time, and simple, progressive and perfect tenses based on aspect. For each tense, it provides examples of sentences using verbs in that tense and an explanation of when that tense would be used.
The document discusses different types of verbs and verb tenses in English. It defines verbs as words that express actions, states of being, or mental processes. It then describes several categories of verbs including: action verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, linking verbs, helping/auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, stative verbs, and phrasal verbs. The document also explains the 12 main verb tenses in English - simple present, simple past, simple future, present progressive, past progressive, future progressive, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, and future perfect progressive - focusing on how each indicates time and aspect.
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The document discusses the complexity of noun phrases and their structure. It notes that noun phrases can include entire sentences restructured as a single complex subject. It then outlines the four main components of a noun phrase: the head, determiners, premodification (adjectives, participles before the head), and postmodification (clauses, phrases after the head). Various examples are provided to illustrate each component.
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The document discusses three fundamental ideas in syntax: constituent structure, syntactic categories, and grammatical functions. It provides examples to illustrate:
1) Sentences are made up of constituents which can themselves contain constituents in a hierarchical structure.
2) Constituents are classified into syntactic categories such as noun phrases and verb phrases.
3) Within a construction, constituents play specific grammatical functions, such as subject or object.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 01, 12 13Alen Šogolj
Traditional definitions of parts of speech based on meaning are criticized by linguists. Notional definitions assume a direct link between grammatical form and semantic meaning, but the relationship is complex. For example, "rejection" and "rejected" have similar meanings but different grammatical functions. Satisfactory definitions must identify grammatical properties that distinguish parts of speech. Words are classified according to their properties in phrases and clauses, not their meanings. Parts of speech fall into closed classes that are finite and stable, or open classes that constantly change.
This document discusses English verb tenses, aspects, and moods. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like finite and non-finite verb phrases, auxiliary vs main verbs, progressive and perfect aspects, and root vs epistemic meanings of modal verbs. Questions are included for students to analyze verb forms in example sentences, compare sentences using different verb constructions, discuss ambiguity, and translate a sentence into English. The document aims to teach students to properly identify and explain verb-related grammar points in English.
The document discusses various types of variations in figurative expressions and idioms between British and American English. It provides examples of expressions that have similar meanings but different words or phrases depending on the variant, such as "flog a dead horse" versus "beat a dead horse". It also examines expressions that have related but distinct meanings depending on whether they use British or American terminology.
The document discusses variations that exist in fixed expressions and idioms (FEIs). Around 40% of FEIs have lexical variations and 14% have two or more variations. Variations can occur in the verb, noun, adjective, particle, conjunction, or through specificity/amplification and truncation. There are also variations between British and American English FEIs. While some variation is expected in FEIs, especially metaphorical ones, the degree of variation challenges the assumption that FEIs have fixed forms.
This document discusses the inflectability of verbs, nouns, and other lexical items within fixed expressions or idioms (FEIs). It notes that verbs in FEIs normally inflect, while nouns are more restricted and their inflectability depends on factors like whether the FEI is metaphorical or contains body parts. The document also examines how FEIs can undergo transformations like negation, passivization, nominalization, and changing to other parts of speech while maintaining aspects of their meaning.
The document discusses different categories of fixed expressions or idioms (FEIs), including those involving hyperbole and absurdity, truisms, irony, and conceptual metaphors. It provides examples for each category. Many FEIs involve exaggeration rather than impossibilities. Truisms state the obvious through understatement. A few FEIs are always used ironically. Conceptual metaphors are embedded in language and can be seen through related FEIs involving domains like gambling, fire, vehicles, and clothing.
This document discusses different types of linguistic phenomena that can cause words or phrases to have multiple meanings:
1) Homonymy occurs when a word has distinct, unrelated meanings. The example given is "bank" meaning a financial institution or the side of a river.
2) Polysemy occurs when a word has multiple closely-related meanings. "Mouth" is used to describe the mouth of an animal or river.
3) Fixed expressions can also be polysemous, with meanings that are either anomalous collocations or metaphors of each other. Examples include "abandon ship" and "out of one's depth."
4) Metonymy is when one entity refers to a
The document discusses the lexical and grammatical forms of fixed expressions and idioms (FEIs). It notes that FEIs have vocabularies that are different from general language and contain "cranberry collocations" or words and phrases unique to FEIs. It examines different types of FEIs, including those that are ill-formed, contain unusual word classes or syntactic behaviors, and function as predicates, nominals, modifiers, adjuncts, and sentence adverbials. The document also covers FEI conventions, exclamations, and subordinate clauses.
This document discusses the typology and categorization of fixed expressions and idioms. It identifies three main categories: anomalous collocations, formulae, and metaphors. Anomalous collocations are problematic in terms of lexicogrammar, formulae are problematic in terms of pragmatics, and metaphors are problematic in terms of semantics. Each category has further subcategories that provide more specific classifications based on the nature of the anomaly or problem. The document also discusses related concepts like collocation, processing of idioms, and how fixed expressions become institutionalized over time through the process of lexicalization.
This document discusses fixed expressions in English. It notes there is no agreed upon terminology and definitions can vary. Idioms are defined as multi-word phrases whose meanings are not fully predictable from the individual words. Idioms typically have both a literal compositional meaning and a non-compositional idiomatic meaning. Fixed expressions include idioms and other phrases like proverbs and collocations that vary in their degree of compositionality. Institutionalization, fixedness, and non-compositionality are identified as the main factors in defining fixed expressions, though there is variability. Other criteria mentioned include orthography, syntactic integrity, and phonological properties. Examples of common English idioms and fixed expressions are provided.
2. The present perfect
The present perfect – used to refer to a situation set
at some indefinite time within a period beginning in
the past and leading up to the present.
3 major types of the present perfect:
I) The STATE PRESENT PERFECT
II) The EVENT PRESENT PERFECT
III) The HABITUAL PRESENT PERFECT
3. The state present perfect
I) The STATE PRESENT PERFECT – used with
stative verb senses to refer to a state that began in the
past and extends to the present, and will perhaps
continue in the future:
(1) They have been unhappy for a long time.
(2) We have lived in London for five years.
(3) She has owned this house since her father died.
(4) I’ve always liked her.
4. The event present perfect
II) The EVENT PRESENT PERFECT – used with
dynamic verb senses to refer to one or more events
that have occurred at some time within a period
leading up to the present.
There are 2 subtypes:
(a) the event or events are reported as news; usually
they have occurred shortly before the present
time:
(5) The Democrats have won the election.
(6) I’ve just got a new job.
(7) There’s been a serious accident.
5. The event present perfect
(b) the event or events occurred at some more
remote time in the past, but the implicit time
period that frames the event or events leads up
to the present:
(8) She has given an interview only once in her life (but
she may yet give another interview).
(9) Have you seen the new production of King Lear at
the National Theatre? (You still can do so.)
(10) All our children have had measles (and they are
not likely to have it again).
6. The habitual present perfect
III) The HABITUAL PRESENT PERFECT –used with
dynamic verb senses to refer to past events that
repeatedly occur up to and including the present:
(11) The magazine has been published every month
(since 1975).
(12) Socrates has influenced many philosophers (until
now).
7. The present perfect
The present perfect does not normally occur with
adverbials that indicate a specific point or period of
time in the past:
(13) I saw her a week ago. [simple past]
(14) *I have seen her a week ago. [present perfect]
8. The use of the present perfect for
recent events – resultative perfect
The use of the present perfect for recent events may
imply that the result of the event still applies:
(15) He’s broken his arm. (“His arm is broken”)
(16) I’ve emptied the basket. (“The basket is empty”)
(17) The train has arrived on Platform 4. (“The train is
now on Platform 4”)
9. The simple past tense for recent
events in American English
The simple past is often used in place of the present
perfect for recent events, esp. in AmE:
(18) I just got a new job.
10. Adverbials with the present perfect
These adverbials include:
(a) the adverb since:
(19) I haven’t seen him since.
(b) prepositional phrases and clauses introduced by
since:
(20) I haven’t seen him since Monday.
(21) I haven’t seen him since I met you.
(c) the phrases till now, up to now, so far.
11. The present perfect with temporal
since-clauses
A temporal since-clause generally requires the
present perfect in the matrix clause (main clause)
when the whole construction refers to a stretch of
time up to (and potentially) including the present:
(22) I have lost ten pounds since I started swimming.
(23) Since leaving home, Larry has written to his
parents just once.
In AmE, and increasingly in informal BrE, nonperfect
forms are commonly used in the matrix clauses – for
example, lost instead of have lost in (22), and wrote
instead of has written in (23).
12. The present perfect with temporal
since-clauses
When the whole construction refers to a stretch of
time up to (and potentially including) the present, the
verb in the since-clause may be the simple past or the
present perfect.
The simple past is used when the since-clause refers
to a point in time marking the beginning of the
situation:
(24) She has been talking since she was one year old.
(25) Since I saw her last, she has dyed her hair.
(26) Derek hasn’t stopped talking since he arrived.
13. The present perfect with temporal
since-clauses
The present perfect is used in both clauses when the
since-clause refers to a period of time lasting to the
present:
(27) Max has been tense since he’s been taking drugs.
(28) Since I have been here, I haven’t left my seat.
(29) Since I’ve known Caroline, she has been
interested in athletics.
(30) I’ve had a dog ever since I’ve owned a house.
(31) I’ve gone to concerts ever since I’ve lived in
Edinburgh.
14. The perfect with temporal since-
clauses
When the whole period is set in past time, the past
perfect or the simple past is used in both clauses:
(32) Since the country (had) achieved independence, it
(had) revised its constitution twice.
(33) Since he had known/knew her, she had been/was a
journalist.
15. The perfect with other temporal
clauses
When an after-clause or a when-clause refers to a
sequence of two past events, the verb in the temporal
clause may be in the past perfect, though it is more
commonly in the simple past:
(34) We ate our meal after/when we returned/had
returned from the game.
All four forms of these sentences are acceptable, and
mean roughly the same.
The only difference is that when and the simple past
(probably the most popular choice here) suggests that the
one event follows immediately on the other in sequence.
16. The perfect with other temporal
clauses
However, there may be a contrast when the
subordinator is when if the predication in the when-
clause is durative:
(35) They walked out when I gave/had given the
lecture.
‘when I gave the lecture’ = means “as soon as I started
giving the lecture” or “during the time I was giving the
lecture”
‘when I had given the lecture’ = means “after the
lecture was over”
17. The perfect with other temporal
clauses
The present perfect is common in temporal and
conditional clauses when the clauses refer to a sequence
of future events and when the accent is on the
completion of the event:
(36) When they’ve scored their next goal, we’ll go home.
(37) As soon as I’ve retired, I’ll buy a cottage in the
country.
(38) After they have left, we can smoke.
(39) If I’ve written the paper before Monday, I’ll call you.
In each case, the simple present is a alternative.
18. The perfect with other temporal
clauses
Consider the following sentences, which seem to be equivalent in meaning:
(40) I saw him before he saw me. (PAST SIMPLE + PAST SIMPLE)
(41) I had seen him before he saw me. (PAST PERFECT + PAST SIMPLE)
(42) I saw him before he had seen me. (PAST SIMPLE + PAST PERFECT)
(43) I had seen him before he had seen me. (PAST PERFECT + PAST PERFECT)
Sentence (42) appears to be paradoxical in that the second in the succession
of events is marked with the past perfect. One explanation is that the before-
clause in (42), and perhaps also in (43) is nonfactual, i.e. “He did not get a
chance to see me”.
But it is also possible that the meaning of the subordinator before has
influenced the use of the past perfect as one of the choices of verb forms
It is also possible that there is an analogy with the use of the past perfect in an
after-clause.
19. The simple past vs. the present
perfect
The simple past must be used if the implicit time
period does not reach up to the present moment:
(44) She has given an interview only once in her life. vs.
She gave an interview only once in her life. (She can give no
more interview since she is dead)
(45) Have you seen the new production of King Lear at the
National Theatre? vs. Did you see the new production of
King Lear at the National Theatre? (You can no longer do
so, because the production has closed)
20. The future perfect
If will or shall is combined with the perfect infinitive,
the resulting future perfect conveys the meaning “past
in future”. The action expressed by the future perfect
will be completed before another future event or
action, or a stated time in the future.
(46) By next week, they will have completed their
contract.
21. The past perfect
The past perfect refers to s time earlier than another
past time (secondary past). It may represent the past
of the simple past, a tome earlier than that indicated
by the simple past:
(47) They had moved into the house before the baby
was born.
The simple past can often replace the past perfect in
such cases, if the time-relationship is clear:
(48) They moved into the house before the baby was
born.
22. The past perfect
The past perfect may also represent the past of the
present perfect:
(49) She had owned the house since her parents died.
(50) She has owned the hose since her parents died.
(50) entails that she still owns the house, (49) implies
that she does not own it now.
23. The past perfect
The past perfect has special uses analogous to those for the simple
past:
In indirect speech constructions it indicates a backshift into the more
remote past:
(51) I told her the parcel had not arrived.
The attitudinal past perfect refers more politely than the simple past
to a present state of mind:
(52) I had wondered whether you are/were free now.
The hypothetical past perfect is used in certain subordinate clauses,
especially if-clauses, to imply that the situation did not occur:
(53) If I had been there, it would not have happened. (“I was not there”)
(54) I wish I had been there. (“I was not there”) (Željela bih da sam bila
tamo - rather rare; Da sam barem bila tamo – more frequent)
24. The past perfect
To indicate the secondary past, B/S/C frequently employs the Perfekt
modified by adverbials, mostly već, još, ranije, nekad(a) in the past
time context:
(55) Nothing so thrilling had happened there for years.
(55a) Već se godinama ondje nije dogodilo ništa tako uzbudljivo.
(56) I had not then acquired the technique that I have now.
(56a) Tada još nisam stekao tehniku koju imam sada.
(57) It was funny I had never noticed it.
(57a) Čudno da to nikada ranije nisam primijetio.
(58) He had been a butler in very good families.
(58a) Nekad je bio sluga u vrlo dobrim porodicama.
In all these examples the B/S/C Pluskvamperfekt (e.g. bijah/bjeh/bio
sam sačuvao)is possible, with the exception of the last one because of
the reluctance to use the verb biti as an auxiliary to itself (e.g. Nekad je
bio bio or Nekada bijaše bio).