The document summarizes a seminar on untapped markets for ageing populations and rehabilitation. It discusses the aging population in the UK creating opportunities for the fitness industry. Several speakers highlight the health benefits of exercise for older adults, including reduced risk of disease and falls. The speakers emphasize the need to better understand the segmentation of older consumers and tailor exercise programs, facilities, messaging and more to meet their needs and abilities in order to tap into this growing market.
We want more people to be more physically active in later life.
Being more active has many benefits – it improves physical and mental health, and enables people to stay connected to their family, friends and communities. As well as being more active in general, we know that maintaining and improving muscle strength and balance can help people in later life live independently and reduce the risk of falls.
We want more people to be more physically active in later life.
Being more active has many benefits – it improves physical and mental health, and enables people to stay connected to their family, friends and communities. As well as being more active in general, we know that maintaining and improving muscle strength and balance can help people in later life live independently and reduce the risk of falls.
Keynote address by Anna Dixon (Chief Executive, Centre for Ageing Better) at the Royal College of Occupational Therapists Older People Annual Conference 2017.
We want more people to be more physically active in later life.
Being more active has many benefits – it improves physical and mental health, and enables people to stay connected to their family, friends and communities. As well as being more active in general, we know that maintaining and improving muscle strength and balance can help people in later life live independently and reduce the risk of falls.
We want more people to be more physically active in later life.
Being more active has many benefits – it improves physical and mental health, and enables people to stay connected to their family, friends and communities. As well as being more active in general, we know that maintaining and improving muscle strength and balance can help people in later life live independently and reduce the risk of falls.
Keynote address by Anna Dixon (Chief Executive, Centre for Ageing Better) at the Royal College of Occupational Therapists Older People Annual Conference 2017.
ILC-UK and the Actuarial Profession Debate: The Economics of Promoting Person...ILC- UK
ILC-UK is delighted to be working with Alliance Boots and the University College London School of Pharmacy to explore why public health has just got ‘personal’ and if such a trend will yield cost savings or cost some groups of society or sections of the economy more than others.
The event will also mark the launch of a report produced by Professor David Taylor and Dr Jennifer Gill from the UCL School of Pharmacy, supported by Alliance Boots entitled ‘Active Ageing: Live longer and prosper? Towards realising a second demographic dividend in 21st century Europe’.
The debate will focus on the balance between encouraging individual accountability and accepting collective responsibility for achieving longer lives and the consequent implications for health outcomes and cost.
The Coalition Government (like its predecessors) is trying to move away from the ‘nanny state’ towards ‘nudging’ people in the direction of choosing healthier behaviours.
Few people would question the desirability of encouraging more informed personal decision making to prevent avoidable illness. But too much reliance on individual choice and responsibility could fail those most at risk and potentially impose needless costs and losses on individuals, their families and the wider community. Promoting the behavioural and cultural changes needed to deliver better public health and keep NHS and social care costs as affordable as possible remains a pressing and complex challenge.
Subject areas to discuss will include:
The philosophical and political underpinnings of public health policy, including: social solidarity, fairness, entitlement, risk and personal responsibility. Are we in danger of unravelling the principle tenets of the Beveridge model welfare state in ways which may not only disadvantage the most vulnerable, but may in time increase financial pressures on other sectors of society?
Determining the boundaries of personal and societal level responsibility, and the legitimate as opposed to illegitimate need for publicly funded care and support. In areas ranging from smoking cessation to reducing the threat of an obesity driven diabetes epidemic, communities have to make tough choices between limiting risks and accepting the consequences of personal, social and corporate freedom.
The impact of current trends and possible future policy decisions in areas ranging from the costs of health and life insurance to the price of pensions for individuals and society.
The role of private employers in promoting and requiring healthy living.
The winners and losers if the trend towards personal responsibility continues, with particular regard to older people and disadvantaged groups and what impact could this trend have on the cost of care?
Agenda from the event
16:00
Registration
16:30
Welcome, Baroness Sally Greengross
16:40 – 18:25
Presentations and responses from:
Prof. David Taylor
Prof. Nick Bosaonquet
Tricia Kennerley
Martin Green
ILC-UK and the Actuarial Profession Debate: The Economics of Promoting Person...ILC- UK
ILC-UK is delighted to be working with Alliance Boots and the University College London School of Pharmacy to explore why public health has just got ‘personal’ and if such a trend will yield cost savings or cost some groups of society or sections of the economy more than others.
The event will also mark the launch of a report produced by Professor David Taylor and Dr Jennifer Gill from the UCL School of Pharmacy, supported by Alliance Boots entitled ‘Active Ageing: Live longer and prosper? Towards realising a second demographic dividend in 21st century Europe’.
The debate will focus on the balance between encouraging individual accountability and accepting collective responsibility for achieving longer lives and the consequent implications for health outcomes and cost.
The Coalition Government (like its predecessors) is trying to move away from the ‘nanny state’ towards ‘nudging’ people in the direction of choosing healthier behaviours.
Few people would question the desirability of encouraging more informed personal decision making to prevent avoidable illness. But too much reliance on individual choice and responsibility could fail those most at risk and potentially impose needless costs and losses on individuals, their families and the wider community. Promoting the behavioural and cultural changes needed to deliver better public health and keep NHS and social care costs as affordable as possible remains a pressing and complex challenge.
Subject areas to discuss will include:
The philosophical and political underpinnings of public health policy, including: social solidarity, fairness, entitlement, risk and personal responsibility. Are we in danger of unravelling the principle tenets of the Beveridge model welfare state in ways which may not only disadvantage the most vulnerable, but may in time increase financial pressures on other sectors of society?
Determining the boundaries of personal and societal level responsibility, and the legitimate as opposed to illegitimate need for publicly funded care and support. In areas ranging from smoking cessation to reducing the threat of an obesity driven diabetes epidemic, communities have to make tough choices between limiting risks and accepting the consequences of personal, social and corporate freedom.
The impact of current trends and possible future policy decisions in areas ranging from the costs of health and life insurance to the price of pensions for individuals and society.
The role of private employers in promoting and requiring healthy living.
The winners and losers if the trend towards personal responsibility continues, with particular regard to older people and disadvantaged groups and what impact could this trend have on the cost of care?
Agenda from the event
16:00
Registration
16:30
Welcome, Baroness Sally Greengross
16:40 – 18:25
Presentations and responses from:
Prof. David Taylor
Prof. Nick Bosaonquet
Tricia Kennerley
Martin Green
Every senior deserves to make the most of his or her “golden” years. Discover all the opportunity that awaits you by taking a tour of one of the senior living communities from Concordia Lutheran Ministries. - See more at: http://www.concordialm.org/blog/power-of-active-aging-white-paper#sthash.mZ1XdVPU.dpuf
Charles Corbin Greg Welk William Corbin Karen WelkT E N T .docxmccormicknadine86
Charles Corbin Greg Welk William Corbin Karen Welk
T E N T H E D I T I O N
A Comprehensive
Lifestyle Approach
Fitness &
Wellness
Concepts of
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
1
Health, Wellness, Fitness,
and Healthy Lifestyles:
An Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Describe the HELP philosophy and discuss its implications in making personal
decisions about health, wellness, and fitness.
▶ Define the dimensions of health and wellness, and explain how they interact to
influence health and wellness.
▶ Distinguish health-related and skill-related dimensions of physical fitness.
▶ Identify the determinants of health, wellness, and fitness, and explain how they each
contribute to health, wellness, and fitness.
▶ Identify related national health goals and show how meeting personal goals can
contribute to reaching national goals.
▶ Use health behavior change strategies to carry out self-assessments of personal
lifestyles and wellness perceptions.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t 1
Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Fitness ▶ Section I
Good health, wellness, fitness,
and healthy lifestyles are
important for all people.
cor22568_ch01_001-020.indd 1 27/07/12 11:47 PM
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
2 Section 1 ▶ Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Fitness
provide principles and guidelines that help you adopt pos-
itive lifestyles. The labs provide experiences for learning
behavioral skills needed to maintain these lifestyles.
A personal philosophy that emphasizes health can
lead to behaviors that promote it. The H in HELP
stands for health. One theory that has been extensively
tested indicates that people who believe in the benefits
of healthy lifestyles are more likely to engage in healthy
behaviors. The theory also suggests that people who state
intentions to put their beliefs into action are likely to
adopt behaviors that lead to health, wellness, and fitness.
Everyone can benefit from healthy lifestyles. The E
in HELP stands for everyone. Anyone can change a behav-
ior or lifestyle. Nevertheless, many adults feel ineffective
in making lifestyle changes. Physical activity is not just for
athletes—it is for all people. Eating well is not just for other
people—you can do it, too. All people can learn stress-
management techniques and practice healthy lifestyles.
Healthy behaviors are most effective when
practiced for a lifetime. The L in HELP stands for
lifetime. Young people sometimes feel immortal because
the harmful effects of unhealthy lifestyles are often not
immediate. As we grow older, we begin to realize that
unhealthy lifestyles have cumulative negative effects. Start-
ing early in life to emphasize healthy behaviors results in
long-term health, wellness, and fitness benefits. One study
showed that the longer healthy lifestyles are practiced, t ...
Charles Corbin Greg Welk William Corbin Karen WelkT E N T .docxspoonerneddy
Charles Corbin Greg Welk William Corbin Karen Welk
T E N T H E D I T I O N
A Comprehensive
Lifestyle Approach
Fitness &
Wellness
Concepts of
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
1
Health, Wellness, Fitness,
and Healthy Lifestyles:
An Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Describe the HELP philosophy and discuss its implications in making personal
decisions about health, wellness, and fitness.
▶ Define the dimensions of health and wellness, and explain how they interact to
influence health and wellness.
▶ Distinguish health-related and skill-related dimensions of physical fitness.
▶ Identify the determinants of health, wellness, and fitness, and explain how they each
contribute to health, wellness, and fitness.
▶ Identify related national health goals and show how meeting personal goals can
contribute to reaching national goals.
▶ Use health behavior change strategies to carry out self-assessments of personal
lifestyles and wellness perceptions.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t 1
Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Fitness ▶ Section I
Good health, wellness, fitness,
and healthy lifestyles are
important for all people.
cor22568_ch01_001-020.indd 1 27/07/12 11:47 PM
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
2 Section 1 ▶ Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Fitness
provide principles and guidelines that help you adopt pos-
itive lifestyles. The labs provide experiences for learning
behavioral skills needed to maintain these lifestyles.
A personal philosophy that emphasizes health can
lead to behaviors that promote it. The H in HELP
stands for health. One theory that has been extensively
tested indicates that people who believe in the benefits
of healthy lifestyles are more likely to engage in healthy
behaviors. The theory also suggests that people who state
intentions to put their beliefs into action are likely to
adopt behaviors that lead to health, wellness, and fitness.
Everyone can benefit from healthy lifestyles. The E
in HELP stands for everyone. Anyone can change a behav-
ior or lifestyle. Nevertheless, many adults feel ineffective
in making lifestyle changes. Physical activity is not just for
athletes—it is for all people. Eating well is not just for other
people—you can do it, too. All people can learn stress-
management techniques and practice healthy lifestyles.
Healthy behaviors are most effective when
practiced for a lifetime. The L in HELP stands for
lifetime. Young people sometimes feel immortal because
the harmful effects of unhealthy lifestyles are often not
immediate. As we grow older, we begin to realize that
unhealthy lifestyles have cumulative negative effects. Start-
ing early in life to emphasize healthy behaviors results in
long-term health, wellness, and fitness benefits. One study
showed that the longer healthy lifestyles are practiced, t.
Charles Corbin Greg Welk William Corbin Karen WelkT E N T TawnaDelatorrejs
Charles Corbin Greg Welk William Corbin Karen Welk
T E N T H E D I T I O N
A Comprehensive
Lifestyle Approach
Fitness &
Wellness
Concepts of
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
1
Health, Wellness, Fitness,
and Healthy Lifestyles:
An Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Describe the HELP philosophy and discuss its implications in making personal
decisions about health, wellness, and fitness.
▶ Define the dimensions of health and wellness, and explain how they interact to
influence health and wellness.
▶ Distinguish health-related and skill-related dimensions of physical fitness.
▶ Identify the determinants of health, wellness, and fitness, and explain how they each
contribute to health, wellness, and fitness.
▶ Identify related national health goals and show how meeting personal goals can
contribute to reaching national goals.
▶ Use health behavior change strategies to carry out self-assessments of personal
lifestyles and wellness perceptions.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t 1
Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Fitness ▶ Section I
Good health, wellness, fitness,
and healthy lifestyles are
important for all people.
cor22568_ch01_001-020.indd 1 27/07/12 11:47 PM
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
2 Section 1 ▶ Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Fitness
provide principles and guidelines that help you adopt pos-
itive lifestyles. The labs provide experiences for learning
behavioral skills needed to maintain these lifestyles.
A personal philosophy that emphasizes health can
lead to behaviors that promote it. The H in HELP
stands for health. One theory that has been extensively
tested indicates that people who believe in the benefits
of healthy lifestyles are more likely to engage in healthy
behaviors. The theory also suggests that people who state
intentions to put their beliefs into action are likely to
adopt behaviors that lead to health, wellness, and fitness.
Everyone can benefit from healthy lifestyles. The E
in HELP stands for everyone. Anyone can change a behav-
ior or lifestyle. Nevertheless, many adults feel ineffective
in making lifestyle changes. Physical activity is not just for
athletes—it is for all people. Eating well is not just for other
people—you can do it, too. All people can learn stress-
management techniques and practice healthy lifestyles.
Healthy behaviors are most effective when
practiced for a lifetime. The L in HELP stands for
lifetime. Young people sometimes feel immortal because
the harmful effects of unhealthy lifestyles are often not
immediate. As we grow older, we begin to realize that
unhealthy lifestyles have cumulative negative effects. Start-
ing early in life to emphasize healthy behaviors results in
long-term health, wellness, and fitness benefits. One study
showed that the longer healthy lifestyles are practiced, t ...
A Baby boomer is somebody who was born during a period of
increased birth rates, or Baby boom, and the term is particularly
applied to those born during the post-World War II period of
increased birth rates. In the U.S., the term is iconic and more
properly capitalized as Baby Boomers.
Regular yoga practice assists to reduce stress responses in the body, according to health line The stress-related condition such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases significantly reduces when the inflammatory response to stressors on the body is reduced. Meditation is also a useful component of reducing the stress. check out the link:: shorturl.at/hoBJ1
Chapter 1:
Just Who Are The Baby Boomers
Chapter 2:
Boomers Want To Stay Healthy
Chapter 3:
Exercise To Beat Aging
Chapter 4:
Diet To Beat Aging
Chapter 5:
Vitamins To Beat Aging
Wrapping Up
Chapter 6
Learn More about Health and fitness
Most individuals speculate that year will be around 1946 to 1964 but
the exact year is hard to determine as it may vary from place to place.
We are estimating that there are about 76 million American
youngsters born between 1945 and 1964. Boomers account for about
39 percent of Americans over the age of 18 and 29 percent of the
number population.
Khizar HayatPublic Health FoundationType two diabetesAssessmen.docxcroysierkathey
Khizar Hayat Public Health Foundation Type two diabetes
Assessment Coversheet and Feedback Form
Faculty of….
School of….
First Marker Name:
Aldo Mussi
First Marker Signature:
AM
Date:
Jan’20
Feedback: General comments on the quality of the work, its successes and where it could be improved
Hi Khizar - Thank you for submitting your work.
However, there are a number of things which must be strengthened to bring it up to Level 7 standard.
Right from the background, good, recent sources are often lacking, and your exploration of causes is far too brief (Indeed, you don’t even refer to a basic ‘energy in – energy out’ equation for T2D). Your selection of interventions appears arbitrary and poorly supported, with no real attempt to examine ‘Health-Evidence-People’. Crucially, for Level 7 work, some attempt at critical analysis is needed.
You could use your Beattie model to analyse the interventions, and your ethics discussion should apply a framework to those interventions. The policy discussion should examine a current government example.
A number of whole paragraphs are without a source, so you referencing needs serious attention.
Provisional Uncapped Mark Marks will be capped if this was a late submission or resit assessment and may be moderated up or down by the examination board.
37 %
Feed Forward: How to apply the feedback to future submissions
Please arrange a tutorial to debrief this feedback, and seek support from the Centre for Academic Success.
Table of Content
Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
BACKGROUND 4
PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES 6
Beattie’s Model of Health Promotion 10
ETHICS 11
HISTORY AND POLICY FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES INTERVENTIONS 12
CONCLUSION 12
REFERENCES 13
Type two Diabetes and Public HealthINTRODUCTION
Type 2 Diabetes was chosen to be the topic of discussion in this assignment as it is a common type of diabetes, making it a public health issue. This occurs when the blood sugar level has surpassed the normal level, basically the blood sugar, comes from the food eaten and I is the main source of energy needed to run our bodies. Whereby hormones made by the pancreas and insulin aids the glucose to get into our body cells to provide the energy needed. The connection comes in whereby the glucose or blood sugar level is much more than needed which makes the insulin not to be enough or the insulin that is present is not used well. Basically, that is the general description of type two diabetes. Therefore, the result is that too much sugar remains in the blood and the cells lack enough to run the body on a daily basis. This type of diabetes mainly affects people of every age, it cannot be considered as a condition for only people. This type of diabetes affects at every age even age childhood. Comment by Aldo Mussi: Rethink this (with Refs).
But generally, it affects most people who are middle aged and older people, especially under predisposing aspects such as family history of diabetes and obesity. Based on demo ...
Research presentation by Sarah O'Sell, Aaron Meyers, and Katie Utgaard for Western Washington University Industrial Design in February 2014 as part of a corporate sponsored project with Precor. Precor is one of the world leaders in manufacturing premium fitness equipment that personalizes health and fitness experiences.
Why cholesterol has a split personality and how the fitness sector can help tackle the growing number of people with high cholesterol levels through positive dietary and lifestyle changes.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Untapped Markets - Ageing & Rehabilitation
1. Sponsored By:
Seminar Title
“Untapped Markets – Ageing & Rehabilitation”
Summary
David Stalker, Executive Director of the Fitness Industry Association (FIA), set the scene
by highlighting the fact that the population of the United Kingdom is ageing at an
unprecedented rate. This creates a commercial opportunity for our industry. The issue
has never been higher up the policy agenda either, with the direct cost to the NHS of
strokes estimated at £3 billion every year, among a host of other diseases that affect the
general population. The FIA is leading the way on the agenda through its involvement in
the Department of Health’s Responsibility Deal for Physical Activity.
Jason McMahon, UK National Sales Manager for Balancemaster™, said that
Balancemaster™ had been originally designed to help prevent falls but now a wealth of
research supports its use in many other areas besides.1 The health and fitness sector can
tap into the older market using the Balancemaster™ rotary device, which is a medical
class product.
John Searle – Chief Medical Officer, FIA
With experience as a Consultant Anaesthetist for over 35 years and now in his private
personal training practice, John emphasised that working with older adults was both
rewarding and fun, not to mention a massive opportunity.
To understand the older market, it is important to think in terms of life stage rather than
chronological age. John defined the life stages as:
• Transition, 50-64 years
• Older, 65-75 years
• Oldest, 75 plus years
• Frail!
To highlight the scale of the opportunity John pointed out that there are currently 9.6
million people over the age of 65. By 2015 there will be 12.7 million. The opportunity is
large and growing.
As we age, our bodies undergo physiological changes such as aerobic and cardiac
decline, decreasing lung and renal function, and decreasing muscle strength, cognitive
function and motor skills. We also become more prone to illness and diseases like heart
disease, stroke, cancer, arthritis, depression, dementia and osteoporosis.
Falls are a major problem for older adults and exercise is a major part of their
prevention, and rehabilitation after a fall. A study in Manchester found that of all those
that have a fall, only 14% had been to a falls prevention clinic.
Dementia affects one in three of us. Evidence shows that maintaining an active lifestyle
helps reduce the likelihood of it developing.
Exercise has general advantages in older age. For instance it helps maintain
independence, increases social interaction, and maintains cognitive function.
1
See www.balancemaster.co.uk/research
2. Sponsored By:
Keeping active also decreases the risk of depression, dementia, diabetes, heart attack
and stroke, bowel cancer and falls. This has a number of knock-on effects:
• Maintains people’s health and independence
• Plays a vital part in the treatment of long-term disease
• Keeps people out of hospital
• Speeds recovery
• Reduces NHS and social service expenditure
To capitalize on the opportunity, John outlined the need for the fitness sector to improve
the following areas in particular:
• skilled trainers
• good customer service
• appropriate facilities
• provide social interaction
• work with doctors and health professionals
Bob Laventure, British Heart Foundation National Centre
Bob’s presentation covered a number of topics on segmentation of the older market,
effective messaging to reach them, the evidence of what keeps the consumer satisfied
and what else we need to do to reach and retain this untapped market.
The term ‘older consumer’ needs further refinement to be able to reach older consumers
effectively. Bob suggested other ways of segmenting the market such as:
• Health and functional status
• Disease/referral pathway
• Spending power
• Life-stage
• Stages of or readiness to change
• More detailed market segmentation e.g. Sport England
Each of these ways can be further broken down. For instance the World Health
Organisation created a health and physical function gradient which groups people
according to their physical activity and health status (WHO, 1997). Tools and insights
such as this should be used effectively target the older consumer.
The health and wealth inequality of people over the age of 50 is widening. It is important
to realise that although the over 50s spend £240 billion per annum, 31% of retired
people survive on less than £10k per year. (Family Expenditure Survey 1999 – 2000)
There are also important behavioural distinctions between older adults: ‘couch potatoes’
have a lower propensity to consumer fitness and leisure than the relapsed participants.
Messages need to be tailored to the older consumer. They have different likes and
dislikes, so their objectives for getting active are different. Generally they know it’s good
for them and their health. Older people want activities that they can see themselves
doing, that will make them feel good (immediate term – i.e. energy, long term – i.e. time
with the grandchildren), that will make them feel better (i.e. more confident, better
functional ability, better sex life...!) They also want choice, encouragement to try,
personal attention and guidance from “someone who knows” (John Lewis model), and
they want to be with other people.
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Older people put a lot of confidence in ‘significant others’, whose opinion and advice they
value very highly. ‘Significant others’ could include GPs, family, friends and peers - even
instructors. Personal relationships are absolutely key.
Gender differences may also be very significant. Men are more motivated by competition,
striving and challenge. They feel stronger. They are less realistic about their health.
Women by contrast are more motivated by relationships. Their previous history (esp.
childhood) is important. They are more likely to be caring for and supporting others. As
newcomers they have lower confidence.2
Bob continued to highlight the evidence on designing effective interventions, including
best practice around the Otago falls prevention scheme and the LIFE – P programme.
More information can be seen on Bob’s presentation or on the website
www.bhactive.org.uk.
David Rigg, General Manager for Rehab Works Ltd.
In David’s experience ageing is often used as a reason not to exercise, although it does
not necessarily imply decreased levels of fitness. The effects of ageing not produced by
disease are reversible, and functional ability may be maintained. “Optimal ageing” is the
idea of preserving function at the highest level and maintaining quality of life. This
incorporates physical, psychological and social state, as well as independence.
A comprehensive exercise programme should be tailored to the older adult, including
aerobic work, resistance training, flexibility and balance exercises, and power training.
Resistance training in particular helps to maintain muscle mass, enhance motor unit
recruitment, improved contraction coupling and calcium handling, relieve arthritis pain,
improve balance and reduced risk of falls, and strengthen of bones.
In terms of rehabilitation from injury, exercise can be used to:
• Control pain
• Restore Range of movement
• Restore Muscular Strength, Endurance and Power
• Re-establish Neuromuscular control
• Maintain cardio respiratory Fitness
• Restore Function
However exercise prescription is not without problems.
• Causes pain
• Person feels uncomfortable in the situation
• Low confidence with exercise
• Poor understanding of the condition
• Believes it will cause more damage
• Does not like exercise and never has
• Wants a quick fix
2
Sport England (2009) and the Women’s Sports Foundation (2006)
4. Sponsored By:
The important thing both in ageing and
rehabilitation is to “Meet the person where the person is”, and use techniques to support
people depending on their abilities and ambitions.
Introducing The Biopsychosocial model, David explained that in classifying patients for
treatment, some factors can be identified which are purely physical and normal, whereas
other deeper psychological or behavioural factors may require an altogether different
treatment.
David went on to give some background to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Summarising his approach, David set out the following key points as guidance:
• Physiological principles apply
• No template for prescription for – Age or condition
• Identify – Thoughts, Feelings, Beliefs and Motivation
• Apply the right model to the right individual
• Use a collaborative approach
David Sinclair – ILCUK
David is the lead author of the ILCUK report, The Golden Economy.
The population of the UK is ageing faster than ever before. That is to say that average
life expectancy is rising significantly. Maximum life expectancy is not changing
dramatically.
Ageing creates barriers to engaging. As we get older it becomes harder to shop or handle
money fore example.
Perhaps more important than how old people actually are, is how old they think they are.
‘Social ageing’ is what drives people’s perception of whether a consumable is suitable for
their life stage, and can also be a barrier to participation. “Is this form of exercise right
for me now?”
Research conducted by ILCUK for the Golden Economy report shows that although
participation in activity declines with age, older people would like to participate more.
Money is often not the issue. Other factors may be important, like whether a bus pass is
valid for travel at certain times of the day, or if an area feels unsafe due to crime.
Citing examples from other sectors, David showed that some companies discriminated,
either directly or indirectly against age. Indeed in our sector, some companies have
imposed an upper age limit in the past. In the advertising industry, ad agencies are very
rarely approached to target older adults. Not only are older adults ignored by many
companies, they also feel they have less choice!
Demography is an important factor in tapping into the older market. Other factors are
inclusivity of design and direct/indirect age discrimination. Even with the best product in
the world, if packaging (or signage etc) is not inclusive, older adults will not consume!
5. Sponsored By:
David Smith – Paralympic Athlete and former Olympic Bobsleigh hopeful
David recounted his story, which is one of a journey through highly competitive sport and
rehabilitation on two operations following the discovery of a tumour the size of a tennis
ball in his spinal cord, which left him unable to use his arms or legs. Not one to be easily
defeated, David was quickly back training and is now training for the London 2012
Paralympics.
Following the first operation to remove the tumour, which involved replacing several
vertebrae with metal discs, David was eager to get back into training quickly. 10 days
later a blood clot developed and a further operation was required, again removing and
replacing the metal discs. This left David bed-bound in hospital for 1 month, and saw him
lose 3 stone of muscle mass and have to relearn how to walk.
Once out of hospital, David and his surgeon developed a fitness regime to get back into
form as quick as possible. This started with getting the strength and balance back to be
able to walk on crutches, and built up so that he could again do unsupported stand and
sits.
This was followed by a period of intensive training and work with a team of
physiotherapists at Bisham Abbey.
Prior to giving the presentation David had just returned from training for rowing in Spain,
where he had rowed 170km in just 10 days.
He is now starting his journey to training for the Paralympic Games in London 2012.
Read David’s blog here:
http://www.davidandrewsmith.net/
Ian Hobdell – Fitness Manager, Active Luton
Speaking of his experience working with older adults, Ian explained that service is about
meeting customers’ needs. The customer journey starts outside the gym, and, for older
people in particular, the service they receive once they get into the gym is particularly
important. Consistency is essential. It is therefore essential that front of house staff are
trained on how to provide service to older adults.
In his 7 facilities, Ian offers a range of activities suitable for older adults. This includes
short mat bowls, chair-based exercises, circuit training and Wii Fit.
Active Luton has embraced the Inclusive Fitness Initiative, meeting all level 1 and 2
criteria. They use BalanceMaster™ as part of their offering for older adults, and it is
mandatory that instructors show clients how to use the BalanceMaster™ as part of the
induction process.
Speaking about the commercial upside to working with older adults, Ian explained that
he is rebranding his activity providers under the ‘Full of Life’ brand used by the
Department for Work and Pensions. As part of it they offer exercise rehabilitation
6. Sponsored By:
sessions for only £2.60. Older adults often take
out and pre-pay an annual membership, but he makes sure that memberships are very
flexible.
In terms of Upskilling the Workforce, a priority identified by the FIA TwentyTen
Commission, Ian asserted that skills for front of house staff are vital. Training doesn’t
have to be outsourced and it doesn’t have to be expensive. Ian’s ambition is employ a
greater number of older fitness instructors to cater for demand from older clients. Ian
also relies on older volunteers to act as buddies.
Marketing to the older consumer needs to use images of real people. Members should be
consulted when making decisions which affect them. Word of mouth is the best form of
marketing. A key tactic is to train members so that they become advocates. Sport
England’s market research provides a useful source of information and insight on older
consumers.
Older consumers attrition is very low at Ian’s facilities, staying at around 3%.