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Student name id no. total word count 550 seeding
- 1. Student Name ID No. Total Word Count: 550 Seeding the Sky Introduction (50) Cloud seeding should be considered necessary to amplify water resources. The increasing demands for water, are depleting our water resources, droughts and a growing population threaten our water supply. Cloud seeding will help replenish depleting water sources, shorten long periods of drought and will provide a steady source of water. Analysis (316) Depleting water sources is the first reason to consider cloud seeding. Cloud seeding delivers precipitation to an aimed cloud, thereby making it rain, adding clean, unpolluted water, to the water sources available to us. More than a quarter of the world's
- 2. population or a third of the population in developing countries live in regions that will experience severe water scarcity (Seckler, 1999; 29-42). With demand for water increasing, cloud seeding is one augmentation technology that would help replenish scarce water resource (Witt, A. W. 2016; 105-144). Water depletion is not the only reason we should consider cloud seeding necessary. The next reason to use Cloud seeding is that it could significantly change areas with long periods of drought. Steady access to water has been difficult for the population in these drought areas. Droughts cause some of those people to lose their lively hood. During droughts people are losing crops and their livestock, which dominos into losing money. According to a study by the national research council droughts in the United States cause an average annual economic loss of between six and eight billion dollars (Currier 2017; 949-973). Implementing cloud seeding would allow people access to water they would not have otherwise. However, money is only the second reason we should consider cloud seeding beneficial to
- 3. amplifying water resources in areas of low precipitation or drought. The human population is growing, and with the growing population comes growing demand for water. Water resources that people need to run companies and for agricultural needs will not always be available if we do not find a way to replenish them. Water sources are not growing at a fast-enough rate to meet all of the population’s demands. Water is being polluted and used at a much faster rate. Cloud seeding is not an ultimate solution, it does provide a useful tool to help increase water access (Currier 2017; 949-973). Evaluation (86) Mellissa Currier studied at the University of Pacific Law, which shows her bias towards finding the truth in a subject. David Seckler wrote for the International Journal of Water Resources Development, he investigated and wrote about the effects of water scarcity. I wanted to write a paper about something that was a new concept to me, and in doing so I came across cloud seeding and with an unbiased opinion I reviewed many articles
- 4. and came to the conclusion about the importance of implementing cloud seeding. Conclusion (54) Cloud seeding will produce continuous access to water sources. It will replenish our current water supplies. It will prevent long periods of drought, and the people will flourish in population as well as in wealth. Cloud seeding is a fairly new concept but it is essential that we incorporate it, to amplify water resources. Bibliography Currier, M. (2017). Rain, Rain, Don’t Go Away: Cloud Seeding Governance in the United States and a Proposal for Federal Regulation. University of the Pacific Law Review, 48(4), 949– 973.
- 5. David Seckler, Randolph Barker & Upali Amarasinghe (1999) Water Scarcity in the Twenty- first Century, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 15:1-2, 29-42, Givati, A., & Rosenfeld, D. (2005). Separation between Cloud- Seeding and Air-Pollution Effects. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44(9), 1298–1314. Rosenfeld, D., Axisa, D., Woodley, W. L., & Lahav, R. (2010). A Quest for Effective Hygroscopic Cloud Seeding. Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology, 49(7), 1548– 1562. Witt, A. W. (2016). Seeding Clouds of Uncertainty. Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 57(1), 105–144. 3.9990000e+05 3.2990000e+05 3.6900000e+05 2.3200000e+05 5.3990000e+05 2.9990000e+05 3.1490000e+05 1.9899900e+05 2.1200000e+05 2.4250000e+05 2.3999900e+05
- 7. 2.1040000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.6000000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.4000000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.4160000e+03 2.0000000e+00 3.0000000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.9850000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.5340000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.4270000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.3800000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.4940000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.9400000e+03 4.0000000e+00 2.0000000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.8900000e+03 3.0000000e+00 4.4780000e+03 5.0000000e+00 1.2680000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.3000000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.3200000e+03 2.0000000e+00 1.2360000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.6090000e+03 4.0000000e+00 3.0310000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.7670000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.8880000e+03 2.0000000e+00 1.6040000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.9620000e+03 4.0000000e+00 3.8900000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.1000000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.4580000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.5260000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.2000000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.6370000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.8390000e+03 2.0000000e+00 1.0000000e+03 1.0000000e+00 2.0400000e+03 4.0000000e+00 3.1370000e+03 3.0000000e+00
- 8. 1.8110000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.4370000e+03 3.0000000e+00 1.2390000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.1320000e+03 4.0000000e+00 4.2150000e+03 4.0000000e+00 2.1620000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.6640000e+03 2.0000000e+00 2.2380000e+03 3.0000000e+00 2.5670000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.2000000e+03 3.0000000e+00 8.5200000e+02 2.0000000e+00 1.8520000e+03 4.0000000e+00 1.2030000e+03 3.0000000e+00 In this exercise, you will investigate linear regression using gradient descent and the normal equations The training set of housing prices in Portland, Oregon is in files ex3x and ex3y, where $y are the prices and the inputs $x are the living area and the number of bedrooms. We will use only living area in this assignment First part of the assignment is to calculate linear estimator using normal equation, and then use the parameters to calculate price of the house with 1650sf, File to modify: gradinet3student_neq Second part of the assignment is to calculate linear estimator using gradient descent, and then use the parameters to calculate price of the house with 1650sf, File to modify: gradinet3student_GD Note: Recall when you are applying GD, it is good practice to normalize the input data (subtract the average and scale by standard deviation), to bring all data in the similar range. During prediction you need to do the same.
- 9. Send me house price estimate and weights for part one and two, in following format: Normal eq model GD model Price of 1650sf W0 W1 Student Name ID No. Total Word Count: 550 Cascading Effect of Nitrogen and its Environmental Impact Introduction (53 words) While nitrogen in the natural state is not harmful, excess amounts of the reactive form will pollute the air, waterways, and ecosystems. The rise of human
- 10. activity involved in the production of nitrogen has caused this to become an environmental problem, and more steps should be taken to understand and reduce its impact. Analysis (424 words) Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in biological lifeforms and is natural to the environment. The supply of nitrogen was limited to natural sources until the Haber-Bosch process was developed, which then gave rise to high demand and economic interests to produce nitrogen and its many forms. Agriculture, energy use, and land use doubled the amount of reactive nitrogen since the 1940s (Liu et al., 2014; p. 625). Reactive nitrogen is all forms of nitrogen except the inert state that is common in breathable air. It is in the excess of the reactive forms of nitrogen that is threatening to air and water quality, as well as various environmental ecosystems relying on the water cycle (Liu et al., 2014; p. 625). The limited amounts of nitrogen available naturally has caused
- 11. the world’s ecosystems to adapt to re-use essential nitrogen molecules in a closed nitrogen cycle. The agriculture, energy production, and the transportation industry has introduced more reactive nitrogen, such as nitrous oxide and ammonia, to the environment with nitrogen oxides as an unintentional waste product (Erisman et al., 2013; p. 2). Reactive nitrogen quickly dissipates to the environment and cascades through the air and water but will naturally convert back to inert N2. Human production of reactive nitrogen, however, outpaces the natural conversion back to its natural state which leads to excess accumulation in the ecosystem (Erisman et al.,2013; p. 2). The environmental effects include acid rain and nitrogen deposition, which contributes to the acidification of water and soil while also upsetting the nutrient balance of the local ecosystem (Galloway et al. 2013; p. 7). Excess nitrogen will affect the nitrogen-sensitive species and hinder plant growth, cascading that problem by saturating the nitrogen. In the water, excess can impact
- 12. algae growth which in turn cause eutrophication, or pollution caused by excessive nutrients (Galloway et al. 2013; p. 7). Perhaps most importantly, nitrogen’s role in atmospheric conditions is understated, as nitrous oxide (N2O) is the largest known threat to the ozone layer that still remains and contributes to climate change and ozone layer depletion (Kanter et al., 2012; p 4451). Nitrous oxide emissions in the atmosphere oxidizes into nitric oxide and coupled with nitrogen oxides form the catalyst which contribute to ozone depletion (Kanter et al., 2012; p 4453). Nitrogen can easily change into many chemical forms, each of which can impact the environment differently. (Kanter et al., 2012; p 4456). As such, humans need to reduce it impact, as its global use is expected to increase 1.4% each year, according to the FAO (2015; n.p.)
- 13. Evaluation (46 words) There is clear bias. One report is funded by the EPA, while others are affiliated with environmental organizations. Their work shows a clear concern for the potential threat of nitrogen; the full extent of its impact is still unclear as stated by two of the authors. Conclusion (27 words) Reactive nitrogen has a cascading effect which impacts the environment on many levels. Steps should be taken to reduce its impact before its full impact is realized. Bibliography Erisman, Jan Willem, et al. “Consequences of Human Modification of the Global Nitrogen Cycle.” Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, vol. 368, no. 1621, 2013, pp. 1–9. JSTOR. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
- 14. 2015. “Fertilizer Use to Surpass 200 Million Tonnes in 2018.” International Rice Commission Newsletter Vol. 48, FAO of the UN, 2015, www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/277488/icode/. Accessed 15 November 2018. Galloway, James N., et al. “A Chronology of Human Understanding of the Nitrogen Cycle.” Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, vol. 368, no. 1621, 2013, pp. 1–11. JSTOR. Liu, Chen, et al. “Socioeconomic Driving Factors of Nitrogen Load from Food Consumption and Preventive Measures.” Ambio, vol. 43, no. 5, 2014, pp. 625– 633. Kanter, David, et al. “A Post-Kyoto Partner: Considering the Stratospheric Ozone Regime as a Tool to Manage Nitrous Oxide.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 110, no. 12, 2013, pp. 4451– 4457. JSTOR.