3. The Zwick Roell Group –
over a hundred years' materials testing
experience
Mechanical testing is the oldest branch of materials
testing and one which has continued to gain in
importance. As early as the 15th and 16th centuries,
Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei were considering
matters such as the bending load and elastic properties
of materials. The first such testing machines appeared in
France in the middle of the 18th century.
The Swiss, later German company Amsler began materials testing in the mid-19th century, followed by Roell &
Korthaus in 1920, while mechanical-testing specialists
Zwick had been making hardness testers and materials
testing machines and systems since 1937. In July 2001
the group was reorganized as a corporation under the
name of Zwick Roell AG, which today includes Zwick,
Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd and Acmel Labo.
Zwick Roell AG's expertise in the field of force and
extension measurement was reinforced by the acquisition in 2006 of the Austrian company Meßphysik,
followed by the German firm GTM in 2007. Together,
these companies provide a comprehensive, coordinated component and function-testing programme –
from manually operated or fully automated hardness
testers to static and dynamic integrated laboratory
testing systems for process-parallel applications.
Zwick's comprehensive and innovative hardness
testing solutions
The success of our hardness testing machines and
instruments is founded on many years' experience, on
our role as a global supplier and on maintaining close
contactwith our customers. The versatility and high
levelof 'intelligence' of our testing systems are the
product of up-to-date engineering, powerful electronics
and application-orientated software.
But the Zwick Roell Group is far more than just a
supplier of testing equipment, having received
EN ISO 9001 certification as long ago as 1994 – a
guarantee of product and service quality.
Fig. 1: Zwick Roell AG/Zwick GmbH & Co. KG Administration
building, Ulm
Zwick hardness testing systems
Cost-effectiveness:
• co-ordinated solutions for standard applications
• universal application – goods inwards, production
control, research and development
• optimum cost/performance ratio in any situation
Flexibility through modular construction:
• modular design of hardness testers, machines and
accessories offers optimum custom-made solutions to
any testing assignment
• upgrading/retrofitting options make our systems future
proof
• robust delivery times
Versatile accessories:
• hardness-testing devices to standard and customerspecified requirements
• indentors to suit any established testing method
• a range of prismatic specimen supports and holders
• manual and motorized compound tables
• a range of specimen vices
• certified hardness comparison platens
Support before and after purchase:
• expert on-the-spot help and advice
• testing in our applications laboratory
• hotline support and service
• comprehensive customer-focused cover provided by
more than 56 agencies worldwide
3
4. Innovative hardness testing
Zwick has been supplying stationary hardness testing
devices for all standardized methods for many years,
plus a wide range of portable hardness testers. Through
our active involvement in national and international
standards committees we are helping to shape modern,
innovative hardness testing – for both today and
tomorrow.
A policy of innovative development has seen our
hardness product range greatly expanded, particularly in
the last few years. The Zwick Roell Group has probably
the most comprehensive selection of hardness testing
machines and instruments available – for almost any
situation.
Stationary hardness testing machines and
instruments for the following methods:
• HV – Vickers
• HB – Brinell
• HK – Knoop
• HM – Martens (instrumented indentation
testing,formerly HU – universal hardness)
• HR – Rockwell (scales A...K, N, T)
• H – ball indentation hardness
• HVT – modified Vickers method
• HBT – modified Brinell method
• testing hardness of special materials, e.g. carbonbased materials, carbon brushes, plaster, asphalt;
hardness of resilient floor coverings
Portable hardness testers for the following methods:
• Shore, IRHD
• HL – Leeb
• HB – Brinell
• HR – Rockwell
Zwick solutions - customer benefits
Zwick offers a complete range of hardness-testing
machines and instruments, from fully automated systems
to basic instruments for standard applications. Our
hardness testing machines use innovative technologies
from our materials testing range in conjunction with
hardness testing add-ons and Zwick's testXpert®
software.
Flexibility and upgradability, particularly with the zwickiLine test frame, allow tailor-made, customer-oriented
solutions using:
• hardness testing devices for optical testing
• hardness measuring head for indentation
depthmeasuring
4
Fig. 2: Different specimen for hardness tests
• combination of hardness measuring head with a highprecision measuring microscope, giving hardness
testing with optical indentation measurement and
digital depth measurement
• compound tables with manual or motorised control
• application-orientated master and standard testing
programs in testXpert®
Features of our hardness testing machines:
• modular design allowing flexible combinations
• virtually unlimited upgradability and expandability
• can be automated and integrated into automatic
testing systems
• state-of-the-art digital measuring and control
technology as standard
• used in production control, quality assurance and
research and development
• your guarantee of a secure, future proof investment
Hardness testers – a broad spectrum of uses:
• standardised applications
• with line display and integrated standardized
conversion functions to other hardness scales for
standard applications
• with touchscreen, extended functions and comfortable
operation for a wide range of testing assignments,
including batch testing and production control
Our hardness testers are characterized by:
• straight forward operation
• automatic test cycle
• manual or automatic load changing
• flexible/large test area height
• high precision
• robust construction with play-free ball-bearing lead
screw
• a wide range of accessories
5. Hardness testing – basic principles,
methods and standards
Basic principles
Around 1900 Martens proposed the following definition:
“Hardness is the resistance of a body to penetration by
a second (harder) body.“ This simple, graphic definition
became accepted in technical circles and is still used
today. Technical hardness is a mechanical
characteristic used to describe a material or the state
of a material.
Hardness cannot be measured directly, but is derived
from primary measured variables including:
• test load
• indentation depth
• indentation area.
Depending on the test method, the hardness value is
determined from one of the following:
• test load plus a geometrical value describing the
indentation, e.g. indentation depth
• solely via a length characterizing the indentation
• through a different material response, e.g. scorability.
An unequivocal hardness value can only be
determined using the following criteria:
• definition of hardness value
• indentor geometry and material
• size of test load and duration of effect plus means of
application
• condition and surface quality of specimen
Selecting hardness testing method –
principal factors:
• cost-effectivenesss
• cost/effort involved in specimen preparation
• availability of machines and instruments
• standardized specifications
Additional factors:
• specimen material and hardness
• shape, dimensions, weight
• accessibility of specimen
• nature of test (e.g. series or hardness sequence
testing)
• permissible measurement uncertainty
Hardness values can only be compared if they have
been determined by the same test method using
identical test parameters.
Fig. 1: Overview of hardness testing methods
5
6. For metals, methods involving static force application
are usually employed. An indentor (ball, cone or
pyramid) made of steel, hard metal or diamond is
pressed into a specimen supported on a firm base. The
test load is applied perpendicularly, without shock, and
with a defined initial application time and duration.
With many test methods, the indentation is measured
after removal of the load. The length measurement
values(indentation depth, diagonals, diameter) are used
to calculate the hardness value.
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU0.2/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machine with
HU measuring head, microscope and motozried compound table.
Fig.1: Zwick/ZHV1 micro Vickers hardness tester with motor
operated cross-table.
In practice the Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers (Knoop)
hardness testing methods are used, with the modern
instrumented indentation method (Martens hardness) gaining steadily in significance. This method is
seeing increasing use in research and development
and industry, as it offers the capability to determine
other materials parameters in addition to hardness.
Moreover, this method can be employed with any
material.
Zwick is playing a leading role in this innovative testing
method, in collaboration with the German Institute of
Material Research (BAM), and is actively involved in
national and international standards committees in this
field.
Hardness testing methods featuring dynamic force
application often require portable devices, particularly
when large components are being tested. Zwick has
a range of potable hardness testers for this purpose.
6
7. Hardness testing methods and standards
Rockwell hardness testing
(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)
Vickers hardness testing
Measured quantity
Rockwell hardness HR.
Indentation depth h in mm
Measured quantity
Vickers hardness HV. Lengths
of both diagonals of residual
test indentation measured.
Definition
HR = N - h/S
N ... numerical value (specified
for each Rockwell method)
h ... residual indentation in mm
S ... scale value in mm.
This value is the change in
indentation in mm corresponding to one Rockwell unit.
Definition
HV = 0.102 F/A
= 0.1891 F/d²
F ... test load in N
A ... indentation surface in mm2
d ... arithmetic average value
of diagonal lengths.in mm
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 61,2 HRC
Code letter for selected Rockwell method
Code letters for Rockwell hardness
Hardness value
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 230 HV 10/20
Indentation duration in s (not required for
standardised duration)
Code number for test load corresponding to
F in N · 0.102
Code letters for Vickers hardness
Hardness value
Advantages
• test requires little time as the hardness value can be
read off directly following indentation (or is displayed)
• capable of automation
• low capital cost of testing machine as no optical
measuring unit is required
• no operator influence - hardness value displayed
directly
Advantages
• virtually no limit imposed on use of method due to
specimen hardness
• can be used for tests on thin sheet-metal, small specimens or test areas, thin-walled pipes and electroplating
• hardness value not dependent on test load in macro
range (test loads > 49 .03 N)
• no measuring errors due to limited specimen elasticity
in effective test force direction
Disadvantages
• possibility of error during test sequence due to
permanent displacement of specimen and other
components in force flow
• limited capability for testing specimens with hardened
edge layers due to high test loads involved
• diamond indentor sensitive to damage, with
consequent risk of measuring errors
• poor hardness differentiation
• influence of indentor on test result when using a
conical indentor
Disadvantages
• difficult to obtain adequate surface quality
• measurement of diagonals time-consuming
• diamond indentor sensitive to damage
• susceptible to vibrations, especially in micro range
• operator influence on hardness value
Relevant standards
• EN ISO 6508
• ASTM E 18
Relevant standards
• EN ISO 6507
• ASTM E 92
7
8. Knoop hardness testing
Brinell hardness testing
Measured value
Knoop hardness HK. Length
of long diagonals from
residual test indentation
measured.
Measured value
r Brinell hardness HB. Two
diameters (at right angle)s of
the residual indentation in
the specimen surface
r measured.
Definition
HK = 0.102 F/A
= 1.451 F/d²
F ... test load in N
A ... projection area of test
indentation in mm²
d ... length of long diagonals
in mm
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 1240 HK 0,5/30
Definition
HB = 0.102 F/A
= 0.102 · 2F/ (p D(D- vD²-d²))
F ... test load in N
A ... indentation surface in mm²
D ... Ø of ball indentor in mm
d ... arithmetical average of
two measured indentation
diameters in mm
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 205 HBW 10/3000/30
test duration in s (n/a for
standardised durations of 10 - 15 s)
code number for test load,
corresponding to F in N · 0.102
diameter of ball indentor in mm
code letter for indentor ball
material (hard metal)
code letter for Brinell hardness
hardness value
test duration in s (n/a for 10 - 15 s)
code number for test load corresponding
to F in N · 0.102
code letters for Knoop hardness
hardness value
Advantages
• suitable for narrow specimens due to high diagonal
length ratio of approx. 7:1
• superior to Vickers method for thin specimens or layers,
owing to reduced indentation depth (by a factor of 4)
for the same diagonal length
• suitable for brittle materials due to low risk of cracking
• suited to investigation of anisotropy of a material, as
Knoop hardness in such cases is dependent on the
direction selected for the long diagonals
• no impairment of test surface functionality due to
shallow indentations
Advantages
• suitable for hardness tests on inhomogeneous
materials (owing to large indentation), provided the
extent of the inhomogeneity is small in relation to the
indentation
• suitable for hardness tests on large unfinished
components such as forgings, castings, hot-rolled,
hot-pressed and heat-treated items
• no measuring errors due to specimen elasticity in
effective force direction
• simple, robust indentors
Disadvantages
• considerable time required to obtain a sufficiently fine
test surface
• hardness dependent on test load
• diamond indentor susceptible to damage
• time-consuming alignment of test surface to obtain
symmetrical indentations
Disadvantages
• range of applications limited at a maximum Brinell
hardness of 650 HBW
• of limited use for testing small or thin-walled specimens
• measuring indentation diameters is time-consuming
• relatively high level of damage to specimen during
indentation
Relevant standards
• EN ISO 4545
Relevant standards
• EN ISO 6506
• ASTM E 10
8
9. Instrumented indentation testing (Martens)
2
Fmax
F
hc
3
hmax
hp
1
a
c
b
hp
hr
hmax
Measured value
Test load and associated
(synchronous) indentation depth
during loading and load removal
are measured.
Definition
1 indentor
2 surface of residual plastic
indentation in specimen
3 surface of indentation at
maximum indentation depth
and test load
a test load application
b test load removal
h c tangent to curve b at Fmax
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. HM 0,5/20/20 = 8700 N/mm²
hardness value
test load dwell time in s
test load application time in s
test load in N
Advantages
• suitable for all materials
• capable of automation
• determination of hardness value from elastic and
plastic deformation
• additional characteristics data on mechanical material
properties available (material relaxation/ creep, elastic
and plastic proportion of indentation work, plastic
hardness, elastic indentation modul us)
Disadvantages
• decreasing the degree of indentation places increas –
ed demands on the quality of the specimen surface
(indentation depth = 20 · average surface value)
• susceptible to vibrations, particularly in indentation
range h < 15 µm
• possibility of error due to elastic and permanent
displacement of specimen and of components in the
force flow during test cycle
This testing method is also referred to as an instrum ented test to determine hardness and other materials
parameters. The result of the test is the continuous
load-indentation depth curve during the complete test
cycle. By analyzing this curve at several points,
comprehensive mechanical materials properties can be
determined – within the scope of a single test.
Derivable materials parameters
• Martens hardness HM
• volume hardness HM S
• indentation hardness H IT
• elastic indentation modul us EIT
• creep CIT
• relaxation R IT
• indentation work (elastic, plastic)
• local Martens hardness via indentation depth
Zwick Martens testing systems offer you:
• use in the macro range with test loads from 2N to
2500 N with indentation depths > 6 µm and indentors
with various geometries (Vickers, Berkovich, various
ball shapes, …)
• flexible testing parameters with regard to load
application, holding and load removal – position or
load-controlled
• standardized assessment criteria for calculation of
results – definitions of the approximation curve,
beginning and end of elastic resilience, and interval for
volume hardness
• automated cyclic indentation testing to determine
machine compliance – evaluation of all unloading
surges in the testing cycles
• automatic determination of machine elasticity, with
graphic presentation
• testing program (optional) for cyclic indentation testing
to obtain experimental data as the basis of the new
R&D field 'Simulation of strength values from
instrumented indentation testing'
Relevant standards
• EN ISO 14577
9
10. Modified Vickers HVT method
Modified Brinell HBT method
Measured value
Vickers hardness from HVT
depth measurement
Indentation depth h under test
load.
Measured value
Modified Brinell hardness HBT.
Residual indentation depth h
from test indentation under
pre-load measured in mm.
Definition
HVT = 0.102 F/A
= 0.102 F/ (26,43 h²)
F ... test load in N
A ... indentation surface in
mm²
h ... indentation depth under
test load in mm
Definition
HBT = hardness value,
converted from indentation
depth using a reference
specimen.
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 320 HVT 10/20
indentation duration in s
code number for test load corresponding
to N · 0.102
code letters for Vickers depth hardness
hardness value
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 205 HBT 10/3000
calibration method for reference specimen
code letters for test method
hardness value
Advantages
• suitable for all materials
• capable of automation
• can be used in production control
• determination of hardness value from elastic and plastic
deformation
Advantages
• only short time required for test, as hardness value can
be read off / is displayed directly following indentation
• capable of automation
• no operator influence -hardness value displayed directly
• test surface requires little preparation
Disadvantages
• decreasing degree of indentation places increased
demands on quality of specimen surface (indentation
depth = 20 · average surface value)
• susceptible to vibrations, particularly in indentation
depth range h < 15 µm
• sensitive to shape deviations in indentor, particularly in
tip area
• method not standardi zed
Disadvantages
• conversion ratio has very restricted validity
• possibility of error during test cycle due to permanent
displacement of specimen and other components in
force flow
• comparison measurements on different machines
assume a common conversion factor
• method not standardi zed
Non-standardized method to:
VDI/VDE 2616-1
10
Non-standardized method to:
VDI/VDE 2616-1
11. UCI method (Ultrasonic Contact Impendance)
Measured values
Rebound hardness. Impact
velocity va and rebound velocity
vr (or height) of impact body
are measured.
Definition
Rebound hardness = c · vr / va
c ... constant
vr ... rebound velocity of
impact body
va ... impact velocity of impact
body
Explanation of test result display:
e.g. 540 HL
code letters for rebound hardness
hardness value
Advantages
• portable device, simple to operate
• automatic test sequence; very short test time
• testing in any position, e.g. overhead
measurement possible using correction factors
Disadvantages
• testing thinner specimens or specimens with
low mass poses problems
• high level of operator influence possible
Relevant standards
• ASTM Standard A 956
dynamic measuring methods: quotient of
rebound (Rp) and impact (Ap) velocity with
hardness expressed in Leeb: HL
• DIN 50156
Load F
Sender
Resonanceamplifier
Receiver
Oscillation
Rebound hardness test
Diamond
F
Δf
Calibration
line
Specimen hardness calculated
from known test load,
measured frequency shift and
stored adjustment values, with
reference to the E modulus.
Hardness HV
Hardness =
f (F, Δf)
A rod is excited into longitudinal oscillations. At one
end there is a Vickers diamond, which is pressed into
the material under test. The defined load F is mostly
applied via a spring. The rod oscillates at its natural
resonance frequency, which essentially depends on
its length. Pressing the Vickers diamond into the
specimen causes damping of the oscillation. Linked to
this is a shift in the resonance frequency, which is
measured. The damping of the rod, and the associated
frequency shift, depends on the contact area between
diamond and specimen and, given a fixed test load, on
the hardness of the specimen. The E modulus of the
material under test also influences the frequency shift.
Advantages
• mobile, flexible in use
• testing in any position
• simple to operate
Disadvantages
• testing thinner specimens or specimens with low mass
can be difficult. The testing requires a minimum
thickness as well as a minimum mass in order to
achieve reliable results. In certain cases the acoustic
attatchment onto larger masses could improve the
results.
Relevant standards
• The Ultrasonic Contact Impedance method is
standardised to ASTM A 1038
• DIN 50158
11
12. Summary chart: hardness testing on metals
Abbreviation
Indentor
Test load
Total
test load
Rockwell
Scale A
HRA
Diamond cone
98.07 N
588.4 N
Measurand
& range
Rockwell hardness HR
20 ... 88 HRA
Scale B
HRB
98.07 N
980.7 N
20 ... 100 HRB
Scale C
HRC
Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm
(1/16 inch)
Diamond cone
98.07 N
1471 N
20 ... 70 HRC
Scale D
HRD
Diamond cone
98.07 N
980.7 N
40 ... 77 HRD
Scale E
HRE
98.07 N
980.7 N
70 ... 100 HRE
Scale F
HRF
98.07 N
588.4 N
60 ... 100 HRF
Scale G
HRG
98.07 N
1471 N
30 ... 94 HRG
Scale H
HRH
98.07 N
588.4 N
80 ... 100 HRH
Scale K
HRK
98.07 N
1471 N
40 ... 100 HRK
15 N
30 N
45 N
HR 15N
HR 30N
HR 45N
Ball, Ø 3.1750 mm
(1/8 inch)
Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm
(1/16 inch)
Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm
(1/16 inch)
Ball, Ø 3.1750 mm
(1/8 inch)
Ball, Ø 3.1750 mm
(1/8 inch)
Diamond cone
Diamond cone
Diamond cone
29.42 N
29.42 N
29.72 N
147.1 N
294.2 N
441.3 N
70 ... 94 HR 15 N
42 ... 86 HR 30 N
20 ... 77 HR 45 N
15 T
30 T
45 T
HR 15T
HR 30T
HR 45T
Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm
(1/16 inch)
29.42 N
29.42 N
29.42 N
147.1 N
294.2 N
441.3 N
67 ... 93 HR 15 T
29 ... 82 HR 30 T
1 ... 72 HR 45 T
Method
Standard
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
6508-1
EN ISO 6508-1
Table 1: Overview of metals standards and methods
Rockwell testing method
Applications
HRA
Can test hardened and hardened tempered steels with low thickness or thinner edge layer than HRC
Reduced material stress and specimen damage compared with HRC. Hard metals .
HRD
Surface-hardened parts with medium hardness layers.
HRC
Hardened and hardened tempered steels (tools, high-strength mild steels).
HRF
Cold-rolled thin steel sheet,annealed copper-zinc alloys and annealed copper .
HRB
Soft mild steels (sheets, non-ferrous metals ).
HRG
Phosphor-bronze, beryllium copper, low-hardness malleable cast iron .
HRH
Aluminium, zinc, lead.
HRE
Cast iron, aluminium and magnesium alloys, bearing metals.
HRK
Bearing metals and other metals with very low hardness.
HR 15/30/45 N
Steels as per HRA, HRD und HRC, provided thin parts or edge layers are involved.
HR 15/30/45 T
Soft steels and non-ferrous metals as per HRF und HRB, provided items are thin (e.g. deep-drawn sheets)
Table 2: Overview of applications for Rockwell testing
12
13. Summary chart (continued): hardness-testing on metals
Method
Abbreviation
Indentor
Test
pre-load
Total
test load
Measurand
& range
Standard
HBW
Ball,
Ø 1/2.5/5/10 mm
-
9.8... 29420 N
Brinell HB
EN ISO 6506-1
2.5
1
2442
612.9
153.2
24.52
8...55
Aluminium
980.7
245.2
61.29
9.807
3...22
Lead, tin
Measurand
& range
Standard
Brinell
Degree of loading
Indentor ball Ø in mm
10
5
2.5
1
Recordable hardness range
Examples
30
10
29420
7355
1839
294.2
96-650
Steel, (malleable) cast iron
9807
2452
612.9
98.07
32-218
Aluminium, brass,
copper, bronze
5
Test load F in N
4903
1226
306.5
49.03
16...109
Aluminium, zinc
Method
Abbreviation
Indentor
Test
pre-load
Total
test load
Vickers
Micro
Low-load
Macro
HV 0.01...≤ 0.2
HV 0.2...≤ 5
HV 5...100
Diamond pyramid,
face angle 136°
-
Vickers HV
0.098...1.961
Vickers HV
1.961...49.03
49.03...980.7 N Vickers HV
HK
rhombic diamond
pyramid
-
≤ 9.807 N
Knoop HK
Abbreviation
Indentor
Test
pre-load
Total
test load
Measurand
& range
Standard
-
2...2500 N
EN ISO
14577
-
2...2500 N
HM
in N/mm2
HM
in N/mm2
Knoop
Method
Instrumented indentation test (Martens hardness)
HM
Diamond pyramid,
face angle 136°
HM
Berkovich
diamond pyramid,
hard-metal balls
DIN ISO 4516,
EN ISO 6507-1
ISO 4545
DIN ISO 4516
HVT method
HVT
Diamond pyramid
136°
~1.96
1.961 ...
980.7 N
Vickers
HVT
Method not
standardized;
HVT according
VDI/VDE 2616-1
HBT
Ball,
Ø 2.5/5/10 mm
1961 N;
980.7 N;
490.3 N;
98.07 N
29420 N ...
612.9 N
Brinell HBT,
≤ 650 HBT
Method not
standardized;
HBT according
VDI/VDE 2616-1
HRT method
Table 1: Overview of metals standards and methods
13
14. Summary chart (continued): hardness testing on metals
Method
Abbreviation
Indentor
Test
pre-load
Rebound hardness testing (Leeb)
HL
spherical,
radius 1.5 ... 2.5 mm
Totalpre-load
Measurand
& range
Standard
-
E = 3.0 mJ ...
90.0 mJ
Rebound
hardness
conforms to
VDI/VDE 2616-1
ASTM A 956
DIN 50156
-
10, 49, 98 N
UCI
DIN 50158
UCI-Method
-
Diamond pyramid
Table 1: Overview of metals standards and methods
Converting hardness values
Sometimes it is necessary to convert values obtained by
one method into those of another method. This is
generally because a testing machine for the desired
method is not available, or when, for example, there
is not enough room on the specimen for indentations
using the preferred method.
Rule-of-thumb (for estimations)1:
HB ↔ HV: HB ≅ 0,95 x HV
–
HRB ↔ HB:
HRB ≅ 176 - 1165/√HB
HRC ↔ HV: HRC ≅ 116 - 1500/v–
HV
HV ↔ HK: HV ≅ HK (low load range )
Rm ↔ HB, HV: Rm ≅ c HB (oder HV), Rm in N mm-2
Given the locally differing hardnesses in many materials,
such conversions only provide a rough indication of the
actual hardness and should only be used when there is a
sufficient certainty of obtaining an accurate conversion.
Factor c for estimation of tensile strength Rm
given in most literature as:
c ≅ 3.5 for steel (bcc-Fe-matrix )
c ≅ 5.5 for Cu and Cu-alloys (annealed)
c ≅ 4.0 for Cu and Cu-alloys (cold-formed)
c ≅ 3.7 for Al and Al-alloys
Empirical conversion ratios exist between the Brinell,
Vickers and Rockwell methods and between hardness
and tensile strength. These are for certain materials only
and have limited accuracy. General conversion ratios do
not exist.
Details are available from Standard EN ISO 18265
(formerly DIN 50150). For non-ferrous metals, further
information can be found in ASTM E 140.
1
... from: Blumenauer, H.: Werkstoffprüfung, 6th edition, 1994
diamond
corundum
hard metals
topaz
chromium-hardened
tool steel
quartz
orthoclase
apatite
fluorite
calcite
gypsum
material
Fig. 1: Comparison of various hardness scales
14
15. Hardness testing machines and
instruments
Hardness testing machines comprise zwicki-Line
materials testing machines with a range of hardness
testing add-ons plus Zwick's testXpert® software. Load
application is controlled by the testing machine and the
testXpert® software in closed loop mode.
Digital measuring and control technology comes as
standard with the hardness testing machines and
enables test sequence parameters to be reproduced
with a high level of precision. Options providing
optimization of individual test cycles are a highly
important aspect of testing machine automation.
Zwick hardness testing machines can be divided into two
main groups:
1. Machines based on the zwicki-Line and focused
to use in research and development and quality
assurance:
• ZHU0.2/Z2.5 – universal hardness testing machine
with HU measuring head up to 200 N
• ZHU2.5/Z2.5 – universal hardness testing machine
with HU measuring head up to 2500 N
• ZHV20/Z2.5 – low-load Vickers tester up to 20 kgf
• ZHV30/Z2.5 – low-load Vickers tester up to 30 kgf
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU250top universal hardness testing machine in
dark field mode with testXpert® II link
• ZHU250top – universal hardness tester
(TFT, PC technology) up to 250 kgf
• ZHU750top - universal hardness tester
(TFT, PC technology) up to 750 kgf
• ZHU3000top - universal hardness tester
(TFT, PC technology) up to 3000 kgf
Our self-contained hardness testing instruments
can be set up for a particular testing method. They are
used in R&D and for production control and quality
assurance:
• ZHV1/ZHV2 – micro Vickers hardness tester up to 1 (2) kgf
• ZHV10 – low-load Vickers hardness tester up to 10 kgf
(optional 30 kgf)
• ZHV30 – low load Vickers hardness tester up to 30 kgf
• ZHR – Rockwell hardness testers
Zwick Roell Group's hardness testers and testing
machines are your guarantee of a secure, long-term,
futureproof investment.
Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHV20/Z2.5 low-load Vickers hardness testing
machine with motor-operated compound table and testXpert®
2. All-purpose group of testing machines are also
based on closed -loop technology and cater for quality
and production control:
• ZHU250 – universal hardness tester ( matt screen) up
to 250 kgf
Fig. 3: Zwick/ZHV1 micro Vickers hardness testingin strument with
motor-operated compound table and testXpert®
15
16. ZHU/zwicki-Line universal hardness testing
machines
The ZHU/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machines can
be used for all the classical testing methods, including
Rockwell, Vickers, Knoop, Brinell and ball indentation
hardness. They are also well-suited to the innovative
instrumented indentation testing method. This is used to
determine hardness plus additional metallic materials
parameters and is referred to as Martens hardness (EN
ISO 14577).
The ZHU/Z2.5 features a patented hardness measuring
head (resolution 0.02 µm) with integrated digital depth and
force measuring system, mounted in a zwicki-Line materials
testing machine with modified drive. Add to this our stateof-the-art measuring and control electronics testControl
and our intelligent test software testXpert® and the result
is a well-balanced, high precision measuring system.
• Rockwell hardness HR scales R, L, M, E, K, a
• Vickers depth measurement HVT
• Brinell depth measurement HBT
• Ball indentation hardness H (for plastics)
Optical methods using the Zwick ZHU optical unit
• Vickers HV
• Brinell HB
• Knoop HK
Two different test areas are available with the ZHU/
zwicki-Line: 350 mm or 850 mm.
To facilitate high-precision measurements in various
application areas, 2 hardness measuring heads with
exchangeable indentors and transducer foot are
available:
2 N … 200 N or 5 N … 2.5 kN
housing
load measuring system
(1% fnom, class 1)
indentation depth
measuring system
indentor
sensor foot
Fig. 1: General layout of HU hardness measuring head
Also available is an add-on optical unit which, when
used with the hardness measuring head, allows any
current hardness method to be employed. The optical
unit consists of a measuring microscope with up to 4
lenses. It also has a manual operated linear displacement
unit designed to allow microscope and load assembly to
exchange positions. This avoids the need to move
components waiting to be tested. The ZHU/zwicki-Line
can be upgraded to an fully-automated hardness tester
using the motorized linear displacement unit (MLDU),
actively controlled by testXpert®. Therefore potential user
influences are totally eliminated.
Depth measurement methods
• Martens hardness HM, instrumented indentation
testing (formerly universal hardness HU, DIN 50359-1)
• Rockwell hardness HR in scales A to K, N, T , plus
HMR5/250
16
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU2.5/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machine with
hardness measuring head
The application of the intelligent testing software
testXpert® supports the innovative testing systeme in
standard tasks (e.g. quality assurance) as well as in
research and development for very sophisticated tasks.
The ZHU/zwicki-Line range is complemented by a
comprehensive, standardised range of
accessories. This includes a highly varied selection of
indentors, hardness comparison blocks, clamping
systems, ring light and compound tables with manual or
fully automatic control up to 2.5 kN.
17. The ZHU/Z2.5 range features:
• user-friendly one-button operation
• universal application for practically any hardness testing
method using indentation depth measurement,
regardless of material
• fast, automatic approach, even with varying specimen
heights
• automatic test sequence and evaluation
• shortest possible testing times
• minimum changeover time from one method to another
or when exchanging indentor and transducer foot
• high level of precision and reproducibility of measured
values due to high test data resolution and constant
testing conditions
• additional materials data obtained from force/
indentation test profile
• versatile result presentation: single and statistical
values, graphics, on-screen display, and print-outs can
be varied as required
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU0.2/2.5 in hot cell for testing radioactive material
Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHU2.5/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machine with
hardness measuring head and optical add-on unit
• multiple curve overlay for direct comparison of series
tests
• configuration of user-specific test sequences; even
special test sequences are easy to define and execute
• can be used for production-line testing.
Fig 3: Fully-automated universal hardness tester Zwick/ZHU2.5/Z2.5
with motorized linear dispacement unit (MLDU)
17
18. Zwick/ZHU topline universal hardness
testing machine (up to 3000 kgf test load)
Today's modern all-purpose hardness testing machines
are based on technologies making innovative use of
mechatronic components. Their high level of precision
gives them a wide range of applications, particularly in
quality assurance, production-line checks and in the
laboratory environment.
A further option available is a ringlight using LED
technology. This produces a special contrast image to
allow more precise, automatic indentation measuring,
particularly with softer materials (e.g. < 200 HB),
unaffected by loss of clarity due to edge bulging.
'Revolver' option
Zwick manufactures three ZHU topLine hardness testers:
ZHU250top (1 – 250 kgf / 9 .8 – 2452.5 N)
ZHU750top (3 – 750 kgf / 29 .4 – 7357.5 N) und
ZHU3000top (20 – 3000 kgf / 196 .2 – 29430 N) .
All use innovative optical zoom technology, thus eliminating
the need for frequent lens changes. The closed loop/load
cell load application technology provides solutions for both
optical and depth measurement testing in accordance
with recogni zed testing methods.
Optical methods
• Vickers (HV) EN ISO 6507
• Brinell (HB) EN ISO 6506
• Knoop (HK) ISO 4545
Depth measurement methods
• Rockwell (HR) EN ISO 6508
• Vickers (HVT)
• Brinell (HBT)
• Ball indentation hardness (H) ISO 2039-1for plastics
Users quickly become familiar with the intuitive, easy-touse operating system. Test sequences can be configured
individually or easily stored or loaded. In addition to manual
indentation measurement, ready integrated, fully automatic
image analysis is optionally available, providing intelligent,
high-precision measuring and reducing operator influence
to a minimum.
Fig 2: ‘Revolver’ holding 4 indentors and 2 lenses
One very special feature is the 'Revolver' motorised
turretavailable with the ZHU250top und ZHU750top. This
can hold 4 different indentors and 2 lenses (2.5 / 4 / 10 /
20-fold). Add to this a motorized lead screw (instead of a
handwheel) and the result is a top-of-the range hardness
tester with a comprehensive range of accessories to suit
any application.
Intelligent testing with testXpert® II (option)
Ringlight option
Fig 3: Zwick/ZHU250top universal testing machine with testXpert® II
connection
An integrated RS232 interface allows transfer of test data
to Zwick's testXpert® II software for evaluation and straight
forward documentation – or direct connection with quality
assurance systems.
Fig 1: Ringlight option
18
19. Zwick/ZHU 250 universal hardness tester
Zwick/ZHU 187.5 universal hardness tester
Applications
The Zwick/ZHU250 universal hardness tester is used for
the following methods:
The Zwick/ZHU 187,5 is available in versions to suit test
loads between 29.4 N and 1839 N (187.5 kg) for the
following methods:
• Vickers hardness (macro)
• Brinell hardness (up to 1839 N)
• Rockwell hardness (classic method).
• Vickers (HV) EN ISO 6507, ASTM E 92
• Knoop (HK) ISO 4545, 4546
• Brinell (HB) EN ISO 6506, ASTM E 10
• Rockwell (HR) EN ISO 6508, ASTM E 18
• Vickers depth measurement HVT VDI/VDE 2616-1
• Brinell depth measurement HBT VDI/VDE 2616-1
• Ball indentation hardness (H) (ISO 2039-1) (plastics)
The Zwick/ZHU250's robust design guarantees many
years of high-precision testing in a wide range of
applications requiring a test load up to 250 kgf. It
features quick, easy, precise handling.
Optical measuring of indentations uses a digital precision
measuring system on a highly tempered, non-reflective
matt screen. A comprehensive range of lenses
(magnifications from 15x up to 520x) and accessories is
available to suit any testing situation.
Connection to testXpert® or testXpert® II via an RS232
interface.
Fig. 2: The Zwick/ZHU 187,5 universal hardness tester is available in
various versions to suit different load stage combinations.
Features of these instruments include weight-loading, an
automatic test cycle and an indentor-carrier providing
highly flexible test positions. They are available with an
LCD line display. Load-change is by means of sidemounted rotary knobs; the test method is selected via
the line display. The microscope has adjustable graticules
and the hardness value is transmitted to the testXpert®
software at the touch of a button, to appear
automatically on the display. Statistical evaluations and
conversions conforming to testing standards can be
performed in addition to entering tolerance limits.
An RS 232 interface plus a wide range of accessories
(indentor, support table, hardness comparison blocks) are
included as standard.
Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHU250 universal hardness tester linked to testXpert® II
19
20. Zwick 3106 universal ball-indentation hardness
tester
The Zwick 3106 hardness tester has universal application
for all depth-measurement tests.
The following can be tested to standard:
• Rockwell hardness (EN 10109-1, EN ISO 6508),
• Rockwell hardness for carbon-based materials (DIN
51917, DIN IEC 413)
• Ball indentation hardness for plastics and hard rubber
(ISO 2039-1),
• Hardness test: plaster (DIN 1168-2),
• Indentation test: asphalt (DIN 1996-13),
• Indentation test: resilient floor-coverings (EN 433).
The Zwick 3106 is equipped with a digital gage and an
upgrade allows data output to printers and PCs. It is
employed in research, development, quality control and
for goods inwards.
Fig. 1: Zwick 3106 with integrated digital display and electronic
measuring
Optional accessories: Zwick 3106
Indentor: normal/short (120° diamon d pyramid)
Balls: ø 1/16’’, ø1/8’’,ø1/4’’,ø1/2’’ (Rockwell)
Indentor balls: ø 5/10 mm
Compression die: ø 11.3/25.2/15.97 mm
Circular support table : ø 9/48/155 mm
Summary of applications: Zwick 3106
Method
Abbreviation
Rockwell hardness
of carbon-based
materials
HR 10/20
HR 10/40
HR 10/60
HR 10/100
HR 10/150
Indentation method HR 10/20
on carbon brushes HR 10/60
HR 10/100
HR 10/150
Hardness testing
H in MN/m²
plaster
Indentation testing asphalt
Indentation test
on resilient
floor coverings
-
Indentor
Hardened ball,
Ø 10 mm (5 mm)
Hardened ball,
Ø 10 mm
Ball, Ø 10 mm
Cylinder L = 30mm 25 N
Ø 11.3 mm
Ø 25.2 mm
Cylinder
Ø11.3 mm
3N
Ø 15.97 mm
-
Table 1: Overview of standards and methods for special materials
20
Total
Test
pre-load test load
196.1 N
98.07 N
392.2 N
588.4 N
980.7 N
1471 N
196.1 N
98.07 N
588.4 N
980.7 N
1471 N
200 N
10 N
525 N
500 N
1000 N
Standard
Application
DIN
51917
Carbon, graphite,
metal-graphite materials
(carbon brushes)
DIN IEC
413
Natural/metal/
electrographite,
hard carbon
Stucco, plaster
DIN
1168-2
Mastic/rolled asphalt
DIN 1996
Teil 13
Elastomers, embossed
DIN EN
materials, cork
433
21. Vickers hardness testers
Zwick has a range of Vickers hardness testers to suit every
application, covering a wide load range and offering various
levels of operator comfort.
Zwick/ZHV1 and ZHV2 micro Vickers
hardness testers
Zwick's micro Vickers hardness testers are available in
two versions to suit different load ranges: ZHV1 for
weights from 10g to 1000g, and ZHV2 for weights from
25g to 2000g. They conform to the following standards:
• Vickers (HV) EN ISO 6507, ASTM E 92
• Knoop (HK) EN ISO 4545, ASTM E 384
For both load ranges there is a choice of operating
concept:
ZHV-m (manual) – measuring is performed manually by
the operator, using a microscope. The automatic turret
allows one-button control of lens and indentor positionchange. The automatic test sequence and predetermined time frame eliminate operator influence during hold
time.
ZHV-PC - the ZHV1 and ZHV2 can be retrofitted with a
CCD camera for optical evaluation on a PC system.
Optical measurement of the indentations is then
performed manually, or automatically via testXpert®.
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHV2-a fully automatic micro Vickers hardness tester
with motorized compound table
ZHV1-A / ZHV2-A fully automatic:
• Automatic focussing of the indentation controlled by
testXpert®
• 2 versions: 2 different motorised compound tables
• Control of 3 axis (x-y-z)
ZHV1-S / ZHV2-S semiautomatic:
• Manual focussing of the indentation
• 3 versions: one digital or two different motorised
compound tables
• Control of 2 axis (x-y)
Motorized load-change, automatic indentation
measuring, automatically controlled turret (via testXpert®)
for changing indentor position and lens positions,
motorized compound table and fully automatic test
sequences – uses include hardness profile tests with
multiple sequences.
Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHV1-PC manual micro Vickers hardness tester with
testXpert® connection
21
22. Zwick/ZHV10 low-load Vickers hardness tester
Zwick ZHV30 low-load Vickers hardness tester
The Zwick/ZHV10 Vickers hardness tester has a proven
track record, especially with:
• Vickers hardness
• Knoop hardness
• Brinell hardness
• case-hardening, hardening and nitriding depth
• scratch hardness according to Mohs (analog unit only).
Loading weights from 0.2 kg to 10 kg (option up to 30 kg)
and exchangeable lenses for various magnifications and
image areas are available for both versions.
Hardness tables are used to evaluate the hardness value
when using the analog unit.
The PC version uses the testXpert® software. As well
as being simple to operate, testXpert® adapts to varying
test conditions with great flexibility. The indentation is
measured on the monitor by adjusting the graticules
(manually or automatically) and is then evaluated
automatically. A master test program for series
measurement for Vickers, Knoop and Brinell hardness
testing is available and , with add-ons for hardness
sequence tests and automatic indentation
measurement. A wide range of further accessories is
available in addition to manual compound tables.
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHV30 manual low-load Vickers hardness tester
The Zwick ZHV30 manual low-load Vickers hardness
tester covers Vickers (HV) applications EN ISO 6507 and
ASTM E 92. With a load range of 0.2 to 30 kg, it can
also optionally be equipped for K noop (HK): EN ISO 4545,
ASTM E 384 and Brinell (HB): EN ISO 6506 ASTM E 10
also.
As with the Zwick micro Vickers hardness testers,
measuring on the Zwick/ZHV30 is performed manually by
the operator, using a microscope. One-button control of
lens/indentor change is made possible by the automatic
turret, while operator influence during hold time is
eliminated by a fully automatic test sequence to a
specified timeframe. A CCD camera can be retrofitted to
the ZHV30 to enable optical evaluation via a PC system.
Optical measurement of the indentation is then
performed either manually or automatically with
testXpert® .
Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHV10 low-load Vickers hardness tester with
automatic indentation measurement via testXpert®
22
23. Zwick ZHV20/Z2.5 Vickers hardness testing
machine
The ZHV/zwicki-Line Vickers hardness testing machine is
the result of integrating the Zwick hardness testing
device used for optical methods with a testing machine
from the zwicki -Line range. The integrated load cell
permits electro-mechanically applied test loads in closed
loop mode between 2 and 200 N (ZHV20/Z2.5) and 3
and 300 N (ZHV30/Z2.5). A high-resolution CCD camera
is attached to a microscope angled at 90°. Indentor
carrier(s) and lenses are integrated in the turret; rotating
it brings them into the correct position to make or
measure the indentation respectively. The turret has four
carriers in total, allowing various different lenses to be
used with one indentor.
A testXpert® master test program contains series tests
for the Vickers, Knoop und Brinell methods. Optional
add-ons are available for automatic indentation
measurement and focusing and for hardness sequence
tests (including multiple sequences), as are manual or
motorized compound tables.
Fig.1: Zwick/ZHV20/Z2.5 Vickers hardness testing machine with
motorized compound table, linked to testXpert®, with automatic
indentation measurement
Principal features:
• flexible adaptation to test parameters , e.g. approach
and test speeds
• manual/automatic indentation measurement
• selectable 5% diagonal monitoring
• selectable pre-check of sequence position
• selectable automatic focusing on any indentation
• freely definable im/exportable sequence tests suitable
for all methods
ZHV20/Z2.5: optional accessories
Lens carrier for indentor
Lenses (50x, 100x, 200x, 400x, 600x)
Indentors:
• diamond pyramid 136° (Vickers)
• diamond pyramid 172° (Knoop)
• HM ball (Ø 1 mm, Ø 2 mm)
Adapter plate for compound table
Compound table: • manual
• manual & digital display &
RS 232 interface
• motorized control
Hardness comparison block
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHV30/Z2.5 Vickers hardness testing machine with
motorized compound table
23
24. Zwick/ZHR Rockwell hardness
testing machine
The Zwick/ZHR Rockwell hardness testing range caters
for the following methods:
• classical Rockwell methods: Zwick/ZHR 4150
(pre-load:10 kg; test load: 60; 100; 150 kg), Scales
A B C D E F G H K L M P R S V;
• super Rockwell method: Zwick/ZHR 4045 (pre-load:
3 kg; test load: 15, 30, 45 kg), Scales N T W X Y
• combined Rockwell and super R ockwell method:
Zwick/ZHR 8150 ( pre-load: 3, 10 kg; test load: 15, 30,
45, 60, 100, 150 kg), Scales A B C D E F G H K L M
PRSVNTWXY
• Jominy method for sequence testing to Rockwell.
The instruments are available with various levels of
operating convenience:
• models with one-button operation for simple testing
situations (Type AK, Type BK)
• models with line-display and integrated conversion
functions for standard applications (Type LK)
• models with Touchscreen, expanded functions and
high level of operating convenience for wide-ranging
test situations. Used for batch-testing (Type SK) and
production control (Type TK).
Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHR 8150SK for series testing small batches
This range of hardness testing instruments features
modular design, with a wide variety of equipment,
allowing the ideal combination to be produced for each
application.
A special feature of our Rockwell hardness testers is an
indentor carrier for testing difficult-to-access measuring
positions, with straight forward operation thanks to:
• automatic test cycle
• automatic loading and unloading
• automatic evaluation, including conversion
• loading weight selection using rotary knob or via
touchscreen (automatic load changing).
These testers are of rugged construction, with a playfree,
ball-bearing spindle, test area up to 292 mm in height for
large workpieces and an integ rated RS 232 interface for
connection to testXpert®.
Zwick can even provide a standardized solution – using
the Zwick/ZHR tester – for the Jominy end quench test
(Rockwell sequence testing).
Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHR 4150AK for simple test situations
24
Fig. 3: Jominy test to Rockwell sequence testing with Zwick/ZHR
25. Zwick portable hardness testers
Increasing interest is being shown in portable hardness
testers, which are used in various ways. Stationary
hardness testers in the laboratory are not suitable for
large or non-transportable components and plants.
Zwick has a comprehensive range of portable hard ness testing products for the most varied applications.
Zwick MIC10 hardness tester (UCI method)
The Zwick MIC 10 provides quick, handy, on-the-spot
hardness testing in conformity with the UCI method
(Ultrasonic Contact Impedance, standardized to
ASTM A 1038). In what is known as the comparative
method, the indentation made by the diamond in the
surface of the material is measured electronically and
hardness value is immediately shown on the display.
Zwick DynaPocket –
digital rebound hardness tester
The Zwick DynaPocket is an extremely handy integrated
digital hardness-testing instrument which uses the
dynamic rebound hardness method (Leeb) (standardized
to A956). Its compact design allows easy on-the-spot
testing of bulky, non-transportable components such as
forgings or castings, even at locations which would be
difficult for other testers to reach. Fast, reproducible
measurements can be obtained regardless of impact
direction thanks to patented signal processing
technology. Operation is straight forward via 2 buttons,
with settings and hardness values shown on a digital
LCD display.
Test probes for loads between 1 N (HV 0.1) and 98 N
(HV 10) are available for the portable tester. The
automatic conversion function allows results to be
expressed in various hardness scales or converted to
tensile strength. A ready-integrated statistics function
enables individual values or average values to be shown
within a series of tests.
The handy Zwick MIC 10 can be used almost anywhere –
on scaffolding for testing large containers and pipes, or
for component testing wherever it is needed. The UCI
method is particularly suited to testing hardened surfaces
and fine-grained materials of various shapes and sizes.
Thanks to the small, slender probe, measurements can
be made in hard-to-reach locations.
Fig. 2: DynaPocket digital rebound hardness tester plus accessories
Fig. 1: Zwick MIC 10 portable hardness tester
Fig. 3: Zwick DynaPocket rebound hardness tester with patented
impact direction
The tester already contains standard conversion tables
for nine materials groups, enabling conversion of
hardness values for hardness scales HV, HB, HRC, HRB,
HS, HL und N/mm2. It is therefore extremely well-suited
to material identification in such locations as goods
inwards or a raw materials store.
25
26. Zwick Sclerograph – mechanical rebound
hardness tester
The portable Sclerograph is based on the dynamic
rebound height method. This analog device can be used
to determine the hardness of steel, non- ferrous metals
and rubber. The rebound height is read off and the
hardness value is taken from the comparison chart
supplied with the instrument. This contains Shore D,
Rockwell B and C plus Brinell hardness.
Zwick PZ3 Brinell testing clamp
This unique portable hardness tester is suitable for
standardized static Brinell ball indentation tests up to
29420 N (3000 kg). Hardness tests can be performed on
materials and workpieces unsuitable for testing in the
laboratory. Examples include stored steel stocks, finished
structures, machines and larger metal components.
Fig. 1: The portable Zwick Sclerograph
Fig. 3: Zwick PZ3 Brinell clamp for tests up to 3t
Zwick Webster hardness testing pliers
Portable, easy-to-use pliers with built-in indentor and
spring. Squeezing the grips together presses the indentor
(via the spring) into the material to be tested (thickness
0.6 mm ... 8 mm) and the indentation depth is shown on
the scale. The value is read off and converted to
Rockwell hardness using the chart supplied. These
testing pliers are used for aluminium, aluminium alloys,
brass, copper alloys and steel in the following range:
Rockwell E20 to E110 (max.).
Zwick Barcol hardness tester
This digital hardness tester is especially suitable for
testing flat or lightly curved specimens, including
fibreglass-reinforced plastics, duroplasts, hard
thermoplasts, finished and semi-finished goods and
aluminium, to EN 59 and ASTM D2583.
Fig. 2: Zwick Webster hardness testing pliers
Fig. 4: Zwick Barcol hardness tester with digita lmeasuring
electronics
26
27. testXpert® – intelligent and reliable
testXpert® is the universal testing software for materials,
component and function-testing. Its range of use is vast –
in Zwick materials testing machines and hardness
testers, pendulum impact testers, extrusion plastom –
eters and automatic testing systems, to name a few. It is
also used for modernizing testing machines of widely
varying design and manufacture. It handles data, user
and test program administration, plus communication
with the test system and other peripherals.
The testXpert® concept is your guarantee of maximum
flexibility, operational reliability and simplicity in use. It also
has clear advantages in an international context –
language-swapping with just one click of the mouse.
Regardless of which language the test was performed in,
a test report can automatically be printed and mailed in a
different language.
Tasks and functions
testXpert® controls and monitors:
• testing system setup and reset
• test/test series preparation
• test execution
• evaluation and documentation,
• data management and IT network interface
• quality management
special features of testXpert® :
• standardized operating platform for all applications
• standard and master test programs provide a modular
system for test sequences, however straight forward
or demanding.
Standard test programs are ideal for standardized largeseries testing under constant testing conditions:
• extremely simple and intuitive in use, requiring the
minimum number of entries
• pre-tailored to the current application
• industry-oriented
• 100 % standard-compliant.
Master test programs are designed for frequently changing or complex tests. Little effort or previous knowledge
is required to:
• create and alter test programs
• arrange on-screen layouts individually
• create test-specific reports.
Intelligent software wizards guide you quickly and safely
through every menu and perform consistency tests.
testXpert® – for hardness testing products
testXpert® provides a standardized operating platform,
so using the software is the same no matter which
hardness tester is in use.The test assistant helps you to
configure the test parameters and select the results and
tolerances plus the data for the test report.
The actions relevant to the test are already incorporated
into an easy-to-read toolbar. Various layouts for the test,
the results (with statistical evaluation), a video layout for
optical indentation display (and evaluation) and standard
protocols are implemented – all in testXpert® .
For hardness testers with optical measuring devices, a
testXpert® master test program is available covering
standard-compliant Vickers, Knoop and Brinell testing.
This provides control of hardness testers, whether
manual or fully automatic, for series and sequence
testing.
Also available to the user are manual, digital and
motorized (controlled by testXpert® ) 2-axis compound
tables. Fully automatic testing systems have the option of
a motorized Z-axis for auto focusing. To reduce operator
influence – a possible source of errors – on optical
evaluation, the residual indentation can be evaluated
automatically with innovative, pre-implemented image
analysis algorithms.
27
28. Fig. 1: testXpert® automatic image analysis
Overview of principal software functions for
optical methods
• video layout with live camera image and results display
for hardness and diagonals
• applying measuring lines to indentation – manual or
automatic via integrated image analysis algorithms
• test labelling (retrospectively if required) – valid or invalid
• free measuring in video layout with calibrated lens data
• indentation images in BMP format – save and load, remeasure, incorporate in test report
• focusing specimen surface (motorized Z-axis) manually using scroll bar/mouse or automatically via
integrated image analysis
• easy-to-read results and statistics in tabular form produced automatically
• auto-measuring function with multi-stage algorithms for
wide range of applications – extremely high level of
accuracy and reproducibility
• standard-compliant hardness profile testing to
determine CHD, NHD,
• standard-compliant conversion to EN ISO 18265
• standard-compliant curvature correction
• teach-in indentation co-ordinates and test
• multiple profile testing with motor-controlled 2-axis
compound table
• multiple sequences with identical or different samples –
save and load from templates
For zwicki-Line based hardness testers with depth
measuring devices, additional test programs are available
for standard-compliant Rockwell and ball indentation
hardness tests and for the new standard for
instrumented indentation test, ISO 14577 (Martens
hardness). This machine is equipped as standard with a
load cell and digital depth measuring system with a
resolution of 20 nm .
The hardness tester with the latest testControl
electronics has been designed as a top-loader – the
specimen is approached from above, without being
Fig. 2: testXpert® with language-swapping on sample report
(English/Polish)
28
Fig. 3: Typical results – instrumented indentation test on cylindrical
specimen
29. raised. An optical measuring device can also be fitted,
allowing the Vickers, Knoop and Brinell methods to be
included also.
A further benefit is that continuously recording the load/
indentation depth curve – during loading and unloading –
allows additional material properties to be determined
which would not have been available with conventional
hardness testers. This is a unique feature of the Zwick
ZHU/zwicki-Line - a truly innovative hardness testing
machine.
Principal software functions for methods
involving depth measurement, particularly
instrumented indentation testing
• universal application range – all standardized methods
for metals and plastics are covered
• instrumented indentation testing – recording and
evaluating force/indentation curve regardless of
method in use
• determine Martens hardness and Vickers hardness
from same indentation and test sequence
• accurate Rockwell testing, even without diamond
correction
• excellent repeatability thanks to application-oriented
testControl digital measuring and control technology
• derivable materials parameters: Martens hardness
HM,volume hardness HMS, indentation hardness HIT,
elastic indentation modulus EIT, creep CIT, relaxation
RIT, indentation work (elastic, plastic), local Martens
hardness via indentation depth
• flexible test parameters regarding load application, hold
and load removal – position or load-controlled
• standardized evaluation criteria for result calculation –
specifications for approximation curve, beginning and
end of resilience and volume hardness interval
• determination of machine compliance with automated
cyclic indentation testing – evaluation of all unloading
steps from test cycle
• automatic determination of machine compliance with
graphic representation
• new field: 'simulation of strength values from
instrumented indentation testing' uses Zwick cyclic
indentation program (optional) to obtain experimental
data.
Fig. 2: Touch PC with testXpert® or testXpert® II and small device
program
For the Zwick ZHR Standalone hardness tester
(Rockwell), ZHU250 (universal hardness testing machine
up to 250 kg) and the ZHU topLine range (1-3000kg),
customers have the option of testXpert® II as their Zwick
testing software. The software supports data readout via
the serial ports:
• transfer of test results via RS232 interface and
ISO 9001 standard-compliant test reports
• easy-to-read tabular presentation or results and
automatic test report production and archiving
• conversion to EN ISO 18265 with all steel and nonferrous metal charts
• easy integration with laboratory information systems
(LIMS).
Fig. 1: Screenshot showing multiple sequences
29
30. Metals
Plastics
Special materials
Ceramics
Martens hardness
Rockwell A...C
Rockwell N...T
Rockwell L, M, R
Ball indentation
HVT, HBT
Vickers
Sequence testing
Knoop
Brinell
Test load
Testing software
Overview: Hardness testing machines and hardness testers
Variants
• - • o -
o - - - - - - • • • o
• • • • • • • - - - -
➀
➀
ZHV30/Z2.5 to 30 kg
ZHU0.2/Z2.5 or ZHU2.5/Z2.5
• o • • • • -
• • • • • • • • • • • ➀ with supplementary unit „optics“
- - • • • o • • - o • ➁ 250/750/3000 kg, zoom-optics
- - • • • • • • • • • ➀/➁ non-reflective matt sreen,
digital precision measuring system
Hardness testing machines
ZHV20/Z2.5
ZHUx.y/Z2.5
ZHU topLine
ZHU250
1,96...196 N
4,9...2452 N
(1,96...196 N)
4,9...2452 N
9,8...29430 N
9,8...2452 N
Hardness testers
Zwick/ZHV1(2)
Zwick/ZHV10
Zwick/ZHV30
10(25)...1000(2000) g
1,96...98 (294) N
1,96...294 N
• - • • • • -
o o - -
-
- - - - - - - - - -
• • • • • • o
• • • o
➀
➀
➀
ZHV1-m/-PC/-s/-a
analogue/PC-variant
ZHV30-m/-PC
Zwick/ZHU187,5
29,43...1839,4 N
• o -
-
-
• - - - -
• - - o
➀
manual, PC
Zwick/ZHR4150
Pre-load: 98 N
Test load: 588,4;
980,7; 1471 N
• • -
-
-
• - • - -
- - - - ➀/➁ one button operation, line display,
touchscreen basic,
touchscreen advanced
Zwick/ZHR4045
Pre-load: 29,4 N
Test load: 117,7;
264,8; 411,9 N
• • -
-
-
-
• - - -
- - - - ➀/➁ one button operation, line display,
touchscreen basic,
touchscreen advanced
Zwick/ZHR8150
Pre-load: 29,4; 98 N
• • Test load: 117,7; 264,8;
411,9; 588,4; 980,7;
1471 N
-
-
• • • - -
- - - - ➀/➁ one button operation, line display,
touchscreen basic,
touchscreen advanced
Zwick3106
Pre-load: 3; 10; 25; 98 N • • • Test load: 200; 500; 525;
196,1; 392,2; 588,4
980,7; 1471 N
-
• - • • -
- - - -
➀
loading weights,
integrated digital display and
electronic measuring
Table 1: Overview hardness testing machines and hardness testers
• ... fits perfect
o ... suitable, however limited load range/material dependencies
- ... not suitable
30
Applicable testing software:
➀ testXpert ®
➁ testXpert ® II
31. Zwick service
Pretesting
Worldwide service
For new, altered or highly complex
applications, Zwick offers you the
opportunity to carry out a practical
test. The application technology
laboratory's experts and comprehensive range of equipment are at
your disposal.
Customer satisfaction is our first priority
at Zwick Roell AG. Local service
organizations in over 56 countries
work to ensure optimum utilization
and maximum availability of your
testing system.
Engineering services
Pre-delivery inspection
Contract testing
Before final delivery of a machine,
customers have the opp ortunity to
carry out a pre-delivery inspection at
our premises, where they can satisfy
themselves regarding scope of
delivery and try out the functions
stipulated in the order. We also
provide an introduction to operating
the system.
New testing assignments with
changing requirements, building or
upgrading a testing laboratory – only
with the aid of specialists can you be
sure of getting what you want.
Experienced Zwick engineers advise
at the planning stage of complex
projects and then help you achieve
the reality.
Whether it's complex new testing
assignments with new specimen
geometry or materials, Zwick's
contract testing laboratory will deliver
the desired test results quickly and
regardless of the customer's mechanization levels – or the absence of
suitable grips.
Transport
If required, Zwick Service will, as
part of the commissioning process,
provide full transport supervision.
We can also provide business to
business transport and deliver the
machine to the desired location at
your premises.
Testing applications - seminars
Modernization
Demonstration
There are many factors to consider
before deciding to acquire a materials
testing system and accessories.
To make that decision easier, the
application laboratory at Zwick's
headquarters offers you the opportunity to experience various solutions
to a wide range of testing situations.
Active co-operation with associates
associates in research and technology enables the Zwick Academy to
organize seminars on the basic
principles of materials testing, its
applications and the current level of
knowledge.
New from old – Zwick' s skilled
modernization service will bring your
old machines up to state of the art.
Whatever the original brand – Zwick
Service has a conversion kit to suit it
and an experienced team of
specialists to do the job.
31
32. Installation
Relocation
Hotline
Zwick Service will organize the
relocation of your testing machine
from start to finish. Our experienced
project management team will take
care of the detailed planning of
disassembly, transport and
recommissioning. Zwick will see to it
that your testing machine is ready
and waiting at your new premises.
Software adaptation
With several thousand successful
commissionings under our belt, you
can rely on Zwick Service to provide
the best possible installation service
for machine and/or accessories.
Pre-handover function test in the
customer's presence help make
installation trouble-free.
Hardware familiarization
Nothing is left to chance at Zwick
Service when a new system is
commissioned. Professional, systematically constructed checklists
help you get the most out of our
products.
With our software engineers' depth
of expert knowledge and many
years of experience, you can rely on
Zwick to deliver programming
perfectly adapted to your individual
requirements. Working closely with
our customers, we identify their
testing requirements and – still in
close collaboration – deliver the right
package for the job.
First priority is for your testing
machine to be in perfect working
order. Should faults develop in your
machine or software, in spite of their
high quality, our expert staff are
ready to help you via the Zwick
Hotline. Your call will be returned in
the shortest possible time.
Support Desk
Product training
Software familiarization
Specially produced checklists using
concrete examples from everyday
practice help you become familiar
with our software, with results being
saved for later use. Alternatively, we
offer a 2-stage induction course,
consisting of a basic introduction as
part of the commissioning process,
followed by an expanded induction
at a later point in time.
32
Qualified trainers with industry
experience provide product training
We also offer individual training
tailored to customers' requirements.
This is available in-house or at our
premises.
For further advice or assistance,
such as technical support, software
adaptation or training, the Zwick
Support Desk is in many cases a
better option than an on-the-spot
visit. Our experienced staff will use
their wide-ranging technical
knowledge to provide you with an
answer speedily and effectively.
33. Rental
Repairs
Whether for short-term testing
requirements or just to try them out
Zwick Service has the specimen
grips you need.
An update gives you access to the
ongoing development of testXpert®
software and opens the door to an
expanded range of functions.
Changes to testing standards are
also incorporated into the latest
versions.
Maintenance
Zwick Service can perform the
necessary scheduled maintenance
of machines and accessories as
detailed in the operating manual and
will also ensure that service intervals
are maintained.
Servicing
Zwick Service helps you reduce
downtime significantly through
regular servicing of your testing
machines.The condition of the
machine is recorded at the service
and necessary repairs are carried
out and wear parts replaced
immediately, where possible. The
service engineer will also advise on
preventive and/or precautionary
measures.
Software Upgrade/Update
If, in spite of careful servicing and
maintenance, a fault develops in a
machine, one of our many service
engineers will be with you in the
shortest po ssible time, while spare
parts can be delivered within 24
hours.
Upgrading from an old DOS
operating system to the latest
Windows equivalent provides a
secure route to the new technology.
Upgrade from testXpert® to
testXpert® II and enjoy access to all
the latest testXpert® developments,
with their many benefits for everyday
use.
Calibration
Zwick's calibration service is
accredited by DKD1), UKAS2),
COFRAC3) and A2LA4) to DIN EN
ISO/IEC 17025 for on-site calibration
of materials testing machines. The
reference measuring equipment
used is regularly recalibrated.
Depending on the customer's
requirements, either a works
calibration (Zwick calibration
certificate), ISO calibration (Zwick
certificate with documentation
showing measuring equipment
supervision to ISO 9001) or DKD
calibration (DKD certificate) is
performed. If necessary, the testing
machines and associated sensors
will be adjusted during calibration.
Upgrading or udating to testXpert® II allows
Zwick's customers to profit from the latest
developments.
1)
Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst
United Kingdom Accreditation
Service
3)
COFRAC: Comité Français
d´Accréditation
4)
A2LA:
American Association for
Laboratory Accredition
2)
DKD:
UKAS:
33
