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Updated-Water Resources.ppt
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- 2. IMPORTANCE OF WATER •Life line of living being • Essential for agriculture • Industries • Hydro electricity generation • Means of navigation • Sources of sports & recreation
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- 7. LAND AREA 2.4% POPULATION16% LIVESTOCK 20% WATER RESOURCES 4% Facts About India
- 8. Annual Precipitation Volume (Includingsnowfall) 4000 km3 Average Annual Potential flow in Rivers 1869 km3 Water Resources of India Estimated Utilizable Water Resources 1122 km3 (i) Surface Water Resources 690 km3 (ii) Ground Water Resources 432 km3
- 9. Sources of waterin India • Precipitation- total water=4000km³ – Monsoon= 3000 km³` – Rest by • Shallow cyclonic disturbances • Shallow cyclonic depressions • Local storms
- 10. Requirements for variouspurposes • Food grain production • Domestic use • Irrigation • Hydroelectric power generation • Industrial water requirement
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- 14. What is the needfor irrigation?
- 15. What is theneed for irrigation? CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS Wheat 75 To 100 cm Millets 50 cm Sugarcane 150 to 300 cm; alternating wet and dry conditions Rubber 250 cm
- 16. What is theneed for irrigation?
- 17. What is theneed for irrigation?
- 18. NEED : • Rainfallseasonal, uncertain, uneven and sporadic. • Different crop has different water requirement. • Indispensible in semi arid regions of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan etc. • Necessary to extend the frontiers of cultivation into semi-arid regions.
- 19. Factors Required forDevelopment of Irrigation in India • Fertile soils • Deeper deposits of clay • Good quantity of groundwater • Perennial rivers- North India • Non-percolating bedrock- Peninsular India
- 20. MODES OF IRRIGATION PRIMITIVE •Wells • Tanks • Inundatiosn canals MODERN • Tube wells • Canals • Multi purpose projects
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- 22. Suitable conditions fora well - 1
- 23. Suitable conditions fora well - 2
- 24. • NECESSARY CONDITION: •Ground water table should be high. • Soil should be soft & porous. • Underlying bedrock is impervious. • Uttar Pradesh • Rajasthan • Punjab
- 25. WELLS Method used todraw water from the well are – Persian wheel – Rehat – Charas – Mohte – Picottah – Dhenkhali
- 26. Drawing water fromthe well
- 27. Drawing water fromthe well
- 28. Drawing water fromthe well
- 29. ADVANTAGES : Cheapestsource of irrigation. Can be dug at any convenient place. Independent source of irrigation.
- 30. DISADVANTAGES : Failto provide water during the dry summer months Well can water only 1 to 2 hectares of land. Time consuming. In many parts it is brackish.
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- 32. TANK • Construction ofearthen or masonry wall across a stream or depression. • Rainwater collects in the depression. • Water used when needed or during dry season.
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- 34. Tank irrigation -requirements Tank Embankment subsurface
- 35. Reasons for thepredominance of tank irrigation in the Deccan region • Underlying hard rocks does not allow percolation • The undulating surface forms natural depression • Construction of well is difficult in the peninsular region • Underlying hard rocks does not allow percolation • Undulating surface forms natural depressions • Construction of well is difficult in the peninsular region
- 36. • ADVANTAGES OFTANK IRRIGATION • Simple, easy & cheap • Stores rain water, prevents wastage • Helps in raising the underground water level • Also provide water for domestic purpose`
- 37. DISADVANTAGES Occupieslarge area which otherwise could have been used for cultivation Many tanks dry up in the dry months Silting of tank is a problem Water is lost by evaporation
- 38. Tank irrigation inIndia •Andhra Pradesh •Tamil Nadu •West Bengal •Karnataka •Bihar •Orissa
- 39. CANALS • Inundation canals •Perennial canals
- 40. INUNDATION CANALS • Floodwater canals – have water in them only when the river is in flood. • Solely dependent on rainfall. • Do not have any regulating system like weirs at their heads. • Many are being converted to perennial canals. • Many are found near Sutlej river.
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- 42. Advantages • Easily built •Cheap • Useful in controlling floods • Uncertainty of water supply • Only low lands areas are irrigated • Useful only during floods Disadvantages
- 43. MODERN METHODS – Morereliable. – Provide irrigation whenever needed. – Easy to operate. – Irrigate a much larger area. – Large amount of water can be pumped by electric or diesel driven motor.
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- 46. ADVANTAGES OF PERENNIALCANALS • Perennial source of irrigation • Water rich in sediments • Although initial cost is high, it is quite cheap in the long run
- 47. DISADVANTAGES • Leads tothe problem of water logging if canals are unlined • Problem of soil Salinization or ‘reh’ • Marshy areas near canal become breeding ground for mosquito resulting in Malaria.
- 49. Canal systems inNorth India • Ganga Canal • Nangal Dam Canal • Indira Gandhi Canal • Chambal Project Canal
- 50. Canal systems inSouth India • Godavari Canal • Tungabhadra Dam Canal • Hirakud Dam Canal • Periyar Project Canal • Mettur Project Canal
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- 52. TUBE WELLS Necessary conditions: •Sufficient supply of ground water • Regular supply of cheap electricity • Region must be fertile and productive
- 53. TUBE WELLS • Mainlyfound in Indo-gangetic plain • Groundwater is available in plenty • Water table is close to the surface Advantages: • Can water larger area(400hectares) • More reliable during the period of drought • Also suited for areas of small holding
- 54. • Disadvantage: • Saltwater ingression • Depletion of ground water
- 55. Drawback of tubewell
- 56. Tube wells inIndia UP Bihar Punjab Haryana West Bengal .
- 57. MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT • Whyis it so called? – Store water for irrigation – Generate electricity – Control flood – Provide afforestation in the catchment areas – Soil conservation – Provide drinking water – Use canal for navigation – Develop pisciculture – Develop recreational centre
- 58. BHAKRA NANGAL DAM (Biggest& Oldest) River Sutlej States irrigated Punjab, Haryana, UP Main Purpose Irrigation
- 59. MAITHON DAM (Part ofDVC Prpject) River Damodar States irrigated West Bengal Main Purpose Flood Control
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- 61. RIHAND DAM River Rihand(Son) States irrigated UP, Bihar Main Purpose Irrigation
- 62. TUNGABHADRA DAM (Vishweshsaraiya) River Tungabhadra States irrigated AndhraPradesh, Karnataka Main Purpose Irrigation
- 63. CONSERVATION OF WATERRESOURCES
- 64. Need for Conservationof Water
- 65. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average annualrainfall in India (% of normal)
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- 68. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1991 2001 20252050 Per capita water availability in India (m3) <1700 m³, water stressed country <1000 m³, water scarce country
- 69. • Short supply •Increased demand • Large scale pollution • Uneven distribution • Industrialization
- 70. Our influence onthe Hydrologic cycle • Modified by various activities – Affect runoff by diverting water from surface resources – Modifying the river channels, making reservoirs & ponds – Agricultural practices, drainage of swamps, deforestation, urbanization- runoff modified – Induce climate change, increase greenhouse gases, increased evaporation.
- 72. Factors raising waterdemand
- 73. What is happeningto our water?
- 74. How do weconserve water?
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- 76. • Developing watersaving technology • Preventing pollution of water • watershed management • rainwater harvesting • reuse & recycle of water
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- 79. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION • Overheadirrigation • Water supplied by hoses • Does not involve loss of water by seepage • No water loss by evaporation • Mainly practiced in arid, semi arid and uneven topography • Quite expensive • Relatively new in India
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- 81. DRIP IRRIGATION • Watertaken directly to the roots of plants • Water drips through plastic tubes
- 83. Bamboo irrigation • Tappingrain water, especially in NE India • Through bamboo pipes from streams • 20 litres water can be held in a bamboo pipe • Transported over hundreds of meters • Economical-no fuel used to transport water- hill slopes • Can be implemented in areas of cheap or free availability ofbamboo • Needs to be rebuild- bamboo rots
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- 87. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT • Conservewater resource • Increase agricultural production • Stops environmental degradation • Improves standard of living
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- 92. RAIN WATER HARVESTING •Rain watercollected on roof top •Directed to a storage area •Recharges groundwater level •Water used later
- 93. From 100sq mrooftop area 50,000lts of rainwater harvested Simple technique, Cost effective Can be practiced both in towns & villages Should be made compulsory Mandatory in Andhra, Assam, Rajasthan & TN Benefits of Rain Water Harvesting
- 94. METHODS OF RECHARGINGGROUND WATER • Roof water harvesting • Recharging hand pumps • Recharge through trenches and bunds • Stop-dams on small streams
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- 97. National Water Policy •National water grid • Conservation of water • Reduce water pollution • Reduce surface run off and river bed silting • Recharging of groundwater • Provide water to deficit areas