The urinary system consists of the kidneys and urinary tract. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Nephrons contain a renal corpuscle with a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion. There are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. The kidneys filter blood and produce urine, which drains through the ureters into the urinary bladder and exits through the urethra.

1. URINARY SYSTEM
Kidneys
Urinaty tract

2. URINARY SYSTEM
Nephrogenic Kidneys
mesoderm
Urunary tract
Mesonephral
organs:
duct
Ureter
Urogenital Urinary bladder
sinus Urethra

3. Kidney
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Type of structure – parenchymal lobulated
organs with
- cortex and
- medulla
Parenchyma – epithelium:
Epithelium forms:
- Nephrons
- Collecting duct system
Stroma – Connective tissue
- Capsule (DCT)
- narrow sheats of LCT (with
specialized system of vessels)

4. Renal vessels
Arteries/Veins:
- Renal
- Superior/inf
- arcuate
- interlobular
Arteriols
- afferent
- efferent
Capillaries:
-Primary - glomerular
- secondary - peritubular
FUNCIONAL signifacince:
- filtration (glomerular meswork)
- reabsorbtion (peritubular meswork)
-- nutrition of renal parenchyme

5. RENAL PARENCHYME
Includes :
1. Nephrons
2. Collecting ducts
Nephron –is structural and
functional unit of kidney
Parts of nephron:
1. Renal corpuscle.
2. Tubules:
- proximal
- loop
- distal
Types of nephrons :
1. Cortical (excretion)
2. Juxtamedullar
(concentration)

6. HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE RENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA?
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7. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TYPES OF NEPHRONS?
Differences of Cortical and juxtamedullar nephrons:
1) Location of RC
2) Afferent-efferent arteriols size, Filtrating pressure
3) Loop length and location
4) Secondary meshwork of capillaries

8. RENAL CORPUSCULE STRUCTURE
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RC consists of:
1. Glomerulus (primary meshwork of capillaries)
2. Epithelial Bowmen`s capsule:
- parietal layer (flattened cells);
- visceral layer (podocytes)

9. RENAL CORPUSCULE STRUCTURE

10. RENAL CORPUSCULE STRUCTURE

11. FILTRATING BARRIER
Filtrating barrier:
- Fenestrated endothelium
- Basal lamina
- Split diaphragms between podocytes cytopedicules
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Filtration rate depends on:
- Diameter of arteriols
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Oncotic pressure

12. MESANGIAL CELLS
Рис. 7
Mesangial cells functions:
- Production of mesangial matrix
- Contraction
- Phagocytosis

13. RENAL TUBULES. DIAGNOSTICS
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14. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES
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ионы
амк
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В Г Д

15. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

16. RENAL MEDULLA
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17. Countercurrent system. Urine concentrating
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18. INTERSTITIAL CELLS.
Blood flow regulation and concentrating mechanisms
regulation
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FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATION
Targets of prostaglandins::
- Vessels
- Collecting ducts
- Henle`s loop
GENERAL EFFECTS:
- BP control
- cytoprotection

19. JUXTAGLOMERULLAR APPARATUS
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20. URINARY TRACT
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