Recent pandemic of corona virus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in humans is the third outbreak by this family of viruses, which is reminiscent of the SARS-COV outbreak happened in the year 2003. General characteristics of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) especially in regards to the disease susceptibility amongst males and females have been focused providing a better understanding of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in males, females and children. A thorough literature search for articles in major databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar etc. has been carried out. COVID-19 has been known to have varied symptoms ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure and death. Ageing, genetics, comorbidities and many other associated factors may play a crucial role in predisposing an individual towards COVID-19 disease as there exists chronic inflammation, thrombosis and immune response impairment due to SARS-CoV-2 providing a therapeutic window. Current study emphasizes upon the role of gender in morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 with men higher at risk to COVID-19 than women in terms of mortality despite having the similar prevalence of the disease. The study has been well supported by the data available from the hot-spots affected states from Indian subcontinent. However, current evidence is not sufficient to conclude on the gender-bias susceptibility but certainly men have an edge over women in terms of susceptibility towards COVID-19.
This presentation is about mainly covid-19 including coronavirus, classification, SARS, MERS, origin, transmission,mutation,vaccine,prevention,treatment,mental disorder during pandemic( cause,treatment,factors etc) and so more.
*****To know more details , please follow the references.
This presentation is about mainly covid-19 including coronavirus, classification, SARS, MERS, origin, transmission,mutation,vaccine,prevention,treatment,mental disorder during pandemic( cause,treatment,factors etc) and so more.
*****To know more details , please follow the references.
While discoveries about viruses, which carry the largest genetic information code in nature, have continued unabated for more than a century, viruses are constantly affecting the global biological balance. The main characteristics that make viruses important in this balance include epidemics and mass deaths, the risks of being used as biological weapons, and the continued lack of an effective vaccine or specific treatment for many viruses. However, viruses also offer incredible opportunities for the scientific world, due to biotechnological innovations that have gained momentum in recent years. The detection of viruses is of urgent importance for the early detection of pandemics and epidemics. In this chapter, we discuss the classification of viruses, the effects of viruses on biological balance of our planet, the importance of detecting viruses that have the potential to be used as biological weapons or that carry epidemic or pandemic risks, and the characteristics of such viruses. Dr. Hari Krishna Shriwas | Dr. Sandeep Singh Tiwari "Virus and its Identification in Modern Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52363.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52363/virus-and-its-identification-in-modern-era/dr-hari-krishna-shriwas
Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid 19 Outbr...ijtsrd
On 11 Mar 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak a global pandemic. In times of an epidemic, people tend to experience fear of getting infected with the virus disease resulting in anxiety, stress, and depression, etc. The present study was a cross sectional survey with a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through electronic means. Link to the survey was posted on various social media platforms and circulated through emails and instant messaging applications and data was collected by using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale DASS 21 . it was found that the overall DASS mean score of participants with positive history of corona virus disease was significantly higher than those with negative history. In depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale the mean score of depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale was significantly higher in participants with positive history of corona virus disease than those with negative history. Mrs. Pooja Dhasmana | Mr. Saurabh kumar "Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42585.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/physiology/42585/anxiety-depression-and-stress-among-general-population-during-covid19-outbreak-a-comparative-study/mrs-pooja-dhasmana
1. Are there relationships between personal (hygiene, eating habits.docxgasciognecaren
1. Are there relationships between personal (hygiene, eating habits, wearing of masks) social (public gatherings, proximity to one another) demographic (age, gender, education, racial ethnicity), and economic (occupation, level of education, annual income, home environment) factors and the spread, severity, and mortality rates of COVID patients worldwide?
2. Is there a difference in behaviour changes in people who have undergone cognitive behaviour therapy versus those who undergo pharmacologic intervention alone?
3. What is the difference in infection rates, pain intensity, inflammation, and restoration of functionality in people who have received prophylactic antibiotics and those who do not receive the prophylactic antibiotics during endodontic surgery?
4. What are nurses' perceptions towards patients who are non-adherent to the prescribed medications and are always complaining of deteriorating health?
Question one
: dependent and independent variables.
The dependent variables in the first question are hygiene eating habits, wearing masks, public gatherings, proximity to one another, occupation, level of education, annual income and home environment (variables), COVID patients (Population) and spread, severity, and mortality rates. (testability). The independent variables include age, gender, and race.
Why question 1?
The end of 2019 set the beginning of what would become a life-changing experience for virtually everyone worldwide in the following one year. When COVID-19 first struck in Wuhan China, nobody speculated that the disease would later spread across the globe, killing millions of people and negatively impacting the livelihood of the affected. Other than the deaths that the disease has brought upon innocent people, their governments across the nations have implemented stringent policies to help curb the spread, such as national lockdowns, closure of schools and other institutions, curfews, and other strict rules, all intended to prevent the infection rates. These government intervention measures had a huge economic, social, and personal impact on people and led to other problems, including but not limited to mental health.
Surprisingly, the disease was affecting different nations on varying intensities. For example, back in March 2020 COVID deaths in Italy were ranging above 700 on a daily basis while during the same time, there were very few cases and deaths in Africa (Di Lorenzo & Di Trolio, 2020; Onder et al., 2020). There were speculations that upon reaching Africa, COVID would lead to very high infection and mortality rates due to the poor healthcare systems and the relatively low economic status of most African countries. However, this turned out to be wrong as to date, the developed countries such as the USA, UK, and other European countries have the largest numbers of COVID cases and deaths (Bamgboye et al., 2020).
The relatively low numbers of new cases and deaths in Africa is intriguing. This calls for res.
Clinical and evolutionary features of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in chil...komalicarol
Starting with December 2019 the medical world has faced a
new challenge as a consequence of a new type of coronavirus-2019-nCoV, similar to several familiar strains that determine
a comparable symptomatology (SARS- severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS- Middle East severe acute respiratory syndrome), subsequently named SARS CoV-2, while the disease it
causes- COVID-19. The virus is of animal origin and through an
intermediate host (probably also a mammal) it suffered genetic
changes thus acquiring human cells receptors. In consequence,
SARS CoV-2 virus affects both children and even more frequently where it determines more severe clinical forms of disease. In
children, COVID-19 has various clinical forms, from asymptomatic ones to severe ones, complicated by multisystem inflammatory
syndrome (MIS-C Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome – Child
or PIMS - TS (Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
temporally associated with COVID-19) that sometimes can lead
to death
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
: The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading across the globe at an alarming rate. Corona Virus is a large
family of positive-sense, single-stranded Ribo Nuclic Acid(RNA) viruses that belong to the Nidovirales order. It
was first started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and then subsequently spread to dozens of other countries
becoming a global pandemic. COVID-19 manifests with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic
patients to septic shock and multi organ dysfunction. The most common symptoms of patients include fever (98.
6%), fatigue (69.6%), dry cough, and diarrhea. The WHO recommends collecting samples from both the upper
and lower respiratory tracts. This can be achieved through expectorated sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage or
endotrachial aspirate, These samples are then assessed for viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).
Patients with pre-existing co-morbidities have a higher case fatality rate. These co-morbidities include diabetes (7.
3%), respiratory disease(6.5%), cardiovascular disease(10.5%), hypertension(6%) and malignncy(5.6%). Patients
without co-morbidities have a lower case fatality rate(0.9%). Preventive measures must focus on optimizing
infection control protocols, self-isolation, and patient isolation during the provision of clinical care. No confirmed
medication or vaccine has been developed. Current treatment strategies are aimed at symptomatic care and
oxygen therapy. Chloroquine phosphate and lopinavir/ritonavir have been suggested. Other suggested anti-virals
include ribavirin and abidor. Usage of personal protective equipment, washing hands, sanitization, social distance
and general awareness can stop transmission of virus. Prophylactic vaccination is required for the future
prevention of COV-related epidemic or pandemic.
Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Communit...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Current article emphasizes upon the strategy to increase the number of tests at the state-level so that majority of the suspected cases could be traced out, isolated and quarantined in order to contain them from becoming a source of infection and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) dissemination. The objective of the recommended testing is to contain the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Lessons learnt so far points to the fact that earlier the identification and isolation of infected person, lesser are the chances that it would spread. Considering an example of Maharashtra which has reported cases above 20,000 in the last 7 days with 90,000 tests carried out each day with a test positive report (TPR) of 22%-25%. So, assuming that even if 20% of a particular locality in Maharashtra is infected, then at this rate, we shall be able to isolate only 20,000 each day, while rest of the untraced cases already existing in the locality would pass it on to other people, before being isolated. The only solution to stop this cycle is to outnumber the rate of growth of new cases by increasing the number of tests at a very fast pace. In order to contain the infection, our testing rate has to be much higher than the case growth rate.
While discoveries about viruses, which carry the largest genetic information code in nature, have continued unabated for more than a century, viruses are constantly affecting the global biological balance. The main characteristics that make viruses important in this balance include epidemics and mass deaths, the risks of being used as biological weapons, and the continued lack of an effective vaccine or specific treatment for many viruses. However, viruses also offer incredible opportunities for the scientific world, due to biotechnological innovations that have gained momentum in recent years. The detection of viruses is of urgent importance for the early detection of pandemics and epidemics. In this chapter, we discuss the classification of viruses, the effects of viruses on biological balance of our planet, the importance of detecting viruses that have the potential to be used as biological weapons or that carry epidemic or pandemic risks, and the characteristics of such viruses. Dr. Hari Krishna Shriwas | Dr. Sandeep Singh Tiwari "Virus and its Identification in Modern Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52363.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52363/virus-and-its-identification-in-modern-era/dr-hari-krishna-shriwas
Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid 19 Outbr...ijtsrd
On 11 Mar 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak a global pandemic. In times of an epidemic, people tend to experience fear of getting infected with the virus disease resulting in anxiety, stress, and depression, etc. The present study was a cross sectional survey with a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through electronic means. Link to the survey was posted on various social media platforms and circulated through emails and instant messaging applications and data was collected by using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale DASS 21 . it was found that the overall DASS mean score of participants with positive history of corona virus disease was significantly higher than those with negative history. In depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale the mean score of depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale was significantly higher in participants with positive history of corona virus disease than those with negative history. Mrs. Pooja Dhasmana | Mr. Saurabh kumar "Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42585.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/physiology/42585/anxiety-depression-and-stress-among-general-population-during-covid19-outbreak-a-comparative-study/mrs-pooja-dhasmana
1. Are there relationships between personal (hygiene, eating habits.docxgasciognecaren
1. Are there relationships between personal (hygiene, eating habits, wearing of masks) social (public gatherings, proximity to one another) demographic (age, gender, education, racial ethnicity), and economic (occupation, level of education, annual income, home environment) factors and the spread, severity, and mortality rates of COVID patients worldwide?
2. Is there a difference in behaviour changes in people who have undergone cognitive behaviour therapy versus those who undergo pharmacologic intervention alone?
3. What is the difference in infection rates, pain intensity, inflammation, and restoration of functionality in people who have received prophylactic antibiotics and those who do not receive the prophylactic antibiotics during endodontic surgery?
4. What are nurses' perceptions towards patients who are non-adherent to the prescribed medications and are always complaining of deteriorating health?
Question one
: dependent and independent variables.
The dependent variables in the first question are hygiene eating habits, wearing masks, public gatherings, proximity to one another, occupation, level of education, annual income and home environment (variables), COVID patients (Population) and spread, severity, and mortality rates. (testability). The independent variables include age, gender, and race.
Why question 1?
The end of 2019 set the beginning of what would become a life-changing experience for virtually everyone worldwide in the following one year. When COVID-19 first struck in Wuhan China, nobody speculated that the disease would later spread across the globe, killing millions of people and negatively impacting the livelihood of the affected. Other than the deaths that the disease has brought upon innocent people, their governments across the nations have implemented stringent policies to help curb the spread, such as national lockdowns, closure of schools and other institutions, curfews, and other strict rules, all intended to prevent the infection rates. These government intervention measures had a huge economic, social, and personal impact on people and led to other problems, including but not limited to mental health.
Surprisingly, the disease was affecting different nations on varying intensities. For example, back in March 2020 COVID deaths in Italy were ranging above 700 on a daily basis while during the same time, there were very few cases and deaths in Africa (Di Lorenzo & Di Trolio, 2020; Onder et al., 2020). There were speculations that upon reaching Africa, COVID would lead to very high infection and mortality rates due to the poor healthcare systems and the relatively low economic status of most African countries. However, this turned out to be wrong as to date, the developed countries such as the USA, UK, and other European countries have the largest numbers of COVID cases and deaths (Bamgboye et al., 2020).
The relatively low numbers of new cases and deaths in Africa is intriguing. This calls for res.
Clinical and evolutionary features of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in chil...komalicarol
Starting with December 2019 the medical world has faced a
new challenge as a consequence of a new type of coronavirus-2019-nCoV, similar to several familiar strains that determine
a comparable symptomatology (SARS- severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS- Middle East severe acute respiratory syndrome), subsequently named SARS CoV-2, while the disease it
causes- COVID-19. The virus is of animal origin and through an
intermediate host (probably also a mammal) it suffered genetic
changes thus acquiring human cells receptors. In consequence,
SARS CoV-2 virus affects both children and even more frequently where it determines more severe clinical forms of disease. In
children, COVID-19 has various clinical forms, from asymptomatic ones to severe ones, complicated by multisystem inflammatory
syndrome (MIS-C Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome – Child
or PIMS - TS (Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
temporally associated with COVID-19) that sometimes can lead
to death
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
: The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading across the globe at an alarming rate. Corona Virus is a large
family of positive-sense, single-stranded Ribo Nuclic Acid(RNA) viruses that belong to the Nidovirales order. It
was first started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and then subsequently spread to dozens of other countries
becoming a global pandemic. COVID-19 manifests with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic
patients to septic shock and multi organ dysfunction. The most common symptoms of patients include fever (98.
6%), fatigue (69.6%), dry cough, and diarrhea. The WHO recommends collecting samples from both the upper
and lower respiratory tracts. This can be achieved through expectorated sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage or
endotrachial aspirate, These samples are then assessed for viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).
Patients with pre-existing co-morbidities have a higher case fatality rate. These co-morbidities include diabetes (7.
3%), respiratory disease(6.5%), cardiovascular disease(10.5%), hypertension(6%) and malignncy(5.6%). Patients
without co-morbidities have a lower case fatality rate(0.9%). Preventive measures must focus on optimizing
infection control protocols, self-isolation, and patient isolation during the provision of clinical care. No confirmed
medication or vaccine has been developed. Current treatment strategies are aimed at symptomatic care and
oxygen therapy. Chloroquine phosphate and lopinavir/ritonavir have been suggested. Other suggested anti-virals
include ribavirin and abidor. Usage of personal protective equipment, washing hands, sanitization, social distance
and general awareness can stop transmission of virus. Prophylactic vaccination is required for the future
prevention of COV-related epidemic or pandemic.
Similar to GENDER-BIAS SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CORONA VIRUS DISEASE : PEEPING INTO THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE AND EMERGING TRENDS FROM INDIAN PERSPECTIVE (20)
Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Communit...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Current article emphasizes upon the strategy to increase the number of tests at the state-level so that majority of the suspected cases could be traced out, isolated and quarantined in order to contain them from becoming a source of infection and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) dissemination. The objective of the recommended testing is to contain the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Lessons learnt so far points to the fact that earlier the identification and isolation of infected person, lesser are the chances that it would spread. Considering an example of Maharashtra which has reported cases above 20,000 in the last 7 days with 90,000 tests carried out each day with a test positive report (TPR) of 22%-25%. So, assuming that even if 20% of a particular locality in Maharashtra is infected, then at this rate, we shall be able to isolate only 20,000 each day, while rest of the untraced cases already existing in the locality would pass it on to other people, before being isolated. The only solution to stop this cycle is to outnumber the rate of growth of new cases by increasing the number of tests at a very fast pace. In order to contain the infection, our testing rate has to be much higher than the case growth rate.
Microbial biotechnology by the participation of microorganism also along with microbial derivatives results in useful products for human welfare. In this process the conversion of natural substances to the processed food is done. The processed substrates can be of diverse range such as enzymes, organic acids, alcohols, polymers, and many more. In reference to human health secondary metabolites are significantly important, such an economically important has deeply benefitted humans by establishing variety of industrial microbial strains. In this chapter we have tried in explaining the microbial role in diverse fields in food production.
Ab-initio density functional and docking studies of α-Santalol molecule deriv...Dr Varruchi Sharma
α-Santalol (a sesquiterpene), an organic compound found in sandalwood was assessed for its reactive potential by computing bond length, Mullikan atomic charges, electrostatic potential surfaces, vibrational frequencies, polarizability, dipole moment and IR spectra with different basis sets implying Hartree Fock and Density functional theory (DFT) Redistribution of charges on α-Santalol was reported to be over a larger range along with the the Bond length values of C32-O39 reportedly higher than the corresponding values of O39-H40 suggestive of its reactivity mainly attributed to hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to C32.Molecular docking studies of α-Santalol with the Monkeypoxgp158 protein further indicate that the designed best probable ligand compound showed significant binding affinity i.e ΔG-8.4Kcal/mole across the binding cleft, suggestive of the therapeutic potential of α-Santalol against monkeypox. Quantum mechanical study of electronic structure, ground state properties and electrostatic potential surface study further supports the reactive sites present in α-Santalol.
Computational Docking Study of the Phytochemical Constituent, Silybin (Silybu...Dr Varruchi Sharma
SARS-CoV-2 is continually evolving with the emergence of new variants with increased viral pathogenicity. The emergence of heavily mutated Omicron (B.1.1.529) with spike protein mutations are known to mediate its higher transmissibility and immune escape that has brought newer challenges for global public health to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection. One has to come up with a therapeutic strategy against the virus so as to effectively contain the infection and spread. Natural phytochemicals are being considered a significant source of bioactive compounds possessing an antiviral therapeutic potential. Being a promising anticancer and chemo-preventive agent, Silybin holds a significant potential to be used as a therapeutic. In the present study, molecular docking of Silybin with Omicron spike protein (7QNW) was carried out. Molecular docking results showed greater stability of Silybin in the active site of the Omicron spike protein with suitable binding mode of interactions. The study reveals that Silybin has the potential to block the host ACE2 receptor-viral spike protein binding; thereby inhibiting the viral entry to human cells. Therefore, Silybin may be further developed as a medication with the ability to effectively combat SARS-CoV-2 Omicron.
Role of plant secondary metabolites as potential antimalarial drugs Dr Varruchi Sharma
Malaria is a global problem affecting a large population without any demarcation between developed and developing world communities. The already approved compounds for the treatment of the disease hold significant efficacy but the emergence of resistant strains and reduced efficacy of drugs against the disease leave the scope for the identification of noval natural products as potential therapeutic agents. There are seven major classes of antiplasmodium agents which are plant secondary metabolites and can be used as a potential antimalarial drugs. In the present review, the focus is on the antimalarial compounds which have been isolated from plants which could be potentially used as antimalarial drugs.
PI3Kinase/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Breast Cancer; Pathogenesis and Prevention with...Dr Varruchi Sharma
The most recurrent and considered second most frequent cause of cancerrelated death in women is the breast cancer worldwide. In breast cancer cases patients are usually diagnosed in the beginning at the curable stage. However, its treatment remains a great clinical challenge. A number of studies have been carried out for the treatment of breast cancer which includes the targeted therapies and increased survival rates in women. Essential PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway activation is observed in most breast cancers. The cell growth and tumor development in this case involves phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/ Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. It has been observed, through preclinical and clinical trials, that there are a number of other inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which either alone or in combination with other agents can be used for treatment of cancer. Pre-clinical studies have confirmed that P13K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors achieve anticancer effects by targeting different levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This chapter evaluates the role of mTOR along with some of its inhibitors and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the pathogenesis and prevention of breast cancer.
BIOINFORMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH AND I...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Bioinformatics in integration to computational biology is a novel field which applies computer to biology, with which biologists are able to make detailed use of biological data for its advancement. In bioinformatics, the computers are used for the storage followed by the processing and analyzing, along with retrieval of large amounts of biologic and genomic data. In recent years, the field of Bioinformatics is gaining more interest. Earlier, the methodology adopted by the researchers to generate, collect followed by the analysis of various types of scientific data, which is the most time consuming and quite expensive for the work to be carried out. On the other hand with the help of computational tools & techniques, software & databases, one can process a large amount of biological data in a short span such as computer-aided drug designing (CADD). Environment and its protection in today’s word are the most challenging. The problems associated with its protection, planning can be resolved by the best bases of Information technology.
Current Perspective on Dominant Negative Mutations: Trends, Scope and Relevance Dr Varruchi Sharma
Despite the advancements in tools and technologies implicated in identifying and characterizing novel genes, there are still a significant number of unknown function proteins. Moreover, the practices employed in order to characterize such proteins have proven to be a futile exercise so far because of many limitations associated with such traditional approaches. Dominant-negative mutations have shown great promise in this direction as the introduction of mutation in the target protein may abolish the protein function and inhibit the function of the simultaneously expressed wild-type protein. These dominant mutations have broader applications in biological processes to study various proteins in terms of their functional aspects, etiological factors, and mechanism of action, paving the way to diagnose many dreadful diseases, including cancer. Considering these facts, the current review emphasizes utilizing the full potential of such dominant-negative mutations in deciphering protein functions and their broad-spectrum applications in biology
PROBING INTO THE EDIBLE VACCINES: NEWER PARADIGMS, SCOPE AND RELEVANCEDr Varruchi Sharma
Vaccines are proved to be boon for the prevention of infectious diseases and provide acquired immunity against life threatening infections. The lethality of infectious diseases has decreased due to vaccination as it is one of the safe and effective measure to control various infectious diseases. A protein which acts as the vaccine, present in food and consumed as the internal composition of food is known as the edible vaccine. As the name suggests, the term “Edible vaccines” was first used by Charles Arntzen in 1990 and refers to plants that produce vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. These vaccines are capable to stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Edible vaccines have been the newer form of vaccines which have the power to cover the risks associated with conventional vaccines. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines are produced by the incorporation of the selected desired genes into the plants and then modified to produce the encoded proteins, providing immunity for certain diseases. Identification, isolation and characterization of a pathogenic antigen is important for making an edible vaccine. At present edible vaccine are developed for various veterinary and human diseases such as cholera, measles, hepatitis and foot and mouth diseases. Current review highlights the importance of edible vaccines which could prove to be cost effective, efficient and safe and would not require refrigeration, making them more accessible to poor people as compared to traditional vaccines.
An In-Silico Approach for Designing a Potential Antagonistic Molecule Targeti...Dr Varruchi Sharma
One of the largest families of membrane proteins, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been a very important target of drug discovery as they are involved in having a regulatory role in a variety of signaling pathways at the cellular level in response to external stimuli. Modern in-silico and crystallographic approaches have further made it easier to peep into their structures. In this study, β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) has been targeted, and a new ligand molecule using the de-novo approach has been proposed. Using 1-Amino-3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propan-2-ol, the best fitting binding fragments were established with a significant dissociation constant value of 5-7 nanomolar. The flexibility of specific active sites was also investigated, and it was observed that residues 114 (V), 117 (V), 203 (S), 286 (W), and 289 (F) played a crucial role in accommodating ligand for the best binding. Upon examination of the bioavailability parameters, the ligand var9 exhibited significant inhibitory characteristics having lower toxicity values and high drug likeliness properties. Findings certainly hold significance in terms of targeting GPCRs in getting insight into structure-based drug designing and drug discovery.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been considered to be the most common malignancy of the head and neck region. OSCC develops as a result of certain genetic and epigenetic variations in the squamous epithelium, which in turn leads to a series of consequences leading to the definitive stage of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Majority of oral malignancy cases have been associated with specific exposure to certain risk factors such as smoking, smokeless tobacco products, heavy consumption of alcohol, poor oral hygiene, human papilloma virus infection along with other lifestyle factors and dietary changes. There are certain genes named as BIRC2 and BIRC3 belonging to the inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) family which become over-expressed and upregulated during the course of OSCC. The proteins made are pronounced as cIAPs which are inhibitors of specific caspases leading to the suppression of apoptosis induced by a variety of triggering factors.
Current review has brought together all such concrete studies along with diagnostic and therapeutic relevance to OSCC at a single platform so as to understand the etiological factors, mechanism and regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, the recent emergence of microbiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic target has also been discussed in order to find a sustainable and reliable therapeutic solution to OSCC.
Essence of PTEN: a Broad-Spectrum Therapeutic Target in Cancer Dr Varruchi Sharma
The levels of protein tyrosine phosphorylation within a cell is regulated by protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases. These protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) can act both as positive and negative regulators during cell cycle progression and signal transduction. Phosphatase activity is shown by Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (PTEN) protein encoded by PTEN gene localized on human chromosome 10. Earlier findings established the role of PTEN as a tumor suppressor in Cowden’s disease, where PTEN mutations resulted in disease outcomes. Subsequent studies found the role of PTEN mutations in various human cancers, making it one of the vastly studied tumor suppressor genes. The current review has been planned to get a deeper insight into the potential role of PTEN in a variety of physiological processes involved in normal development like cell growth, migration, and differentiation along with the factors, regulation, and underlying mechanism
Current Paradigms to Explore the Gut Microbiota Linkage to Neurological Disor...Dr Varruchi Sharma
It has been suggested that an intricate communication link exists between the gut microbiota and the brain and its ability to modulate behaviour of an individual governing homeostasis. Metabolic activity of the microbiota is considered to be relatively constant in healthy individuals, despite diff erences in the composition of microbiota. The metabolites produced by gut microbiota and their homeostatic balance is often perturbed as a result of neurological complications. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to explore the link between gut microbiota and brain function and behaviour through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. This current review focusses on the impact of altered gut microbiota on brain functions and how microbiome modulation by use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might prove benefi cial in the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders. It is important to carefully understand the complex mechanisms underlying the gut–brain axis so as to use the gut microbiota as a therapeutic intervention strategy for neurological disorders.
Cancer Chemoprevention by Flavonoids, Dietary Polyphenols and Terpenoids Dr Varruchi Sharma
The world population is aging, and cancer is always considered to be one of the major causes of death all over the globe. The advent of recent drug-targeted therapies undoubtedly is going to reduce the incidence of cancer over the coming years. However, the frequency of occurrence of such chronic diseases like cancer would continue to increase. Therefore, the search for a safer and cost-effective treatment is urgently needed. Phytochemicals found in plants, foods, vegetables, tea, etc. have emerged as proven therapeutic compounds modulating signaling pathways involved in cancer. We carried out a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature using the keywords: cancer chemoprevention, flavonoids, dietary polyphenols, terpenoids, bioactive, microbiota. Quality of the retrieved papers and characteristic outcomes of the articles included in the study was assessed by employing standard tools and deductive qualitative content analysis methodology. The development of personalized supplements comprising particular phytochemicals has been the key, especially dealing with chronic inflammatory disorders like cancer. Better understanding at the molecular level explains the influence of phytochemicals on human health, which has been extensively covered through this review. Moreover, the wide collection of dietary polyphenols that has significant properties in reference to human health has been highlighted. Furthermore, the etiology of end products of such phytochemicals, especially on the modulation of gut microbiota and the host-microbial interactions thereof, need to be properly understood. The present study summarizes the chemoprevention and treatment of cancer using the bioactive components, including flavonoids, dietary polyphenols, and terpenoids. Likewise, the effect of dietary polyphenols on the human gut microbiota has been realized more recently. However, more research is needed in this field, especially focused on the communications, interlinks between the gut microbiota and polyphenols with the precise mechanism of action.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Being an aquatic weed which is growing dense and widespread across many lakes and water bodies, it is of paramount importance to utilize Eichhornia crassipes (commonly known as water hyacinth) for the benefit of the mankind, especially for its value added and medical properties, such as bio-fuel, biogas, bioremediation and therapeutics. Many of the bird sanctuaries and water-bodies have been drastically invaded by this aquatic weed which is really affecting ecological niche and bird migrations. Several researchers have successfully demonstrated the use of water hyacinth in the bio-remediation and as a potential source of renewable energy. Different heavy and toxic metals showing biomagnifications and therefore creating health hazards, could be remediated by using water hyacinth. The process of decontaminating agro-industrial waste polluted with heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants could possibly be done using water hyacinth. Current review focuses towards the efforts to utilize this weed for different value added and therapeutic properties. Furthermore the article emphasizes upon the need to gain more insight into the mechanism with concrete randomized controlled studies to find out the effects of this weed on human health and a sustainable solution to exploit and manage this invasive otherwise harmful weed into a beneficial entity for the mankind.
Disease can occur due to alterations in many physiological processes. A variety of factorsare known to be involved in the progression of cancer, a chronic diseasethat occurs due to permissible proliferative signaling, avoiding growth suppressors, resisting cell death, allowing replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, and inducing invasion and metastasis, along with reprogramming of metabolic pathways involved in energy production and avoiding the host immune response for cell destruction. Treatment of such a multifactorial disease has very less cure rate because of the singular agents tried in the past for targeting. Molecular level studies with deeper insight are urgently neededthat focus on the most promising herbal-derived bioactive substances for which thorough research was carried out in the literature in various data-bases such as PUB-MED, MEDLINE, SCOPUS indexed journals etc. to look for systematic reviews of the protocols or data interpretation, natural drug/immunological properties and validation. As immune system plays avery important role in the proliferation or suppression of cancer and other autoimmune diseases, It is the dire need to study the effect of such natural compound on the immune system so that a possible drug target or epitope can be identified for the treatment of such diseases. In nutshell there are many nonclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on herbal medicines which commonly supports the traditional therapeutic claims. It has been seen from the previos studies in literature that the yield and composition of bioactive compounds derived from plants are dependent upon the production source,culturing conditions and extraction protocols.Therefore appropriate optimization conditions would certainly assist the medical and scientific fraternity to accept herbal products as potential candidates for cancer treatment. In this article we explored the different natural products, their immunological effects concerning cancer with no or negligible side effects. However,one has to look for potential herb–drug or herb-epitope interactions and how immune system responds to such drugs.
Role of plant secondary metabolites as potential antimalarial drugsDr Varruchi Sharma
Malaria is a global problem affecting a large population without any demarcation between developed and developing world communities. The already approved compounds for the treatment of the disease hold significant efficacy but the emergence of resistant strains and reduced efficacy of drugs against the disease leave the scope for the identification of noval natural products as potential therapeutic agents. There are seven major classes of antiplasmodium agents which are plant secondary metabolites and can be used as a potential antimalarial drugs. In the present review, the focus is on the antimalarial compounds which have been isolated from plants which could be potentially used as antimalarial drugs.
Targeting Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS CoV-2 spike protein with selected phytoche...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (S ARS-CoV-2) emerging variants particularly those of concern contain numerous mutations that influence the behavior and transmissibility of the virus and could adversely affect the efficacies of existing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and immunotherapies. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have resulted in different waves of the pandemic within the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 November 2021 World Health Organization designated omicron (B.1.1.529) as the fifth variant of concern which was first reported from South Africa on November 24, 2021, and thereafter rapidly spread across the globe owing to its very high transmission rates along with impeding efficacies of existing vaccines and immunotherapies. Omicron contains more than 50 mutations with many mutations (26-32) in spike protein that might be associated with high transmissibility. Natural compounds particularly phytochemicals have been used since ancient times for the treatment of different diseases, and owing to their potent anti-viral properties have also been explored recently against COVID-19. In the present study, molecular docking of nine phytochemicals (Oleocanthal, Tangeritin, Coumarin, Malvidin, Glycitein, Piceatannol, Pinosylnin, Daidzein, and Naringenin) with omicron spike protein (7QNW (electron microscopy, resolution 2.40 Å) was done. The docking study revealed that selected ligands interact with the receptor with binding energy in the range of -6.2 to-7.0 kcal/mol. Pinosylnin showed the highest binding energy of -7.0 kcal/mol which may be used as potential ligands against omicron spike protein. Based on the docking studies, it was suggested that these phytochemicals are potential molecules to be tested against omicron SARS-CoV-2 and can be used to develop effective antiviral drugs.
tecovirimat as a Potential Bioavailable inhibitor against MPXVgp158 establish...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection caused by monkeypox virus which belongs to the Poxviridae family of genus Orthopoxvirus. Usually the virus transmission happens when the individual comes in contact with the infected person through body fluids, animal lesions, respiratory droplets or through virus contaminated materials. Clinical presentation of the monkeypox has shown significant resemblance to that of smallpox and chickenpox, belonging to the same orthopoxvirus genus but were eradicated during 1980s globally. Monkeypox may lead to a range of medical complications including clinical symptoms like fever, rashes, headaches, back pain, myodynia and swollen lymph nodes. As far as the treatment modalities are concerned,the antiviral therapeutic agents developed for the smallpox treatment, were also permitted to be used for the monkeypox treatment. However, there is no proven treatment for human monkeypox. in the current study, we have focused on designing of a best probable ligand against the target MPXVgp158 (Monkeypox virus protein). Since tecovirimat is an FDA approved compound known as an antipoxviral drug, the study aimed to develop a Monkeypox virus protein MPXVgp158 inhibitor which is bioavailable and biocompatible as well through drug designing using computational tools. Molecular docking (MD) analysis displayed tecovirimat with lesser binding energy, higher non-bonded interaction capability, and more stability against MPXVgp158, with efficient binding mode of interactions. Hence, tecovirimat was adjudged to be the potential candidate against MPXVgp158 inhibition.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
GENDER-BIAS SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CORONA VIRUS DISEASE : PEEPING INTO THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE AND EMERGING TRENDS FROM INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
1. GENDER-BIAS SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CORONA VIRUS DISEASE : PEEPING
INTO THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE AND EMERGING TRENDS FROM
INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
DeepakJha1
,Vandana Sharma2
, Varruchi Sharma3
, J.K. Sharma1,2, #
, Suresh Kumar2
andAnil Kumar Sharma4*
1
Department of Student Welfare, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana,Ambala - 133 207, India.
2
Department of Physics, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana,Ambala - 133 207, India.
3
Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector 26, Chandigarh - 160 019, India.
4
Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana,Ambala - 133 207, India.
*e-mail:anibiotech18@gmail.com.ScopusID55693618000;ORCIDID:0000-0002-9768-1644or#sharmajk.69@gmail.com
(Received 17 May 2020, Revised 26 August 2020, Accepted 12 September 2020)
ABSTRACT : Recent pandemic of corona virus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in humans is the third
outbreak by this family of viruses, which is reminiscent of the SARS-COV outbreak happened in the year 2003. General
characteristics of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) especially in regards to the disease susceptibility amongst males and
females have been focused providing a better understanding of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in males, females and
children.Athoroughliteraturesearch forarticlesinmajordatabasessuchasPubMedandGoogleScholaretc.hasbeencarried
out. COVID-19 has been known to have varied symptoms ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress
syndrome, multiple organ failure and death.Ageing, genetics, comorbidities and many other associated factors may play a
crucial role in predisposing an individual towards COVID-19 disease as there exists chronic inflammation, thrombosis and
immuneresponseimpairmentduetoSARS-CoV-2providingatherapeuticwindow.Currentstudyemphasizesupontheroleof
gender in morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 with men higher at risk to COVID-19 than women in terms of
mortalitydespitehavingthesimilarprevalenceofthedisease.Thestudyhasbeenwellsupportedbythedataavailablefromthe
hot-spots affected states from Indian subcontinent. However, current evidence is not sufficient to conclude on the gender-bias
susceptibility but certainly men have an edge over women in terms of susceptibility towards COVID-19.
Key words : COVID-19, gender-bias, susceptibility, ageing, genetic factors, hormones, X-chromosome.
Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 000-000, 2020 www.connectjournals.com/bca ISSN 0972-5075
INTRODUCTION
Recent COVID-19 pandemic has attracted wider
attention of the global scientific community to delineate
and gain major insight into the etiology, prevention,
treatment and mitigation of the disease. Being an acute
respiratory contagious disease caused by a novel
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 belonging to coronaviridae
family of positive single strand RNA viruses. The very
first case of mortality due to COVID-19 was reported in
Wuhan, China during the end of December 2019 (Lu et
al, 2020; Rothan and Byrareddy, 2020; Su et al, 2016;
Wrapp et al, 2020). Covid-19 has been enlisted as a third
outbreak of zoonotic coronavirus disease after SARS
and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
happened earlier (Zhu et al, 2020).
Majority of the COVID-19 patients (upto 80% ) who
contracted SARS-CoV-2 were reported to exhibit mild
or moderate symptoms just like other viral respiratory
infections as evident from a multicentric cross-sectional
study in China (Wu et al, 2020). However, SARS-CoV-2
was also reported to have an ability to cause severe
disease among elderly population and individuals with
underlying disease conditions including diabetes, obesity,
and cardiovascular disease (Goyal et al, 2020; Guan et
al, 2020). COVID-19 appears to pose a global threat
particularly to the middle-aged and older individuals,
particularly men. Though, it is anticipated that there is an
equal rate of infection among both men and women, still
researchers have established in majority of their findings
that the mortality rate among men was higher (~2.8
percent), as compared to that of women (~1.7 percent)
(https://www.forbes.com/sites/carmenniethammer/2020/
03/06/do-women-and-men-have-a-coronavirus-risk-gap/
#42dd14d16826). The number of reported cases and ratio
of males and females (as reported on 22nd
Aug. 2020)
from four Indian states also reflects the similar kind of
trends (Table 1). Even the male-female Ratios of total
number of cases reported as well as the overall ratio from
the 04 states has been shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
2. Deepak Jha et al
The immune system in females has been seen to be more
exuberant but at the same time, women are reported to
be more susceptible to various autoimmune disorders like
rheumatoid arthritis and lupus in which the immune system
shifts into overdrive and attacks the body’s own organs
and tissues as per Dr. Janine Clayton, director of the
Office of Research on Women’s Health at the National
Institutes of Health (https://www.healthline.com/health-
news/men-more-susceptible-to-serious-covid-19-
illnesses]). The emergence of the gender gap as far as
the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients is
concerned, have been noticed just recently though with
the lack of concrete evidence. However, many possibilities
in regards to genetics, immunological, hormonal, life-style
and behavioral factors, have recently been speculated to
play a pivotal role in determining the distinctness of
responses in males and females.
Genetic susceptibility to coronavirus symptoms
At the immune response in contrary to infections,
men are the weaker sex. In viral infections linked to the
respiratory tract men can have worse outcomes quoted
by Sabra Klein. Also in some of the studies, it has been
observed that the same is due to the female sex hormone
estrogen, which is important in playing a significant role
in maintaining immunity of women, the fact for the matter
is that women carry two X chromosomes containing
immune-related genes, on the other hand men carry only
one (https://www.healthline.com/health-news/men-more-
susceptible-to-serious-covid-19-illnesses). Bwire et al
(2020) emphasized upon the fact that there is higher
expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2
receptor) in males than females (Bwire, 2020).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE 2) has been
known to be a proved receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In an
in vitro experiment, the positive correlation of ACE2
expression and the infection of SARS-CoV-2 has been
demonstrated. Which means that in an organism where
expression of ACE 2 protein is high has a facilitated
environment for pathogenesis of coronavirus (Li et al,
2007). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) like
rs758278442 and rs759134032 in the region of protective
variants (K31R and Y83H) of ACE2 gene have been
shown to have relatively higher frequency of mutant alleles
in the Asian population in comparison to the global
average, comprising of populations mostly from European
and American descent. The differences in allelic
frequencies of eQTLs of ACE2 observed in different
populations could account for the diversity of expression
pattern of ACE2 gene in populations. ACE2 gene
variations and their impact on the relative levels of its
splice variants from individuals inhabiting COVID-19
hotspots should be able to provide more insights into the
role ofACE2 gene in the gender-biased susceptibility or
resistance to SARS CoV 2 infection (Debnath et al, 2020).
Aging in susceptibility to coronavirus symptoms
Most of the people in reference to COVID-19
experience mild symptoms, but some of the population
have severe or life-threatening responses to the disease.
Old aged people have high risk, the same is due to their
immune systems become less able to fight off with such
infections (Sharma et al, 2020). Major organs of old aged
people such as heart, lungs, high blood pressure, diabetes
etc. are more susceptible to damage caused by the virus
(Cai et al, 2020). In a case study in China, researchers
revealed that older patients above 65 years of age were
more likely to have a severe SARS-CoV-2 infection with
men developing more severe complications than women.
Moreover, the patient survival was found be significantly
higher than older individuals (Jin, 2020). The same study
also reported that the number of men were 2.4 times
higher than that of women in the deceased patients
category despite both the sexes having the same
susceptibility (Jin, 2020).
Life-style and behavioral factors
Additionally, other life style and behavioral factors
such as higher levels of smoking and drinking among men
compared to women do play a significant part as far as
the morbidity and mortality rates in men are concerned
(Bwire, 2020). In another theory in relation to the gender
concerns tobacco smoking has also have an impact on
the disease infections, In some of the studies it has been
proven that smoking is associated with adverse outcomes
of COVID-19, in statistical analysis it has been shown
that smokers are 1.4 times more symptomatic than that
of the nonsmokers and 2.4 times more expected to be
admitted to the hospital in an intensive care unit, and
needed with the mechanical ventilation or die (Vardavas
and Nikitara, 2020). Studies also report on the responsible
attitude of women towards the Covid-19 pandemic by
taking of preventive measures more responsibly than men.
Immunological factors
There exists gender-based immunological differences
which are driven by sex hormones and X chromosomes.
As per the biological records particularly in reference to
the immune system the central role is played by the
genetic differences among men and women, at the
chromosomal level, the X chromosome contains the most
prevalent number of immune-related genes in the whole
genome. In women, there is double copy of XX genes,
on the other hand in men it is XY (Bianchi et al, 2012).
This difference persists both in innate and adaptive
3. Gender-bias susceptibility of corona virus disease
immunity (Sabra L Klein and Katie L Flanagan, 2016).
Immunosuppression is attributed to be due to genetic
reasons for the patients who either have had undergone
with organ transplants, or may be because of other
illnesses, for instance infection with HIV/AIDS, or severe
kidney disease etc. People who are frequently taking a
number of medications are more prone to the disease
and very severe infections, and may end-up with more
severe illnesses (Huang et al, 2020). Another factor is
pregnancy, the pregnant women and the pregnancy
conditions can change how the body copes up with
infections such as influenza. In COVID-19 condition, both
the mother and the fetus growing in the womb can be at
high risk of infection (Control and Prevention, 2012;
Roush et al, 2019).
Children are always more susceptible to all the
infections around, however in reference to COVID 19,
there is no clear evidence showing a lower degree of
expression or function of the SARS-CoV’s receptor
(namelyACE2) in children (Lee et al, 2020).At the time
of birth of a child or during the initial months, maternal
antibodies play a role in protecting a child from infections.
The abundant growth of memory T and B cells helps a
child in preventing the development of disease by
commonly encountered pathogens (Aranburu et al, 2017).
In case of SARS, Ebola and H1N1 epidemics, recovering
plasma containing antibodies from those who have
recovered from viral infections were used for treatment
at the early stage of disease. B cell cloned monoclonal
antibodies from already recovered patients have become
a proved candidate therapeutic (Tian et al, 2020). The
vigilance over the immune system of a child or children
to any novel pathogens, including, SARS-CoV viruses
might be based on several factors. Natural antibodies
produced by innate responses play an important role in
protection. Moreover, a population of memory B-cells
(IgM MBCs) generated independently of the germinal
centres has been reported most abundantly in children
as IgM MBCs may bind to many different unknown
microorganisms (Capolunghi et al, 2013). More so
children have the inherent ability to rapidly produce natural
antibodies. Also in infants and children, most MBCs are
CD27dull
making them adaptable to newer antigens
(Carsetti et al, 2020).
Furthermore,geneticvariationsatindividuallevelmay
help in explaining the diverse immune responses to a virus
across a population. Variability at genetic levels in MHC’s
may be effective towards all the illnesses caused by
coronaviruses (COVID-19) (Nguyen et al, 2020a).
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been shown
to have differential viral susceptibility. In a study, HLA
binding affinity of all possible 8-mers to 12-mers from
the SARS-CoV-2 proteome have been checked. Further,
it has been noted that the best probable capacity for
SARS-CoV-2 antigen presentation is unrelated to the
HLA allelic frequency in the population (Nguyen et al,
2020b). Cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 are only visible
to CD8+ T cell after virus proteins have been processed
and presented by MHC class I molecules – and only
then are the CD8+ T cell able to eradicate the infection
(Shiina et al, 2004). While antibodies against the COVID-
19 virus are important to prevent or minimize infection,
CD8+ T cells are responsible for clearing the virus from
the body (Khan et al, 2007; Marsh et al, 2005). Hence,
the identification of peptides being presented by MHC
class I becomes of paramount importance. The designing
of the probable vaccine using MHC class I tetramers
could be quite effective not only for the treatment but
also effective against the cellular immune responses and
monitoring, thus keeping a check on the vaccine induced
cellular immunity. The easYmer (https://eaglebio.com/
product-category/all-products/mhc-tetramers) has
permitted researches to generate tetramers and monitor
immune responses. Portfolio of easYmers already covers
34 HLA allotypes (HLA-A,-B,-C) which is further
supplemented by HLA molecules available for custom
tetramer production, bringing the number of available
allotypes up to 81. Thus, the range of allotypes ensures a
coverage to a 2% frequency in the Caucasian population.
The easYmer reagents can also be used to validate the
binding of predicted epitopes to further stratify the
selection of potential COVID-19 vaccine targets (Eagle).
In another study, the genetic variability across the
three MHC class I Genes (human leukocyte antigen
(HLA) A, B and C) that may affect an individual’s
susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19.Also the study
introduces the relationship among coronavirus sequence
conservation and MHC class I antigen presentation, which
shows that individual HLA, haplotype and full genotype
variability likely influence the capacity to respond to
SARS-CoV-2 infection and it was noted that certain
alleles in particular (e.g. HLA-B*46:01) that could be
associated with more severe infection, as previously
shown with SARS-CoV. Indeed, SARS-CoV and SARS-
CoV-2 peptide presentation pattern was further compared
and there was a high degree of similarity noticed between
the two across HLA types (Nguyen et al, 2020a). In the
current pandemic scenario, it is essential not only to focus
on a few ALA allotypes; rather it is essential to be able
to monitor as many allotypes as possible to ensure a novel
vaccine targeting a broad range of allotypes. Furthermore
use of anti inflammatory agents is increasingly being
4. envisaged as we know that COVID 19 patients display
markedly elevated plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GCSF,
IP10, MCP1, MIP1A and TNFá (Herold et al, 2020;
Chaolin Huang et al, 2020; Zhao, 2020). The significantly
higher levels of IL 6 (≥80 pg/mL) were seen to be
correlated with a 22 times greater risk of respiratory
failure in COVID 19 patients as a result of the strong
cytokine storm and inflammation (Chaolin Huang et al,
2020). However, the gender-bias differences between
males and females about the cytokine release are yet to
be sorted out.
Fig. 1 : Male-female ratios of total number of cases reported from the 04 Indian states.
Fig. 2 : Overall male-female ratio from the 04 Indian states taken together.
Table 1 : Reported cases and ratio of males and females as reported on 22nd
August 2020 from 4 Indian states.
State Total cases Males Females Male Female Source
reported %age %age
Odisha 75537 51365 24172 68.00% 32.00% https://statedashboard.odisha.gov.in, Dated: 22nd Aug. 2020
Telangana 101865 66314 35551 65.10% 34.90% hmfw.ap.gov.in/vovid_19_dailybulletins.aspx Media
Bulletin-Covid 19, Dated: 21/08/2020, 8:00 PM
Tamil Nadu 373410 225418 147963 60.37% 39.62% https://stopcorona.tn.gov.in/daily-bulletin
Dated: 22nd Aug. 2020
Haryana 53290 35150 18129 65.96% 34.04% nhmharyana.gov.in/page.aspx?id=208 Daily Health Bulletin
Dated 22nd Aug. 2020
Total 604102 378247 225815 62.61% 37.39%
Deepak Jha et al
5. Other miscellaneous factors
In another study, it has been demonstrated that both
males and females respond in a different way to many
RNA and DNA virus infections, in general the males are
known to generate less robust immune responses (Klein
and Flanagan, 2016). The strong immune response in
females leads to immunopathology resulting in fatal
outcomes. Role of sex hormones in both male and females
have a greater role in viral infections such as testosterone
is known to suppress innate immune responses, while
estrogens have displayed dissimilar functions. The
signaling of estrogen hormone has also been shown to
promote adaptive T cell response in female mice by
increasing neutrophil accumulation (Channappanavar et
al, 2017; Robinson et al, 2014).
In another finding, it has been shown that the
differences based on sexes do exist which may influence
the exposure to COVID-19. The study reported that men
could be more susceptible to the disease than women.
Also WHO mission affirmed that men make up to about
51% of cases (Guan et al, 2020). The pregnant women
are more susceptible to the respiratory pathogens than
non-pregnant women. Still, none of the women under
study developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia, which
could be due to the reason that the immuno-suppression
could actually be beneficial in such circumstances. Wang
et al. found that an extreme immune response called
cytokine storm, a flood of immune cells and the
biochemicals they produce, tears through the lung tissue
(Wang et al, 2020). Thus, reducing injury to the lung could
be a useful method to prevent and improve COVID-19-
infected pneumonia-related cytokine-release syndrome-
like (CRSL) in critically ill pneumonia patients (Wang et
al, 2020).
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The concrete studies about the role of gender in
morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 are
still at infancy. Growing evidences though of preliminary
nature reveal that men are at higher risk of morbidity
and mortality when it comes to the COVID19 symptoms.
It is evident that men and women have some
immunological distinctions impacting individuals’ ability
to fight an infection including SARS-2-CoV-2. Several
factors such as higher expression of ACE-2 in men, sex
hormones and other genetic and life-style factors have
been anticipated to predispose men to worst outcomes
of the COVID-19 and even death. Controlled and
randomized studies at a large scale would certainly pave
the way for a logical conclusion as far as gender-bias
differences in COVID-19 patients and vulnerability of
associated symptoms are concerned.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express sincere thanks to the Maharishi
Markandeshwar (deemed to be University), Mullana,
Ambala, Haryana, India for providing necessary facilities
for writing on pandemic research.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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