This document discusses derivational morphemes and their allomorphs in Turkish. It provides examples of common derivational morphemes attached to nouns that produce nouns or adjectives. Some of the morphemes discussed are [-cI], [-lIk], [-cIlIk], [-cIk], [ceğIz], and [-cI]. It explains that derivational morphemes change the meaning or part of speech of a word, while allomorphs are variant pronunciations of morphemes that do not change the meaning.
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200 MOST COMMON TURKISH VERBS IN CONTEXT provides the most common Turkish verbs with conjugation tables for A1 and A2 learners of Turkish.
The verbs are given with the case suffixes they need for their objects or complements. Each verb is illustrated in 4 or 5 sentences with accompanying English translations on a full page. That’s, 200 pages for 200 verbs. The example sentences are composed – to a great extent – of the preceding verbs on the list. So, the carefully structured list enables you to recycle the verbs you have already studied.
Each verb on the list includes further meaning relationships. For example, the verb konuşmak (to speak) lists these words from the same root:
konuşma (speech), konuşmacı (speaker), konuşkan (talkative).
And the following phrases:
konuşma yapmak (to make a speech), havadan sudan konuşmak (to talk about this and that) and saçma sapan konuşmak (to talk nonsense).
This means that you will learn many other words and phrases in addition to the 200 headverbs.
In the book you can also find:
✓ brief spelling, pronunciation, and grammar tips patterns
✓ an index providing easy access to the words and examples
200 MOST COMMON TURKISH VERBS IN CONTEXT.pdfHalit Demir
200 MOST COMMON TURKISH VERBS IN CONTEXT provides the most common Turkish verbs with conjugation tables for A1 and A2 learners of Turkish.
The verbs are given with the case suffixes they need for their objects or complements. Each verb is illustrated in 4 or 5 sentences with accompanying English translations on a full page. That’s, 200 pages for 200 verbs. The example sentences are composed – to a great extent – of the preceding verbs on the list. So, the carefully structured list enables you to recycle the verbs you have already studied.
Each verb on the list includes further meaning relationships. For example, the verb konuşmak (to speak) lists these words from the same root:
konuşma (speech), konuşmacı (speaker), konuşkan (talkative).
And the following phrases:
konuşma yapmak (to make a speech), havadan sudan konuşmak (to talk about this and that) and saçma sapan konuşmak (to talk nonsense).
This means that you will learn many other words and phrases in addition to the 200 headverbs.
In the book you can also find:
✓ brief spelling, pronunciation, and grammar tips patterns
✓ an index providing easy access to the words and examples
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
2
MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
Morphemes are defined as the smallest meaningful language units in lan-
guages. For instance, the word “um*brel*la” has three syllables. None of these
three syllables are significant units on their own; they have sense only when
they are articulated or heard together. So, these three syllables form a single
shortest meaningful unit together, and consequently, umbrella is both a
morpheme and a word. Such words are called free morphemes.
However, although the suffixes are also the smallest meaningful units, they do
not convey any sense unless they are attached to word roots or stems. Such
morphemes are called bound morphemes.
All the words have roots or stems like “open”, “soft-en”, “clean”, “beauty”,
“success”, “book”, etc. Some morphemes (suffixes or prefixes) are attached to
these roots or stems. For instance, “open-ed”, “clean-ed”, “success-ful”, “beauti-
ful”, "whiten-ed" “teach-er“, “ir-respons-ible”, “un-count-able”, “un-necessari-
ly”, “go-ing”, etc.
As one could see, there are two kinds of suffıxes and prefixes in the given exam-
ples above. Some of these morphemes change the meaning and the part of
speech they belong with when they are attached to different roots or stems.
Some others, however, add certain inflectional meanings (çekim ekleri) to
verb and noun roots or stems such as tense, voice, person, mood, number,
direction or state without changing their root or stem meanings.
A morpheme that changes the meaning of a root or stem is called a
derivational morpheme (yapım eki); the other one, which does not change the
meaning of a root or stem, is called an inflectional morpheme (çekim eki). Both
the derivational and inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes.
Some bound morphemes (suffixes in Turkish) have different pronunciation
variants that bear the same meanings as the morphemes. For instance, in
English, when the plural [S] morpheme is attached to the noun “book”, it is
pronounced as /s/; in “boy-s” as /z/; and in “box-es” as /iz/. As they are the
different pronunciation variants of the same morpheme [S], they are named as
the allomorphs of the morpheme [S].
There are a lot more allomorphs in Turkish than there are in English. This is be-
cause bound morphemes go through some vowel and consonant changes ac-
cording to the vowel and consonant rules of the Turkish language when they are
attached to roots or stems and to one another, and this process causes different
allomorphs to arise. All the allomorphs of a certain morpheme carry the same
3. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
3
meaning vocalizing differently, and therefore they do not change the meaning of
the morphemes because The Turkish sound system functions independently of
the Turkish morphemic system.
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
Anlamlı Yapım Ekleri Ve Onların Altbiçimbirimleri
Derivational morphemes (suffixes) are bound morphemes that change the
lexical meaning or the part of speech of a word used in a sentence:
MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE NOUNS
[Cİ] allomorphs: ♫ [ci, cı, cü, cu, çi, çı, çü, çu]
When the nouns ending with vocals (vowels or voiced consonants) are at-
tached to the morpheme [Cİ], the /i/ vowel in this morpheme changes into /i, ı, ü,
u/ in accordance with the vowel harmony rules. However, if a noun ends with an
unvoiced consonant, the /c/ voiced consonants also change into the /ç/
unvoiced consonants in agreement with the consonant harmony rules:
peynir-ci (cheese seller), posta-cı (postman), üzüm-cü (grapes seller), turşu-
cu (pickles seller), sepet-çi (basket maker), balık-çı (fisherman), süt-çü
(milkman), ok-çu (archer), aş-çı (cook), kale-ci (goal-keeper), kahve-ci (coffee
seller), saat-çi (watch repairer or seller), mobilya-cı (furniture seller), kaçak-çı
(smuggler), musluk-çu (plumber), yaban-cı (foreigner), çiçek-çi (florist), yol-cu
(traveler), sanat-çı (artist), göz-cü (watch, watchman), söz-cü (spokesman),
politika-cı (politician), milliyet-çi (nationalist), diş-çi (dentist), kira-cı (tenant),
şarkı-cı (singer), börek-çi (someone who sells pies), boya-cı (painter), demir-
ci (blacksmith), halter-ci (weight lifter).
[LİK] allomorphs: ♫ [lik, lık, lük, luk]
meyve-lik (a bowl where fruit is kept), kitap-lık (bookcase), göz-lük (eye-
glasses), odun-luk (a place where firewood is kept), ağız-lık (cigarette holder),
kulak-lık (headphones), çaydan-lık (tea pot), mezar-lık (graveyard), şeker-lik
(a bowl in which candies are kept), çokevli-lik (polygamy), tuz-luk (saltshaker),
çocuk-luk (childhood), maskara-lık (farce, foolery), soytarı-lık (clowning),
dost-luk (friendship), düşman-lık (enmity), gece-lik (pajamas, nightgown), ön-
lük (apron), güven-lik (safety), anne-lik (motherhood), evlat-lık (adopted child),
kahraman-lık (heroism).
[CİLİK] allomorphs: ♫ [cilik, cılık, cülük, culuk, çilik, çılık, çülük, çuluk]
av-cılık (hunting), meyve-cilik (selling fruit), ön-cülük (leadership), yol-culuk
(traveling), aş-çılık (cooking), fal-cılık (fortune telling), tefe-cilik (usury), çiçek-
4. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
4
çilik (selling flowers), çif-çilik (farming), hava-cılık (aviation), balık-çılık (fishing),
kaçak-çılık (smuggling), çöp-çü.lük (scavenge)
[CİK] allomorphs: ♫ [cik, cık, cük, cuk, çik, çık, çük, çuk] (diminutive)
ev-cik (small house), kapı-cık (small door), köprü-cük (small bridge), kutu-cuk
(small box), eşek-çik (small donkey), ağaç-çık (small tree), kadın-cık (little
woman), tosun-cuk (big and healthy newborn baby).
[CEĞIZ] allomorphs: ♫ [ceğiz, cağız, çeğiz, çağız] (innocence)
kedi-ceğiz (innocent cat), kız-cağız (innocent girl), hayvan-cağız (innocent
animal), köpek-çeğiz (innocent dog), kuş-çağız (innocent bird).
[CE] allomorphs: ♫ [ce, ca, çe, ça]
İngiliz-ce (English), Alman-ca (German), Türk-çe (Turkish), Rus-ça (Rus-
sian), İspanyol-ca (Spanish), Japon-ca (Japanese), Çin-ce (Chinese), Arap-
ça (Arabic), Fransız-ca (French), İtalyan-ca (Italian), Rum-ca (Greek).
MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE ADJECTIVES
[CİL] allomorphs: ♫ [cil, cıl, cül, cul, çil, çıl, çül, çul]
ev-cil (domestic), insan-cıl (humane), ben-cil (selfish), ot-çul (herbivorous)
[Lİ] allomorphs: ♫ [li, lı, lü, lu]
ev-li (married), çocuk-lu (with children), şemsiye-li (with an umbrella), bahçe-li
ev (house with a garden), şiyah ceket-li adam (the man in a black coat),
kırmızı-lı kadın (the woman in red), görgü-lü (having good manners, polite),
çiçek-li ağaç (a tree in blossom), yağmur-lu (rainy), kar-lı (snowy), sis-li
(foggy, misty), güneş-li (sunny), bulut-lu (cloudy), tuz-lu (salty), at-lı (man on
horseback), istek-li (willing), becerik-li (skillful), çamur-lu (muddy), hesap-lı
(economical), saygı-lı (respectful), suç-lu (criminal), hata:-lı (faulty), tat-lı
(sweet), mayo-lu (in a bathing suit), süt-lü (with milk, milky), paha-lı
(expensive), taş kafa-lı (stone headed), Adana-lı (from Adana), sürek-li
(continuous), hiddet-li (outrageous), kıl-lı (hairy), bilinç-li (intentional,
conscious), zarar-lı (harmful), tehlike-li (dangerous), şüphe-li (suspicious,
suspect), yer-li (native), iki bacak-lı (two legged), kanat-lı (winged), kaygı-lı
(anxious), umut-lu (hopeful), gerek-li (necessary), yetenek-li (talented), bağım-
lı (addicted, dependent), silah-lı (armed), renk-li (colored), kâr-lı (profitable),
zehir-li (poisonous), denge-li (balanced), neşe-li (joyful), kusur-lu (faulty),
gürültü-lü (noisy), değer-li (precious), gerek-li (necessary), düşünce-li
13. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
13
Note: The allomorphs of the morpheme [MIŞ] are stressed. This morpheme is
also used as an inflectional morpheme.
[SEL] allomorphs: ♫ [sel, sal]
gör-sel (visual), uy-sal (complaisant), düşün-sel (mental), işit-sel (audial)
MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS THAT PRODUCE VERBS
[LE] allomorphs: ♫ [le, la]
el-le (el*le) (touch), bağ-la (bağ*la) (tie), baş-la (baş*la) (beğin, start), teker-le
(te*ker*le) (roll), göz-le (göz*le) (observe), kutu-la (ku*tu*la) (put in boxes),
damga-la (dam*ga*la) (stamp), tuz-la (tuz*la) (salt), leke-le (le*ke*le) (stain),
tekme-le (tek*me*le) (kick), sürgü-le (sür*gü*le) (bolt), düzen-le (dü*zen*le)
(arrange), yağ-la (yağ*la) (lubricate, oil), taş-la (taş*la) (throw stones), yel-le
(yel*le) (fan), denge-le (den*ge*le) (balance), sergi-le (ser*gi*le) (exhibit),
bağış-la (forgive), su-la (water), kaşık-la (spoon into greedily), kazık-la (cheat),
yargı-la (judge), kalbur-la (sift), ilaç-la (apply pesticide), ak-la (acquit), köstek-
le (hamper), besle (feed), algı-la (detect), fırça-la (brush up), orta-la (centre),
ezber-le (memorize), uygula (apply), ağır-la (show hospitality), av-la (hunt),
bağ-la (tie, connect), suç-la (condemn), yol-la (send), ateş-le (fire), belge-le
(certify), kilit-le (lock), ter-le (perspire), çimdik-le (pinch), göz-le (observe), fiş-
le (blacklist someone), iş-le (work), çaba-la (strive). ek-le (add), yük-le (load),
iz-le (follow), giz-le (hide), ezber-le (memorize), mühür-le (seal), yargı-la
(judge), sıra-la (put in order), gür-le (thunder, roll), çın-la (ring), ot-la (graze),
kol-la (watch, protect), sol-la (overtake), oy-la (vote), omuz-la (shoulder), hiza-
la (hi*za:*la) (align), parça-la (tear up), gaga-la (peck), düz-le (flatten), giz-le
(hide)
MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO ADJECTIVES THAT PRODUCE VERBS
[İR] allomorphs: ♫ [ir, ır, er, ar]
deli-ir (de*lir) (get mad), sarı-ar (sa*rar) (turn yellow), kara-ar (ka*rar)
(blacken, darken, or get dark), mor-ar (mo*rar) (get, turn purple).
[LEŞ] allomorphs: ♫ [leş, laş]
güzel-leş (get beautiful), sık-laş (get oftener, get tighter), ağır-laş (get heavier),
sağır-laş (get deaf), derin-leş (deepen, get deeper), kaba-laş (get ruder), yeşil-
leş, yeşil-len (turn green). Some adjectives like “kırmızı” may be either “kırmı-
zı-laş” or “kızar” (get (turn) red). “Kısa” becomes “kısal” (get shorter). “Uzun”
becomes “uza” (get longer).
14. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
14
Examples: Günler kısalıyor. Days are getting shorter. Günler uzuyor. (*not
uzayor”) Days are getting longer.
In Turkish, “make something + adjective” "Make it shorter" is expressed in an
adjective + morpheme mixture which is too long to analyze in detail. Some
examples may explain them easily:
Uzun uzat (u*zat) “Onu uzat” (Make it longer); kısa kısalt (kı*salt) “Onu
kısalt” (Make it shorter); büyük büyüt (bü*yüt) “Onu büyüt” (Make it larg-
er); Küçük küçült (kü*çült) “Onu küçült” (Make it smaller); kara karart
(ka*rart) “Onu karart” (Make it darker); derin derinleştir (de*rin*leş*tir)
“Onu derinleştir” (Make it deeper)
CHANGING TURKISH ADJECTIVES INTO VERBS AND CORRESPONDING
ENGLISH LINKING VERBS
In place of the “linking verb + adjective” formation of the English language, the
verb forms of the adjectives are used in Turkish instead.
A short list of the adjectives that can be turned into verbs in Turkish, and the
English adjectives that can be turned into verbs, and the English adjectives
that can be used as verbs and the English linking verbs are given in the
following list:
adjective verb adjective verb + adjective
aç → acık hungry → get (feel) hungry
ağır → ağırlaş heavy → get heavier
akıllı → akıllan wise → become wiser
aptal → aptallaş foolish → become confused
ayık → ayıl sober → get sober, come around
beyaz → beyazlan white → whiten
bol → bolar loose → loosen
boş → boşal empty → empty
bozuk → bozul spoilt → spoil, decay
bulutlu → bulutlan cloudy → cloud, get cloudy
15. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
15
adjective verb adjective verb + adjective
çirkin → çirkinleş ugly → get ugly
çürük → çürü rotten → decay
dar → daral narrow → narrow
deli → delir crazy → go crazy
dertli → dertlen sorrowful → get worried
değerli → değerlen precious → increase in value
dengeli→ dengele balanced→ balance
derin → derinleş deep → get deep, deepen
dikkatli → dikkat et careful → be careful
düz → düzelt flat → flatten
düzgün→ düzelt straight → correct, fix, repair
eğri → eğril bent → bend
ekşi → ekşi sour → turn sour
fakir → fakirleş poor → become (get) poor
genç → gençleş young → get younger
geniş → genişle large → enlarge
gerçek → gerçekleş true → come true
güç → güçleş difficult → grow difficult
güçlü → güçlen strong → grow stronger, strengthen
güzel → güzelleş beautiful → become beautiful
hazır → hazırlan ready → get ready
hızlı → hızlan fast → accelerate
ıslak → ıslan wet → get wet
ilginç → ilginçleş interesting→become more interesting
iyi → iyileş good, well get better
16. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
16
adjective verb adjective verb + adjective
kaba → kabalaş impolite → become impolite
kalın → kalınlaş thick → thicken
kalabalık → kalabalıklaş crowded → get crowded
karanlık → karar dark → get dark
karmaşık → karmaşıklaş complicated→ get more complicated
kaygan → kayganlaş slippery → become slippery
kaygılı → kaygılan worried → worry, feel anxious
kirli → kirlen dirty → become (get) dirty
kırmızı → kırmızılaş, kızar red → redden, blush
kısa → kısal short → get shorter, shorten
kıskanç → kıskan envious → envy, be jealous
kızgın → kız angry → be angry
kolay → kolaylaş easy → get easy
kuru → kuru dry → dry
küçük → küçül small → decrease, become smaller
kötü → kötüleş bad → grow worse
mor → morar purple → become (turn) purple
neşeli → neşelen cheerful → cheer up
olgun → olgunlaş ripe → ripen
öfkeli → öfkelen angry → get angry
pahalı → pahalan expensive→ become more expensive
parlak → parla shiny → shine
rahat → rahatla comfortable → relax
renkli → renklen colorful → become colorful
sabırsız → sabırsızlan impatient →grow impatient
17. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
17
adjective verb adjective verb + adjective
sakin → sakinleş calm → calm down
serin → serinle cool → become cooler
sert → sertleş solid, hard → become hard, harden
sinirli → sinirlen nervous, angry → get angry
sıcak → ısın worm → get warmer
sıkı → sıkılaş tight → tighten
sıkılmış → sıkıl bored → be bored
soğuk → soğu cold → become (get) cold
solgun → sol pale → fade
son → sonlan last → be over, end
tatlı → tatlan sweet → sweeten
tembel → tembelleş lazy → grow lazier
terli → terle sweaty → sweat
umutlu → umutlan hopeful → become hopeful
uslu → uslan well-behaved → become well-behaved
uzun → uza long → get (grow) longer, lengthen
üzgün → üzül sorry → be (feel) sorry
yakın → yakınlaş close → get closer
yanlış → yanıl wrong → be mistaken
yaramaz → yaramazlaş naughty → get naughtier
yavaş → yavaşla slow → slow down
yaşlı → yaşlan old → grow older
yeşil → yeşillen green → turn green
yoksul → yoksullaş poor → get poor
yüksek → yüksel high → rise
18. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES AND THEIR ALLOMORPHS
18
adjective verb adjective verb + adjective
zayıf → zayıfla weak → lose weight
zengin → zenginleş rich → get rich
zor → zorlaş difficult → get difficult
Note: The colors used in this article are as follows:
1. Subjects and subject allomorphs are blue.
2. Verbs are red.
2. Objects, nouns, noun closes and coordinating conjunctions
are black.
3.Adverbs, adverbial phrases, subordinating conjunctions,
prepositions, postpositions and the “mi, mı, mü, mu” guestion
allomorphs are green.
4.Adjectives, noun modifiers, possessive allomorphs and
articles are purple.
5. Subject complements are brown.