This document discusses acute febrile illness (AFI) in Africa. AFI is defined as fever without localized symptoms that resolves within 3 weeks. It is a common cause of illness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. Diagnosing AFI is challenging due to the non-specific presentation of potential causes and limited diagnostic testing. Studies show AFI has many potential causes, including malaria, bacterial and viral infections. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and etiology of AFI in different African settings to improve diagnosis and treatment.