Larry Catá Backer argues that effective systems of accountability for corporate violations of human rights, labor, and environmental standards require all stakeholders - states, enterprises, international organizations, civil society, and NGOs - to hold each other accountable. True accountability is multidirectional and context-dependent, operating through reciprocal relationships defined by objectives like norm generation, good governance, and institutional legitimacy. These objectives are pursued through diverse accountability mechanisms and grounded in the internal accountability structures of each actor. Effective accountability thus depends on coherent, multilayered frameworks encompassing self, mutual, and external accountability across this complex accountability ecology.