In this presentation at the AESoP conference in Leuven, I will provide arguments for more open research methods. Open Science and Open Data is not only expected from us by our funding agencies, but actually starts making more and more sense from the perspective of the individual researchers. Specifically, I will introduce BIDS as new initiative to organize and share EEG data.

1. Using Open Science to accelerate advancements
in auditory EEG signal processing
Robert Oostenveld
Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, NL
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
r.oostenveld@donders.ru.nl

2. Lack of trust - in society
http://harrieverbon.blogspot.nl/2012/11/diederik-stapel-werd-ook-betaald-door.html

3. Lack of trust - reproducibility
Open Science Collaboration, Science (2015). DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4716

4. Open Science
Open educational resources
Open access publications
Open peer review
Open methodology
Open source
Open hardware
Open data

5. Open Science - data
Shared data allows for
Improved reproducibility
Small effects that require large group sizes
Data mining, discovery science and generating new hypothesis
Results in methodological opportunities
Improve algorithms
Estimate effect and group size
Make informed decisions on analysis pipeline
Prevent harking and p-hacking

6. Sharing your data
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Challenges:
Explicit and strict protection of personal data
Opportunities:
Less influence of national legislation differences
Learn from each other
Develop best practices
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG

7. Open data versus privacy

8. Personal data
name
address
date of birth
phone number
license plate number
IP address
...
Crime Scene Investigation
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-19/csi/8960590

9. (Biometric) data
facial details
dental record
fingerprint
genetics
cortical folding pattern
clinical data
gait/movement pattern
cortical response to stimulation

10. Personal Data is needed
and should be managed
Required for administration
Contacting your participants
Paying your participants
Follow up incidental findings
Often not required to address the research question
Sometimes used as confound
Check whether the sample is representative
Possibly required to assess scientific integrity

11. Personal Data
Personal data
Name, address, date of birth
Special personal data = “bijzondere persoonsgegevens”
Race
Religion or beliefs
Health
Sexual activities
Political preference, membership of a union
Criminal record
Indirect personal data – identifies someone when linked to another database
Fingerprint, DNA, facial details
Anatomical MRI
Specific pattern of data (e.g. answers on a questionnaire or interview)
https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/persoonsgegevens/wat-zijn-persoonsgegevens

12. Gradient between
personal and research data
indirect personal
data
personal data
a lot of research data
easy easyhard
Keep private
and don’t share
Share as it is
with others
?

13. Limit possible identification
Anonymous
You never knew the subjects identity to start with
Pseudonymization
Use a code instead of the subjects name
De-identification
Remove (indirectly) identifying features
Blur the indirect personal data
Deface anatomical MRI
Age at the time of acquisition instead of date of birth
Use age bins instead of years
Questionnaire outcomes rather than individual item scores
…

14. Appropriate blurring
depends on the situation
… for example blurring the age of the subject
1 month bins 10 year bins

15. Personal and research data
indirect personal
data
personal data
a lot of research data

16. Personal and research data
data minimization
pseudonymization
data minimization
de-identifying, blurring
alotofresearchdata
personaldata
indirect
personaldata
Share
responsibly
with legal
constraints
on reuse
Keep safe
and private

17. Legal constraints
Contract between the researcher
… and the funding agency
… and the ethics committee
… and the participants/patients
… and the publisher of the results
… and the recipient of the data upon sharing

18. Legal constraints on reuse
CC0 - Public Domain
No copyright.
The person who associated a work with this deed
has dedicated the work to the public domain by
waiving all of his or her rights to the work
worldwide under copyright law, including all related
and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the
work, even for commercial purposes, all without
asking permission.
Donders Institute - Data use agreement
for identifiable human data
I will comply with all relevant rules and regulations
imposed by my institution and my government. ….
I will not attempt to establish the identity of or
attempt to contact any of the included human
subjects. I will not link this data to any other
database in a way that could provide identifying
information ….
I will not redistribute or share the data with others,
including individuals in my research group, unless
they have independently applied and been granted
access to this data.
I will acknowledge the use of the data and data
derived from the data when publicly presenting …
Failure to abide by these guidelines will result in
termination of my privileges to access to these data.
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
https://data.donders.ru.nl/doc/dua/

19. Brain Imaging Data Structure
http://bids.neuroimaging.io
MEG-BIDS accepted for publication in Nature Scientific Data
https://doi.org/10.1101/172684

20. BIDS for MRI, fMRI, MEG, … and EEG
data/README
CHANGES
dataset_description.json
participants.tsv
/sub-01/anat/…
/sub-01/meg/…
/sub-01/eeg/sub-01_task-auditory_eeg.edf
/sub-01/eeg/sub-01_task-auditory_eeg.json
/sub-01/eeg/sub-01_task-auditory_channels.tsv
/sub-01/eeg/sub-01_task-auditory_events.tsv
/sub-01/eeg/sub-01_electrodes.tsv
/sub-01/eeg/sub-01_coordinates.json

21. Getting involved in BIDS
http://bids.neuroimaging.io - homepage
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/bids-discussion
http://github.com/INCF/BIDS-examples - code and examples
http://bit.ly/bids_mri - draft for ongoing improvements
http://bit.ly/bids_eeg - extension protocol BEP006
http://bit.ly/bids_ieeg - extension protocol BEP010
http://bit.ly/bids_eyetracking - extension protocol BEP020
also extension proposals for derivatives

22. Where to share
Your own institutional repository
e.g. data.donders.ru.nl
Domain specific repository
OpenNeuro, OpenFMRI
PhysioBank
NCBI GenBank
Generic repository
Zenodo, DataVerse, Scientific Data, OSF, Figshare, DataDryad, …
How to find data
www.re3data.org, data.europa.eu, opendatasearch.org

23. Summary
Open Science comprises education, publications, methodology and data
Open Data improves reproducibility and accelerates new research
BIDS describes how to organize your data in an easy to understand way
Open source community is building tools to create and reuse data
https://github.com/INCF/bids-validator
http://bids-apps.neuroimaging.io
Parra Lab: https://github.com/iotzov/storEEG
FieldTrip: https://github.com/fieldtrip/fieldtrip/blob/master/data2bids.m
MNE-BIDS: https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-bids