The document discusses slavery in the United States between 1800-1850. It notes that slavery was already present in the 1700s but increased dramatically in the late 18th century. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 made cotton farming highly profitable and increased demand for slave labor. Over 1 million slaves were transported from older slave states to new states in the South to work on cotton plantations. This led to debates between abolitionists who opposed slavery and slave owners who argued slaves benefited from being cared for. The tensions ultimately led to the Civil War.

1. Pinedo 1
Ali Pinedo
November 12, 2009
U.S. History
Dr. Skolnik
Slavery in the 1800-1850
As early as the 1700's slaves were common in the United States; they usually worked as
farm hands in order to grow tobacco and indigo. But they were not present in huge numbers
before the 1790's, and there was even a trend towards states banning or limiting the slave trade
before that time. ‘What happened during the 1790's?’ you ask. Well, as the United States grew
westwards the cultivation of cotton, a valuable but labor intensive plant, grew as well. There was
an enormous demand for cotton by textile manufacturers in Europe, due to a recent invention that
allowed mass production. Cotton was previously a very difficult crop to profit from, because of
the long hours required to separate cotton seeds from the actual cotton fibers. This all changed
when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, a machine that sped up the process, thereby
making cotton farming a profitable industry for the Southern States. With large areas of prime
land ready for crops the Southern states bought and transported slaves in record numbers in order
to work on their cotton farms. Although there are no definitive statistics approximately 1,000,000
slaves were moved west from the 'old Southern states' to the new ones; i.e. Maryland, Virginia
and the Carolinas to Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. The new ease of cotton ginning coupled
with the high demand for cotton in the textile industry gave rise to the need for a workforce to
harvest the cotton. The farmers turned to a readily available labor force they didn't have to pay:
slaves.

2. Pinedo 2
Slaves being transported to the South were usually ripped from their families and the
surroundings they were familiar and comfortable with. These slaves then faced their new life at
the plantation, a very different environment from what they were used to. They faced harder
work, such as clearing trees and planting crops, than they had back in the ‘old Southern states’.
The great demand for slaves on the plantations produced two very distinct types of slaves, rural
and urban. Rural slaves, as you might have guessed worked on the plantations usually from dawn
till dusk, driven by their overseer. Whereas urban slavery resulted from the lack of white laborers
in the mining and lumber industries, because so many whites defected to the cotton industry in
hopes of making a larger profit. As a result there was an increased demand for slaves in mills and
in ships, so slaves that had learned specialized skills in the plantations, were in high demand in
Southern cities. Slave owners hired out their slaves to work wherever their skills were required.
This means that the owners left their slaves unsupervised all day, unlike the plantations where
they were always under his watchful eye. Many of the slaves who worked in the cities cited them
as incredibly different from working on the plantation. In the city a slave was almost a free man
compared to the plantations, he got better food, clothes and privileges. Also the acts of cruelty
habitually preformed on the plantations, were very uncommon in the city. Another interesting
point is the social system of the white South. While small farmers lived relatively simply,
working on their own farms, and relying on their neighbors; the large plantation owners who had
accumulated enough wealth formed an aristocratic society. The plantation owners were, of
course at the top while free southerners without land were employed by them for specific jobs,
usually as plantation overseers.
Along with the increase of slavery in the 'new South' came the hot debate over whether or
not it was right to own slaves. There were many arguments both for and against but this

3. Pinedo 3
paragraph will focus only on the pro slavery arguments. Many people used the Bible and religion
as support; they would cite passages where 'the good servant obeyed his master'. And even
though most priests were initially against slavery many of them, especially in the south, changed
after they saw how much wealth could be made with cotton; slavery actually benefited slaves
because ' it made them part of a prosperous Christian empire'. Others simply stated that blacks
were a lesser race and needed to be ruled over as they were not capable of ruling themselves.
Some slave owners even went as far as starting their own myths, so to speak. They spoke of the
'happy slave' versus the 'Northern wage slave' and how in the North slaves worked in tight airless
factories for very little money and would fire them if they became too old or sick to work. But
the slaves on the plantations were happy because they had food, places to sleep, and owners who
would take care of them no matter how old or sick they got. On a legal front the Southern states
instated the 'Gag Rule' in 1836, which limited or prevented debate on a given issue. This meant
that people with petitions against slavery were deprived of their right to have them heard.
Because of this flagrant violation of First Amendment rights the 'Gag Rule' was repealed in
1844.
In opposition to the pro-slavers, were the abolitionists who believed owning slaves was
wrong and were determined to put a stop to it. Abolitionists ranged from priest to blacks who not
necessarily free. One notable slave was Nat Turner; he was a gifted preacher and believed he was
destined to 'lead his people out of bondage'. In 1831, during a solar eclipse he and about 80 of his
followers attacked four plantations and killed nearly 60 whites before being captured. Turner hid
out for several weeks but was eventually captured, tried and hung. Yet this did not end the
retaliations, white southerners proceeded to kill around 200 blacks, many of them having nothing
at all to do with the uprising. Turner’s Rebellion and other revolts added to the slave owner’s

4. Pinedo 4
belief in the need to control their slaves. They believed privilege and education inspired revolt,
so many slave owners pressured the states to tighten restrictions on African Americans. These
restrictions became known as the ‘slave codes’. They varied from state to state, for example in
some states blacks lost the right to purchase alcohol, own property or work independently as
carpenters or blacksmiths. Another prominent African American in the abolitionist movement
was Frederick Douglas, who after a disagreement with his owner, ran away to New York. After
his escape, Douglas started lecturing at the American Anti-Slavery Society, attracting huge
audiences, and gathering a lot of support. Among the supporters of emancipation were some who
believed the freed slaves should be sent back to Africa, back from whence they came. This was
called the 'Back to Africa Movement' or ' Colonization Movement'. The American Colonization
Society was directly related to these movements, its members ranged from abolitionists, who
believed the slaves had the right to their own country, to slave holders, who feared free slaves in
America. Yet they were united by a common purpose: the transport of freed slaves back to
Africa. As early as the 1820's, freed slaves were sent to Africa through the American
Colonization Society. They settled in Liberia, which was actually founded by the Society itself.
The movement started to decline in 1860, but by that time the Society had relocated over 13,000
freed slaves. A final method of opposition used by abolitionists was the underground railway, a
web of secret routs and safe houses used by slaves to escape to free states. It was not an actual
railway it was just code for the underground movement organized by abolitionist to help slaves
escape. Although about 1,000 slaves escaped every year using this route this was nothing
compared to the great increase in slaves brought to the South.
We have reviewed slavery’s boom, the plantation life and different types of slavery as
well as the arguments on both sides of the issue, and hopefully have grasped a basic

5. Pinedo 5
understanding of the concepts discussed in the essay. The culmination of the events, arguments
and actions discussed in this paper was the Civil War but that is something to be discussed in our
next paper.

6. Pinedo 6
Works Cited
Bellis, Mary. "The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney." About.com:Inventors. About.com. Web. 08
Nov. 2009. <http://inventors.about.com>.
"Slavery in the United States." Wikipedia. 8 Nov. 2009. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.
<http://en.wikipedia.org>.
Phillips, William. "The Cotton Gin". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. 10 Feb.
2004. Web. 9 Nov.2009. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/phillips.cottongin>.
Giesen, James C. "Cotton." New Georgia Encyclopedia. 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.
<http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org>.
"Slavery." Think Quest. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.
<http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112391/slavery.htm>.
Dattle, Eugene R. "Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860)." Mississippi History
Now. Oct. 2006. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <http://mshistory.k12.ms.us>.

7. Pinedo 6
Works Cited
Bellis, Mary. "The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney." About.com:Inventors. About.com. Web. 08
Nov. 2009. <http://inventors.about.com>.
"Slavery in the United States." Wikipedia. 8 Nov. 2009. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.
<http://en.wikipedia.org>.
Phillips, William. "The Cotton Gin". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. 10 Feb.
2004. Web. 9 Nov.2009. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/phillips.cottongin>.
Giesen, James C. "Cotton." New Georgia Encyclopedia. 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.
<http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org>.
"Slavery." Think Quest. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.
<http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112391/slavery.htm>.
Dattle, Eugene R. "Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860)." Mississippi History
Now. Oct. 2006. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. <http://mshistory.k12.ms.us>.