The document provides an overview of U.S. trade policy under the Trump Administration and its potential impacts. It discusses actions taken so far, including withdrawing from TPP, renegotiating NAFTA and KORUS, imposing tariffs on steel/aluminum and $50 billion of Chinese goods, and considering further tariffs. It notes business concerns over the rising protectionism and uncertainty. Looking ahead, it suggests the potential for more trade restrictions and enforcement actions, as well as uncertainty around ongoing negotiations and the future of the WTO.
The document discusses free trade and protectionism. It argues that while free trade agreements aim to reduce restrictions on trade, they still contain some restrictions requested by participating countries. This limits their potential economic benefits. Government spending policies can also hinder free trade by weakening a country's currency and competitiveness. The document concludes that for free trade to achieve balanced international economies, agreements need priorities balancing trade over any one country's interests and governments must responsibly manage finances.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
Lecture no. 17 world trade organization and regional trade agreementDildar Ali
The document discusses various trade organizations and agreements including:
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in 1947 and became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
- Important rounds of GATT negotiations including the Kennedy, Tokyo, and Uruguay rounds which established the WTO and expanded trade rules.
- Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and proposals for further agreements in other regions.
- Other existing regional organizations and trade blocs in Asia (ASEAN), South America (Mercosur), the Caribbean (CARICOM), and former Soviet states (CIS).
Should human rights be considered before giving preferential trading rightsSneh Sharma
The document discusses whether human rights should be considered when granting preferential trading rights to countries. It notes that the US and EU have increasingly included human rights protections in their trade agreements in recent decades. However, enforcing human rights standards through trade policy can be diplomatically disruptive, economically inefficient, ambiguous, and politically divisive for partner countries. While human rights are important moral principles, merging them with trade negotiations complexly impacts all parties and may not effectively protect rights.
This document provides an overview of international trade policies and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the arguments for and against government intervention in trade, the history of trade agreements like GATT, challenges faced by the WTO, and topics covered in the Doha Rounds of trade negotiations.
The document discusses the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement and argues that it undermines democracy and workers' rights. It asserts that the TPP would allow corporations to challenge laws and regulations through dispute resolution tribunals. Additionally, it claims the TPP sets rules on many non-trade issues and would force downward harmonization of policies like food safety standards. The document encourages resistance to the TPP's passage.
About PTA, Indian PTA, level of economic integration, Pros cons, Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral, indian few PTA, FTA, Chile, Mercosur, Malaysia, AFGHANISTAN, TAHILAND, BANGLADESH, JAPAN.
The document analyzes the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the textile and apparel (T&A) industry in the US. NAFTA aimed to eliminate trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico to increase economic growth and jobs. While NAFTA benefited consumers through increased trade and variety of affordable goods, it had mixed results for the T&A industry. It contributed to job losses in US apparel manufacturing but increased exports of US yarn and integration of NAFTA country firms. Overall, NAFTA opened new markets for T&A trade but also increased competition from Mexico and other lower-cost countries.
The document discusses free trade and protectionism. It argues that while free trade agreements aim to reduce restrictions on trade, they still contain some restrictions requested by participating countries. This limits their potential economic benefits. Government spending policies can also hinder free trade by weakening a country's currency and competitiveness. The document concludes that for free trade to achieve balanced international economies, agreements need priorities balancing trade over any one country's interests and governments must responsibly manage finances.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
Lecture no. 17 world trade organization and regional trade agreementDildar Ali
The document discusses various trade organizations and agreements including:
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in 1947 and became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
- Important rounds of GATT negotiations including the Kennedy, Tokyo, and Uruguay rounds which established the WTO and expanded trade rules.
- Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and proposals for further agreements in other regions.
- Other existing regional organizations and trade blocs in Asia (ASEAN), South America (Mercosur), the Caribbean (CARICOM), and former Soviet states (CIS).
Should human rights be considered before giving preferential trading rightsSneh Sharma
The document discusses whether human rights should be considered when granting preferential trading rights to countries. It notes that the US and EU have increasingly included human rights protections in their trade agreements in recent decades. However, enforcing human rights standards through trade policy can be diplomatically disruptive, economically inefficient, ambiguous, and politically divisive for partner countries. While human rights are important moral principles, merging them with trade negotiations complexly impacts all parties and may not effectively protect rights.
This document provides an overview of international trade policies and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the arguments for and against government intervention in trade, the history of trade agreements like GATT, challenges faced by the WTO, and topics covered in the Doha Rounds of trade negotiations.
The document discusses the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement and argues that it undermines democracy and workers' rights. It asserts that the TPP would allow corporations to challenge laws and regulations through dispute resolution tribunals. Additionally, it claims the TPP sets rules on many non-trade issues and would force downward harmonization of policies like food safety standards. The document encourages resistance to the TPP's passage.
About PTA, Indian PTA, level of economic integration, Pros cons, Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral, indian few PTA, FTA, Chile, Mercosur, Malaysia, AFGHANISTAN, TAHILAND, BANGLADESH, JAPAN.
The document analyzes the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the textile and apparel (T&A) industry in the US. NAFTA aimed to eliminate trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico to increase economic growth and jobs. While NAFTA benefited consumers through increased trade and variety of affordable goods, it had mixed results for the T&A industry. It contributed to job losses in US apparel manufacturing but increased exports of US yarn and integration of NAFTA country firms. Overall, NAFTA opened new markets for T&A trade but also increased competition from Mexico and other lower-cost countries.
In response to the recent news surrounding the trade war with China, Trade Risk Guaranty has prepared a new webinar explains the nuances around the topic. The presentation covers the following:
- An Update on the Current State of Import Tariffs
- Section 232: Autos and Auto Parts
- Section 301: List 3 Increase to 25%
- Section 301: List 4 Announcement
- Bond Sufficiency
- What's Next with Negotiations with China?
- The Exclusions Released for List 1
Cross national cooperation and agreements pptSachin Bohra
The document discusses cross-national cooperation through various international and regional trade agreements and economic integration efforts. It describes the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its role in facilitating global free trade. Various types and examples of regional economic integration are also outlined, including the European Union, NAFTA, and ASEAN. The key effects and structures of economic integration agreements are summarized.
It involves 12 countries: the US, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Peru.
The pact aims to deepen economic ties between these nations, slashing tariffs and fostering trade to boost growth.
Member countries are also hoping to foster a closer relationship on economic policies and regulation.
The agreement could create a new single market something like that of the EU.
Pretty big indeed. The 12 countries have a collective population of about 800 million - almost double that of the European Union's single market. The 12-nation would-be bloc is already responsible for 40% of world trade.
The deal is a remarkable achievement given the very different approaches and standards within the member countries, including environmental protection, workers' rights and regulatory coherence - not to mention the special protections that some countries have for certain industries
The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiating Background and ControversiesDr. Oliver Massmann
The document provides background information on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations. It discusses how the TPP negotiations originated from prior agreements between smaller Pacific nations. It expanded significantly when the United States joined in 2008. The TPP is the most ambitious free trade agreement to date, with negotiations covering 29 chapters and aiming to liberalize trade between countries representing 40% of global GDP. Key differences from past agreements include more extensive commitments in new areas like regulatory coherence, state-owned enterprises, and intellectual property. However, the high level of secrecy in negotiations has also attracted some controversy.
Trade blocs are preferential trade agreements between a subset of countries that significantly reduce trade barriers within member countries but maintain barriers with non-member countries. The document discusses the definition and examples of major trade blocs worldwide. It also analyzes the causes of trade bloc formation, including political motivations and pressures to liberalize trade regionally rather than multilaterally. Finally, it examines the potential trade and welfare effects of trade blocs on member and non-member countries.
The document discusses the importance of knowledge of international business for management students. A student pursuing a management degree may find themselves placed in a foreign country after graduation, so understanding international business helps prepare them mentally for an unfamiliar environment abroad. Regional economic integration is also discussed as an important topic within an international business course.
Regional economic integration refers to agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove trade barriers. Different levels of integration exist, from free trade areas with no barriers to goods and services, to customs unions with common external trade policies, to economic and monetary unions with synchronized fiscal and monetary policies and a shared currency. While integration increases economic growth and political cooperation, it also risks loss of sovereignty and job losses as domestic industries become uncompetitive. The formation of the European Union sought to foster lasting peace and economic power in Europe following two world wars.
Mercosur (Common Market of the South) is a regional trade bloc in South America consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay as full members. Venezuela's entry as a full member is pending ratification. The bloc aims to eliminate trade barriers and integrate economies regionally and across South America. However, Mercosur has become divided in recent years, with some members focused on trade and others wanting to expand its political role. The creation of the separate Union of South American Nations has also raised questions about Mercosur's future role and relevance in the region.
Regional economic cooperation (REG) refers to agreements between countries in a geographic region to reduce and eventually remove trade barriers. REG allows for freer flow of goods, services, and factors of production. There are several forms of REG ranging from free trade areas to political unions. Free trade areas only eliminate tariffs between members but allow individual commercial policies with non-members. Customs unions establish a common external tariff in addition to free trade. Common markets incorporate free movement of capital and labor. Economic unions harmonize economic policies and potentially monetary policies. Political unions establish supranational authorities to coordinate economic and foreign policies. REG can provide economic benefits like economies of scale but also costs like loss of policy control and trade diversion.
Trans Pacific Partnership (tpp) and Canada september 2017paul young cpa, cga
The document summarizes key aspects of the Trans Pacific Partnership agreement from Canada's perspective in September 2017. It provides background on the author and an overview of why trade deals are important in reducing barriers and stimulating economic growth. It then discusses specific issues like the impact on wages, exports from Canada, countries involved in the TPP, and issues with certain trade controls. The summary focuses on the main topics and does not include all details from the lengthy document.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
The aim of economic integration is to lessen costs for both consumers and producers, in addition to increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement.
A primary economic objective of integration is to raise:
a) real output and income of the participants
&
b) rate of growth
by increasing specialization and competition by facilitating desirable structural (linkages) changes.
International trade policies deal with how national governments regulate imports and exports through measures like tariffs and quotas. India transitioned in the 1990s from a closed economy with high tariffs and restrictions to a more open one, increasing trade as a percentage of GDP. The objectives of trade policies are to both protect domestic industries but also optimize resources and benefit consumers through increased market access and trade.
The document discusses the history of US-China trade relations and the ongoing trade war between the two countries. It provides background on China joining the WTO in 2001 and the growth in trade between the US and China in the following years. However, wage stagnation in the US and China's large trade surplus led to rising tensions. In 2017, the Trump administration launched an investigation and imposed tariffs on Chinese goods. China retaliated with its own tariffs, escalating the trade war. Studies suggest both countries will face economic impacts, while the global economy will also experience effects from the ongoing conflict.
The realities of the Trade War between the United States and China. This in depth analysis is here for you so you can be informed on current events especially as President Trump continues to attempt negotiations with China. See more and subscribe at colossuspolitics.com.
The document discusses different types of regional economic integration agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It then provides examples of regional integration in Europe through the European Union and in the Americas through agreements like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and attempts to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The benefits and challenges of regional integration are also examined.
The document discusses regional economic integration and its various stages. It provides examples of major trade blocs like NAFTA, ASEAN, MERCOSUR, and the EU. The stages of integration range from free trade areas with no tariffs between members but individual external tariffs, to customs unions with unified external tariffs, to common markets that also allow free movement of capital and labor. Deeper integration involves common currencies and unified economic policies. Both trade creation and diversion effects as well as other advantages and disadvantages are discussed in relation to economic integration.
national differences in political economy
,
what is individualism?
,
what is a political economy?
,
what is a political system?
,
what is collectivism?
,
how does modern-day socialism look?
,
how can intellectual property be protected?
,
how are contracts enforced in different legal syst
,
what is product safety and liability
,
how are property rights and corruption related?
,
what is an economic system
,
what is totalitarianism?
,
what is a legal system?
The document discusses globalization and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes how globalization has increased integration between nations through reduced trade barriers and technological advances. While globalization has benefits like economic growth and development, it also has criticisms like widening inequality between rich and poor nations. The WTO, established in 1995, regulates international trade and seeks to reduce trade barriers through negotiations and dispute settlement. It has over 160 member countries and works to promote free trade through agreements and principles like most favored nation status.
This presentation exposes relevant information about trade agreements. What are trade agreements, what are tariff and non-tariff barriers, what main trade agreements exist today, what is the WTO.
In response to the recent news surrounding the trade war with China, Trade Risk Guaranty has prepared a new webinar explains the nuances around the topic. The presentation covers the following:
- An Update on the Current State of Import Tariffs
- Section 232: Autos and Auto Parts
- Section 301: List 3 Increase to 25%
- Section 301: List 4 Announcement
- Bond Sufficiency
- What's Next with Negotiations with China?
- The Exclusions Released for List 1
Cross national cooperation and agreements pptSachin Bohra
The document discusses cross-national cooperation through various international and regional trade agreements and economic integration efforts. It describes the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its role in facilitating global free trade. Various types and examples of regional economic integration are also outlined, including the European Union, NAFTA, and ASEAN. The key effects and structures of economic integration agreements are summarized.
It involves 12 countries: the US, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Peru.
The pact aims to deepen economic ties between these nations, slashing tariffs and fostering trade to boost growth.
Member countries are also hoping to foster a closer relationship on economic policies and regulation.
The agreement could create a new single market something like that of the EU.
Pretty big indeed. The 12 countries have a collective population of about 800 million - almost double that of the European Union's single market. The 12-nation would-be bloc is already responsible for 40% of world trade.
The deal is a remarkable achievement given the very different approaches and standards within the member countries, including environmental protection, workers' rights and regulatory coherence - not to mention the special protections that some countries have for certain industries
The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiating Background and ControversiesDr. Oliver Massmann
The document provides background information on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations. It discusses how the TPP negotiations originated from prior agreements between smaller Pacific nations. It expanded significantly when the United States joined in 2008. The TPP is the most ambitious free trade agreement to date, with negotiations covering 29 chapters and aiming to liberalize trade between countries representing 40% of global GDP. Key differences from past agreements include more extensive commitments in new areas like regulatory coherence, state-owned enterprises, and intellectual property. However, the high level of secrecy in negotiations has also attracted some controversy.
Trade blocs are preferential trade agreements between a subset of countries that significantly reduce trade barriers within member countries but maintain barriers with non-member countries. The document discusses the definition and examples of major trade blocs worldwide. It also analyzes the causes of trade bloc formation, including political motivations and pressures to liberalize trade regionally rather than multilaterally. Finally, it examines the potential trade and welfare effects of trade blocs on member and non-member countries.
The document discusses the importance of knowledge of international business for management students. A student pursuing a management degree may find themselves placed in a foreign country after graduation, so understanding international business helps prepare them mentally for an unfamiliar environment abroad. Regional economic integration is also discussed as an important topic within an international business course.
Regional economic integration refers to agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove trade barriers. Different levels of integration exist, from free trade areas with no barriers to goods and services, to customs unions with common external trade policies, to economic and monetary unions with synchronized fiscal and monetary policies and a shared currency. While integration increases economic growth and political cooperation, it also risks loss of sovereignty and job losses as domestic industries become uncompetitive. The formation of the European Union sought to foster lasting peace and economic power in Europe following two world wars.
Mercosur (Common Market of the South) is a regional trade bloc in South America consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay as full members. Venezuela's entry as a full member is pending ratification. The bloc aims to eliminate trade barriers and integrate economies regionally and across South America. However, Mercosur has become divided in recent years, with some members focused on trade and others wanting to expand its political role. The creation of the separate Union of South American Nations has also raised questions about Mercosur's future role and relevance in the region.
Regional economic cooperation (REG) refers to agreements between countries in a geographic region to reduce and eventually remove trade barriers. REG allows for freer flow of goods, services, and factors of production. There are several forms of REG ranging from free trade areas to political unions. Free trade areas only eliminate tariffs between members but allow individual commercial policies with non-members. Customs unions establish a common external tariff in addition to free trade. Common markets incorporate free movement of capital and labor. Economic unions harmonize economic policies and potentially monetary policies. Political unions establish supranational authorities to coordinate economic and foreign policies. REG can provide economic benefits like economies of scale but also costs like loss of policy control and trade diversion.
Trans Pacific Partnership (tpp) and Canada september 2017paul young cpa, cga
The document summarizes key aspects of the Trans Pacific Partnership agreement from Canada's perspective in September 2017. It provides background on the author and an overview of why trade deals are important in reducing barriers and stimulating economic growth. It then discusses specific issues like the impact on wages, exports from Canada, countries involved in the TPP, and issues with certain trade controls. The summary focuses on the main topics and does not include all details from the lengthy document.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
The aim of economic integration is to lessen costs for both consumers and producers, in addition to increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement.
A primary economic objective of integration is to raise:
a) real output and income of the participants
&
b) rate of growth
by increasing specialization and competition by facilitating desirable structural (linkages) changes.
International trade policies deal with how national governments regulate imports and exports through measures like tariffs and quotas. India transitioned in the 1990s from a closed economy with high tariffs and restrictions to a more open one, increasing trade as a percentage of GDP. The objectives of trade policies are to both protect domestic industries but also optimize resources and benefit consumers through increased market access and trade.
The document discusses the history of US-China trade relations and the ongoing trade war between the two countries. It provides background on China joining the WTO in 2001 and the growth in trade between the US and China in the following years. However, wage stagnation in the US and China's large trade surplus led to rising tensions. In 2017, the Trump administration launched an investigation and imposed tariffs on Chinese goods. China retaliated with its own tariffs, escalating the trade war. Studies suggest both countries will face economic impacts, while the global economy will also experience effects from the ongoing conflict.
The realities of the Trade War between the United States and China. This in depth analysis is here for you so you can be informed on current events especially as President Trump continues to attempt negotiations with China. See more and subscribe at colossuspolitics.com.
The document discusses different types of regional economic integration agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It then provides examples of regional integration in Europe through the European Union and in the Americas through agreements like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and attempts to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The benefits and challenges of regional integration are also examined.
The document discusses regional economic integration and its various stages. It provides examples of major trade blocs like NAFTA, ASEAN, MERCOSUR, and the EU. The stages of integration range from free trade areas with no tariffs between members but individual external tariffs, to customs unions with unified external tariffs, to common markets that also allow free movement of capital and labor. Deeper integration involves common currencies and unified economic policies. Both trade creation and diversion effects as well as other advantages and disadvantages are discussed in relation to economic integration.
national differences in political economy
,
what is individualism?
,
what is a political economy?
,
what is a political system?
,
what is collectivism?
,
how does modern-day socialism look?
,
how can intellectual property be protected?
,
how are contracts enforced in different legal syst
,
what is product safety and liability
,
how are property rights and corruption related?
,
what is an economic system
,
what is totalitarianism?
,
what is a legal system?
The document discusses globalization and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes how globalization has increased integration between nations through reduced trade barriers and technological advances. While globalization has benefits like economic growth and development, it also has criticisms like widening inequality between rich and poor nations. The WTO, established in 1995, regulates international trade and seeks to reduce trade barriers through negotiations and dispute settlement. It has over 160 member countries and works to promote free trade through agreements and principles like most favored nation status.
This presentation exposes relevant information about trade agreements. What are trade agreements, what are tariff and non-tariff barriers, what main trade agreements exist today, what is the WTO.
Will the New Era of Trade Protectionism Under the Trump Regime Make America G...Christiana Wu
Trump's trade policies aim to reduce trade deficits and bring manufacturing jobs back to the US. This includes withdrawing from TPP, renegotiating NAFTA, and imposing import taxes. While this may boost domestic industry in the short run, it could also spark trade wars and slow economic growth in partner countries like Mexico and China. The long term economic impacts are unclear as free trade has both benefits and costs for different sectors of the economy.
Trans-Pacific Partnership and Fast Track Powerpointbootsmade4walkin
The document summarizes concerns about the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement. It argues that the TPP will incentivize offshoring of US manufacturing jobs to countries like Vietnam and China by providing special legal protections for corporations. It also claims the TPP will allow corporations to challenge environmental, public health and other domestic laws before international tribunals. Additionally, the document says the TPP negotiations have been conducted in extreme secrecy without access for the public or most elected officials.
Chapter11Economic Instruments271Dateline New NAFTADJinElias52
Chapter11
Economic Instruments
271
Dateline: New NAFTA
During his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump repeatedly referred to the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as “the worst trade deal maybe ever signed anywhere.” (See the Historical Lesson at the end of this section for details about this agreement.) He promised that on his first day in office he would announce plans to renegotiate it.
Day one came and went with no NAFTA announcement. Instead, Trump’s rhetoric suggested otherwise; he threatened to abandon NAFTA much as he had already done with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). However, in late March 2017, the administration circulated an eight-page draft that did not contain a threat of withdrawal. Instead, it put forward 272negotiating points consistent with the views of many free trade pro-NAFTA Republicans in Congress.
Just under thirty days later, the pendulum swung in the opposite direction and then back toward negotiation. First, stories emerged that Trump was going to announce a new executive order putting the withdrawal process in motion. This set off a wave of activity, including phone calls from the president of Mexico, the prime minister of Canada, and congressional Republican’s warning against doing so. By that evening, Trump announced that he would not withdraw. The White House asserted that the confusion following word of his upcoming announcement had energized Mexico and Canada into coming to the negotiating table. Critics noted that Canada and Mexico were already at the table, as they had already made trade concessions and were waiting for the United States. Some two weeks later, on May 18, Trump sent a short notice to Congress indicating that he planned to renegotiate NAFTA, a legal necessity (Congress had to be given ninety days’ notice of such a decision). Unlike the earlier draft sent to Congress, this announcement was vague regarding the changes that would be sought.
Negotiations began in August, with the Trump administration defining NAFTA as having “fundamentally failed.” Each country brought its own set of concerns to the table. The United States was concerned with reducing the trade deficit, forcing carmakers to use more parts made in the United States, and increasing U.S. influence in NAFTA’s dispute resolution process. Canada’s main concerns were with low wages in Mexico and right-to-work laws that weakened labor unions. Among Mexico’s primary concerns was revitalization of its energy industry. All three countries agreed that NAFTA had to be modernized to take telecommunications and digital trade into account. This was not seen as difficult, since such provisions had already been incorporated into the TPP and could now be placed into the new NAFTA agreement. More contentious were calls by the United States for a sunset clause that would allow the treaty to end after five years unless all three countries agreed to renew it.
Negotiations dragged on into the spring of 2018. President Trump ...
This document provides an overview of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It discusses the history and purpose of NAFTA, signed in 1994 to eliminate trade barriers and facilitate cross-border movement of goods between the US, Canada, and Mexico. The document outlines some of NAFTA's main objectives like granting most favored nation status and eliminating barriers to trade. It also discusses both the advantages of NAFTA like increased trade and foreign investment, and the disadvantages like job losses in some US industries that moved production to Mexico to lower costs.
This document contains Wasim Sajjad's presentation on the history of international trade policy for his 6th semester BS in Economics. It discusses several major ideas and periods in trade policy history, including tariffs for revenue, mercantilism, comparative advantage, free trade in Britain and the US, the GATT, Washington Consensus, and strategic trade policy. It provides examples and context for each major concept or period discussed.
The document argues that Congress should vote down the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement for three key reasons:
1. The TPP's intellectual property regulations would transform copyright laws in overbearing ways that criminalize ordinary digital and internet activities and jeopardize online privacy.
2. The TPP's labor standards would only marginally benefit American workers.
3. The TPP's environmental standards are poor and inadequate.
The document contends that these aspects of the TPP should make Congress hesitate to pass the agreement.
The United States Turns Inward: Thoughts on US Trade Policy and US-Asian Trade Relations by Keith Maskus
http://iems.ust.hk/events/insights/maskus-united-states-turns-inward-thoughts-on-us-trade-policy-and-us-asian-trade-relations
U.S. economic outlook: Effects from tax cuts, trade war, etc.Shay Moser
Robert J. Barro, the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University, delivered the keynote address at the 56th Annual ASU Economic Forecast Luncheon on Dec. 11, 2019, at the Phoenix Convention Center.
Robert J. Barro is Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University, a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. He has a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University and a B.S. in physics from Caltech.
Barro is co-editor of Harvard’s Quarterly Journal of Economics and has been President of the Western Economic Association and Vice President of the American Economic Association. He was a viewpoint columnist for Business Week from 1998 to 2006 and a contributing editor of The Wall Street Journal from 1991 to 1998. He has written extensively on macroeconomics and economic growth.
Recent research involves rare macroeconomic disasters, corporate tax reform, religion & economy, empirical determinants of economic growth, and economic effects of public debt and budget deficits. Recent books include Religion and Economy (forthcoming with Rachel McCleary), Economic Growth (2nd edition, with Xavier Sala-i-Martin), Nothing Is Sacred: Economic Ideas for the New Millennium, Determinants of Economic Growth, and Getting It Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society.
This document provides a timeline and overview of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It discusses how the idea for NAFTA was originally proposed in the 1980s and negotiations began between the US, Canada and Mexico. Key events included the signing of CUSFTA in 1988, negotiations throughout the early 1990s, and the final signing of NAFTA in 1992. NAFTA took effect in 1994 and created the world's largest free trade zone between the three countries. The document outlines the objectives of NAFTA, as well as debates around both the pros and cons of the agreement.
Lecture 3 Globalization and Emerging market (1).pptHotelGreenPalace
Globalization and emerging markets have contributed significantly to growth in international trade over recent decades. Three key factors have driven globalization: 1) liberalization of trade barriers lowered restrictions on the flow of goods and services; 2) technological advances in transportation and communication reduced costs and barriers to international business; 3) increased economic integration through regional trade agreements and cooperation organizations further opened markets. Emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India have become larger players in international trade and foreign direct investment as their economies have grown rapidly under conditions of globalization.
Globalization has increased in recent decades due to several interrelated factors:
1) Advances in technology like computing and the internet have reduced communication and transportation costs, enabling more global trade.
2) Governments have increasingly liberalized trade policies by reducing barriers to the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.
3) The development of global industries in services has facilitated international business transactions and commerce.
Presidential Authority For International TradeMIQ Logistics
Do you know the President’s authority as it related to international trade and commerce? This presentation provides insight into the President’s authority according to language in the Constitution, Executive Authority per specific Trade Acts, as well as historical precedents. The presentation also reviews the current status of NAFTA and the potential impact to Regional Value Content if the trade agreement is renegotiated.
trade liberalization legislation
presidential authority to negotiate bilateral tariff reduction if reciprocal in nature
most favored nation clause – agreement by two nations to maintain tariffs to each other as low as those applied to any other nation
now called normal trade relations
two exceptions – preferential tariffs on:
imports from developing nations
imports from nations that are members of the same free trade area
critics: WTO dispute settlement effectively supersedes decisions by U.S. government
counterargument: WTO findings cannot force the U.S. to change its laws
U.S. may choose to change its laws, compensate foreign countries, or do nothing & live with repercussions from other nations
economists: benefits of membership, namely normal trade relations with all members, compared with the costs
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
Canada's trade relationship with the US today | Hamilton Steel Summit Keynote...Gowling WLG
On Sept. 7, 2018, Gowling WLG and the City of Hamilton hosted a public summit at Hamilton's City Hall exploring the key challenges facing Hamilton's steel industry - with an emphasis on current obstacles posed by new U.S. tariffs.
6 The Political Environment A CRITICAL CONCERNCHAPTER OUTLINE.docxevonnehoggarth79783
6: The Political Environment: A CRITICAL CONCERN
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Global Perspective: World Trade Goes Bananas
The Sovereignty of Nations
Stability of Government Policies
Forms of Government
Political Parties
Nationalism
Targeted Fear and/or Animosity
Trade Disputes
Political Risks of Global Business
Confiscation, Expropriation, and Domestication
Economic Risks
Political Sanctions
Political and Social Activists and Nongovernmental Organizations
Violence, Terrorism, and War
Cyberterrorism and Cybercrime
Assessing Political Vulnerability
Politically Sensitive Products and Issues
Forecasting Political Risk
Lessening Political Vulnerability
Joint Ventures
Expanding the Investment Base
Licensing
Planned Domestication
Political Bargaining
Political Payoffs
Government Encouragement
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What you should learn from Chapter 6:
•What the sovereignty of nations means and how it can affect the stability of government policies
•How different governmental types, political parties, nationalism, targeted fear/animosity, and trade disputes can affect the environment for marketing in foreign countries
•The political risks of global business and the factors that affect stability
•The importance of the political system to international marketing and its effect on foreign investments
•The impact of political and social activists, violence, and terrorism on international business
•How to assess and reduce the effect of political vulnerabililty
•How and why governments encourage foreign investment
Global Perspective: WORLD TRADE GOES BANANAS
Rather than bruising Chiquita Bananas, the wrath of politics instead has hammered Prosciutto di Parma ham from Italy, handbags from France, and bath oils and soaps from Germany. These and a host of other imported products from Europe were all slapped with a 100 percent import tariff as retaliation by the U.S. government against European Union banana-import rules that favor Caribbean bananas over Latin American bananas. Keep in mind that no bananas are exported from the United States, yet the United States has been engaged in a trade war over the past seven years that has cost numerous small businesses on both sides of the Atlantic millions of dollars. But how can this be, you ask? Politics, that’s how!
One small business, Reha Enterprises, for example, sells bath oil, soaps, and other supplies imported from Germany. The tariff on its most popular product, an herbal foam bath, was raised from 5 percent to 100 percent. The customs bill for six months spiraled to $37,783 from just $1,851—a 1,941 percent tax increase. For a small business whose gross sales are less than $1 million annually, it was crippling. When Reha heard of the impending “banana war,” he called everyone—his congressperson, his senator, the United States Trade Representative (USTR). When he described his plight to the USTR, an official there expressed amazement. “They were surprised I was still importing,” because they thought the tariff woul.
9 International Trade and Immigration Elite–Mass ConflictThe eli.docxevonnehoggarth79783
9 International Trade and Immigration Elite–Mass Conflict
The elite model portrays public policy as a reflection of the interests and values of elites. The model does not necessarily require that elites and masses be locked in conflict—conflict in which elites inevitably prevail at the expense of masses. Rather, the model envisions elites determining the direction of public policy, with the masses largely apathetic and poorly informed and/or heavily influenced by elite views. The model also acknowledges that elites may choose to pursue “public regarding” policies that benefit masses. Nonetheless, critics of the elite model often demand proof of elite–mass conflict over public policy and the subsequent shaping of policy to reflect elite preferences over mass well-being. Indeed, critics often demand proof that elites knowingly pursue policies that benefit themselves while hurting a majority of Americans. While this is not a fair test of elite theory, there is ample evidence that on occasion elites do pursue narrow self-serving interests.
In describing immigration and international trade policy, we rely on the elite model. Arguably, U.S. policy, especially in international trade, serves the interests of the nation’s largest multinational corporations at the expense of average American workers. We will argue that global trade policies have lowered average earnings and increased inequality in America. We will also argue that masses and elites have very different policy preferences regarding immigration.
The Global Economy
International trade—the buying and selling of goods and services between individuals and firms located in different countries—has expanded very rapidly in recent decades. Today, almost one-quarter of the world’s total output is sold in a country other than the one in which it was produced. Today the United States exports about 12 percent of the value of its gross domestic product (GDP) and imports about 17 percent.1 Exports and imports were only about 10 percent of GDP in 1980 (see Figure 9–1). Global competition heavily impacts the American economy.
FIGURE 9–1 U.S. World Trade
The “trade deficit”—the difference between what Americans import from abroad and what they export—has become wider over the years.
SOURCE: Bureau of Economic Analysis, www.bea.gov.
Currently, America’s leading trading partners are Canada, Mexico, China, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Great Britain, South Korea, France, and Italy (see Figure 9–2). Note that some of these nations (Canada, Japan, Germany, for example) are advanced industrialized economies not unlike our own. But trade with developing countries (Mexico, China, Taiwan, South Korea, for example) is growing rapidly. And, as we shall see, it is trade with these nations that raises the most serious problems for America’s labor force.
Years ago America’s principal imports were oil and agricultural products not grown in the United States, for example, coffee. Today, however, our largest dollar-value import.
The document discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It provides background on NAFTA, including that it was signed in 1992 and entered into force in 1994. It created a trade bloc between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The document then summarizes the impacts of NAFTA on each of the member countries. It states that NAFTA had a modest positive economic impact on Canada, Mexico, and the US as measured by GDP increases. It also increased trade, exports, and foreign investment between the member countries.
Similar to United States Trade Policy Update – and the impact on NAFTA and TPP (20)
Manufacturers can be difficult to work with, not returning calls or dropping projects mid-production. Through years of experience, Anna Livermore, founder, and CEO of V. Mora, has compiled a list of insider tips and tricks to successfully work with a manufacturer.
By 2030, the United Nations wants to eradicate poverty through a set of 17 ambitious development goals. The apparel and textile industry has a big role to play through sustainable trade. But, what exactly does sustainable trade mean? Is it related to the environment, labor, or productive capacities? How is it to be implemented? and more importantly, how can the fashion industry balance sustainability with profits? International Trade Attorney and Strategist, Magda Theodate, will explore the meaning of sustainable trade from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; share recommendations for implementing a sustainable trade program, and point to examples of where sustainability and profits merge.
Mistakes are common with new designers. In this seminar, Anna Livermore, founder, and CEO of V. Mora provides solutions to avoid them and see them before they hit, saving valuable time and money.
Brand building should be a planned process. This seminar will help you understand the overview of the necessary steps to creating a brand. The process of building a brand first begins by identifying either a need or a niche market, and then developing a product that has the ability to become recognized as a label. A brand building strategy must be an instant story with a recognizable consistent message.
Understanding the complexity of how to cost-effectively plays a major part in achieving a successful and profit-driven business. In a multi-faceted industry, there are many important components that need to be fully understood when calculating a selling price. Determining all the costs that make up a cost sheet will be the key to a successful and long-lasting business. But costing too high can cost a business out of business and costing too low will result in a financial loss. This seminar will explain these important facets.
Trade policy today and the impact on sourcingJason Prescott
The United States Fashion Industry Association (USFIA) President Julie Hughes will provide an update on the key issues and developments in the U.S. trade policy for 2019 and beyond. Due to the tariffs and retail disruptions, it can be difficult for companies to stay ahead in these uncertain times. Join the United States Fashion Industry Association (USFIA) President Julia Hughes for an update on the latest actions for new tariffs and trade retaliation affecting U.S. fashion brands and retailers. Hear the latest on the current Administration’s trade policy and what’s on the horizon from a DC insider, including strategies for fashion brands, retailers, and manufacturers to mitigate the impact on your business.
Canada-Ukraine Trade and Investment Support ProjectJason Prescott
The Canada-Ukraine Trade and Investment Support (CUTIS) Project is a 5-year (2016-2021) Canadian development assistance initiative designed to lower poverty in Ukraine through increasing exports from Ukraine to Canada and investment from Canada to Ukraine.
CUTIS project in partnership with the Ministry of economic development and Export Promotion Office will provide Ukrainian businesses with the information needed to export their goods to Canada and attract Canadian investments.
The Comprehensive & Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and Sourcin...Jason Prescott
This panel discussion will go cover the following topics pertaining to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the opportunities for sourcing in Vietnam:
– How textiles and apparel goods will have access and qualify for preferential treatment within TPP countries and particularly Vietnam
– The TPP’s impact on manufacturing, supply chain, procurement, as well as customer and supplier relationships
– Specific verification procedures to be followed for textile and apparel companies
– The TPP and Existing Free Trade Agreements
– Qualifying for TPP Benefits
– Duty Reduction Staging and Special Safeguard Measures
Least Developed Countries Update (LDC) & the Import/Export process.Jason Prescott
Germain LeBlanc, of Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) will provide an update on the Least Developed Countries Program, and outline how CBSA audits the program. He will also give an overview of common trade practices when importing goods into Canada.
Germain has presented this as a webinar twice for the CAF in the last 2 years. Since the introduction of the LDC program in 2003 many apparel importers have used it to import duty-free from countries such as Bangladesh and Cambodia. Imports are subject to audit by CBSA and the documentation requirements in particular- are substantial.
Former Donna Karan and Calvin Klein Executive Sal Khokhar will discuss strategies and processes for International Designers looking to enter the North American Market. As a 20-year veteran leading market entry strategies for both designer and contemporary brands such as Yohji Yamamoto Adidas, Emmanuel Ungaro, Van Heusen, and US Polo – Khokhar will discuss some of the biggest opportunities that lie ahead for the next generation.
Be part of a discussion on how retailers, designers, licensors, manufacturers, editors, publicists, and private equity can collaborate to NAVIGATE the business of fashion towards an exciting future. The discussion primarily will focus on the NEXT 10 YEARS. Trends towards non-traditional collaborations, celebrities, and retailers, mobile and movies, athletes and sponsors, luxury and mass, factories and creatives.
The role of e.commerce and real-time access to product design through vertical manufacturing partnerships, online shopping, and experiential marketing. The value of manufacturing partnerships, knowing your customers and going back to the fundamentals of building locally before growing globally.
TFO Canada: Diversifying your Sources of Supply by Working with Developing Co...Jason Prescott
TFO Canada, the experts in trade for developing countries and the primary Canadian point of contact for emerging businesses exporting to Canada and other foreign markets will be showcased in this session featuring TFO Canada’s Executive Director, Steve Tipman. The session will include an overview on how the not-for-profit succeeds with creating sustainable trade partnerships by shedding a spotlight on recent success stories, including last year’s participation at the ATSC.
How Responsible Sourcing Impacts Your Bottom LineJason Prescott
This document discusses how responsible sourcing impacts companies' bottom lines. It argues that a company's license to operate and ability to profit depends on ensuring a responsibly managed supply chain. It recommends adopting independently certified responsible sourcing practices through a management systems approach involving commitment from leadership, documentation, and employee training. It presents the Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP) program as a leading solution, as the largest independent factory certification program focused on apparel and footwear sectors. Certification provides credibility, transparency and protects companies' bottom lines in today's business environment where social purpose is increasingly important.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Disruption on the Supply ChainJason Prescott
Global industry veteran Jeff Streader discusses a critical component for success in today’s digital world and how this effects the modern supply chain. He shares his view on successful strategies and tactics that brands and retailers along with their supplier/ partners, need to understand and collaborate together. Jeff emphasizes the magnitude of understanding today’s digital consumer and how the Design Chain and Supply Chain, will work on the near future in a data-driven end-to-end value chain.
Made In The USA: Apparel & Textile Manufacturing Resurges In AmericaJason Prescott
The demand for style, market proximity, innovation in technology and quality all contribute to the increase in popularity of Made and Designed in the USA textile and apparel.
Apparel Textile Sourcing - Mexican Exports To The USA and CanadaJason Prescott
Near sourcing and speed to the market have put Mexico and the America's at the center of major importers purchasing demands. The following was given by Jason Prescott to apparel & textile manufacturers invited by Pro Mexico and Canieve. Apparel Textile Sourcing Miami and Canada are produced by TopTenWholesale.com & Manufacturter.com
Apparel & Textile Sourcing Evolution - Trends in The USA + China Market Jason Prescott
The evolution of the apparel and textile market continues to go through major transformations. This presentation was given to the council members of the China Chamber Of Commerce For Import and Exports of Textiles and Apparel June 20th 2017 in Qingdao. Jason Prescott - CEO of JP Communications INC ( TopTenWholesale.com - Manufacturer.com - Apparel Textile Sourcing Canada Trade Show ) was the presenter.
Apparel Textile Souring Tradeshow 2017 Overview Jason Prescott
Apparel Textile Sourcing Canada connects the entire supply chain. Over 17 countries are represented and highlighting their production capabilities to retailers, designers, brands, wholesalers, trading companies, universities and government attendees. ATSC is one of the fastest growing trade show in world. It is organized by JP Communications INC, publishers of TopTenWholesale.com and Manufacturer.com .
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSS
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
United States Trade Policy Update – and the impact on NAFTA and TPP
1. U.S. TRADE POLICY UPDATE: IMPACT ON NAFTA, TPP
… & BUSINESS
Presented By:
Julia K. Hughes, President
United States Fashion Industry Association (USFIA)
August 20, 2018
www.ApparelTextileSourcing.com/canada/
UNITED STATES
FASHION INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
2. 1
About the United States Fashion Industry Association
USFIA Members & Affiliates include…
• Brands, retailers, importers, and wholesalers of apparel, textiles, footwear,
accessories, travel goods, home products, and other fashion products
• Service providers, including customs brokers, freight forwarders, law firms,
logistics providers, steamship lines, and testing and certification companies
• Manufacturers and suppliers of finished products and inputs
• Supplier associations, business councils, and promotional groups and agencies
• Academic institutions
3. 2
The New U.S. Trade Policy
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
• Let’s look beyond the campaign trail rhetoric and see what the new Administration
has said and done in the first twenty months in office.
• During the first year, the trade policy debate was “ferocious” between the
“globalists” and the “protectionists.”
• Who are the key decisionmakers today?
4. 3
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration – Cabinet
Robert Lighthizer Wilbur Ross Steven Mnuchin
United States
Trade
Representative
Secretary of
Commerce
Secretary of the
Treasury
5. 4
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration – White House
Peter Navarro
Director of the White
House National Trade
Council
Larry Kudlow
Director of the
National Economic
Council
6. 5
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• Withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
• Five Executive Orders and four Presidential Memoranda on trade
• Renegotiation of key Free Trade Agreements
• New trade actions and retaliation starting in 2018
7. 6
President Trump’s Authority on Trade
Statute Presidential Powers
NAFTA Implementation Act of 1993 May terminate agreement with six months notice. Ability to proclaim a return to most-favored-nation tariffs on
imports from Canada and Mexico. Ability to proclaim additional duties following consultations with Congress.
International Emergency Economic
Powers Act of 1977
Regulation of all forms of international commerce, including the power to freeze all kinds of foreign-owned assets,
if the President declares a “national emergency” with respect to a foreign threat
Trade Act of 1974, Section 122 Imposition of tariffs up to 15%, quantity restrictions, or both, for up to a 150-day period, when large US payment
deficits exist, or to prevent a significant depreciation of the dollar
Trade Act of 1974, Section 301 Ability to take retaliatory actions (e.g., tariffs and quotas) against any country that violates or otherwise denies
benefits under any trade agreement with the United States
Trade Expansion Act of 1962, Section
232(b)
Ability to take action (e.g., impose tariffs or quotas) against imports to mitigate a threat to or impairment of
national security when the Secretary of Commerce finds certain imports to impose such a threat
Tariff Act of 1930, Section 338 Provides broad authority to raise tariffs and block imports in situations where the President determines that a
foreign country has unfairly affected commerce in the United States.
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 Regulation of all forms of international commerce, including the power to freeze all kinds of foreign-owned assets,
during a time of war
8. 7
US Section 301 Tariff Measures on Chinese Products
List 1 Products that generally fall into the
technology sector and cut across the
aerospace, information and
communications technology, robotics,
industrial machinery, and automotive
industries (818 Tariff lines)
July 6, 2018 25% on $34 billion
annual trade value
Exclusion instructions
published in July.
Deadline in October.
List 2 Products principally identified under
China’s “Made in China 2025” policy
(279 Tariff lines)
August 23, 2018 25% on $16 billion
annual trade value
Public hearing in July.
Exclusion process TBD.
List 3 Many products including consumer
items such as headwear, leather
apparel, handbags, luggage, gloves,
and furniture. (6031 Tariff lines)
TBD 10% or 25% on $200
billion annual trade value
Public hearing August
20-27. Exclusion process
TBD.
Affected products Effective date Tariff rate Process
9. 8
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• Self-initiation of Section 232 cases to safeguard the U.S. economic national
security: steel and aluminum
• As of August 7, U.S. raised more than $2 billion in new tariffs
• The biggest trade decision yet – and the potential to ignite a global trade war.
232 case on autos
10. 9
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• 301 Case on Chinese practices related to forced technology transfers, unfair
licensing requirements and IPR Violations. This has the potential for the highest
penalties and biggest retaliation.
• As of August 7, raised $477 million
• “ We have a very big IP potential fine going, which is going to come out soon.”
11. 10
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• 301 Case on Chinese practices related to forced technology transfers, unfair
licensing requirements and IPR Violations.
• Penalties focused only on China and the proposed retaliation lists contains many
types of products.
12. 11
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
Section 232
“National Security”
Steel & Aluminum
Section 301
“IP Theft”
Intermediate/Capital
Goods
US imposes
$34b on July 6
$16b proposedChina retaliates
$34b on July 6
US imposes
$2.8b on March
23
China retaliates
$2.4b on April 2
1
2
3
4
5
US counter-
retaliates $200b
on July 10
Pledges $16b
retaliation
13. 12
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• Bloomberg News highlights the potential for major impact from the 301 case.
• “Chinese manufacturers won’t be the only ones hurt in a trade was, as their close
relationships as suppliers to American brands will likely create a ripple effect.”
14. 13
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
Bloomberg News “Trump’s China levy threat puts Walmart, Nike suppliers on notice”
15. 14
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
Bloomberg News “Trump’s China levy threat puts Walmart, Nike suppliers on notice”
16. 15
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• Began official re-negotiation of NAFTA with the goal to finish by the end of 2017.
Still talking in August 2018 BUT rumors that there will be a deal soon.
“I personally don't think you can make a deal without a termination but we're going
to see what happens. Okay? You're in good hands, I can tell you.”
19. 18
Trade Update from Deputy USTR Jeffrey Gerrish
at CBP 2018 Trade Symposium
• “Our trade agenda is driven by a pragmatic determination to use the
leverage available to the world’s largest economy to open markets, obtain
more efficient global markets, and receive fairer treatment for American
businesses and workers.”
• “This is certainly true in our ongoing renegotiation of the North American
Free Trade Agreement where we are seeking to have Mexico and Canada
offer treatment that is reciprocal to our world-leading customs service
and border procedures. In the NAFTA renegotiations, we have called on
Mexico and Canada to increase transparency, simplify processes, and
ensure a high level of integrity and fairness.”
22. 21
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What has the Trump Administration done so far on trade?
• Re-negotiation of the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement
• Less media coverage than the NAFTA talks but still the potential to start a trade
war
23. 22
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
2018 Trade Policy Agenda
Introduction to the 2018 Trade Policy Agenda
“In 2016, President Trump told Americans, “Ladies and Gentlemen, it’s time to
declare our economic independence once again.” Less than two years later, the
Trump Administration has begun fulfilling that promise.”
25. 24
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What’s Next?
• More trade restrictions based on National Security concerns (Section 232)
• More trade enforcement measures
• More self-initiated trade remedy cases
• Uncertain future for the World Trade Organization
• New FTAs:
– with the United Kingdom (after Brexit)
– with Asia – Japan? the Philippines?
– with Africa
26. 24
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
What’s Next?
• Potential for additional import duties – Reciprocal Taxes
“When a country Taxes our products coming in at, say, 50%, and we Tax the same
product coming into our country at ZERO, not fair or smart. We will soon be starting
RECIPROCAL TAXES so that we will charge the same thing as they charge us. $800
Billion Trade Deficit-have no choice!”
28. 27
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
Options for Expanded Protection
• Self-Initiation of Trade Remedy Cases
• Section 201 Safeguards (a global safeguard)
– Solar panels
– Washing machines (except Canada)
– As of August 7, raised more than $263 million
29. 28
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
Focus on China
“ Under President Trump’s leadership, we will use all available tools to discourage
China – or any country that emulates its policies – from undermining true market
competition. … In short, our trade policy – like our national security policy – will
seek to protect U.S. national interests.”
31. 30
Key Findings from USFIA’s 2018 Benchmarking Study
About the Benchmarking Study
• Based on a survey of 28 executives at leading U.S. fashion companies (76% with 1,000+
employees; 20% with 101-999 employees; 4% with <100 employees) from April to May 2018.
• Respondents represent various business types in the U.S. fashion industry: retailers, brands,
importers/wholesalers and manufacturers.
• Survey covers three topics:
➢Business environment and outlook
➢Sourcing practices
➢Viewpoints on trade policy related to the fashion industry
32. 31
Issue 1: Business Environment
Top business challenges in 2018
❖ Top challenge in 2018: “Protectionist trade policy agenda in the United States”
Trump Administration’s Trade Record in 2018
• Section 301 action against China
• Section 232 action on steel and aluminum
• New Section 232 investigation on automobiles
• Section 201 for washing machines and solar cells
• Uncertain future of NAFTA
…
Uncertainty…
33. 32
Issue 1: Business Environment
Top business challenges in 2018
❖ The pressure of “increasing production or sourcing cost” is coming
back this year (#3 top challenge in 2018)
35. 34
Issue 1: Business Environment
Respondents’ five-year outlook for the fashion industry
36. 35
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
• The best since 2014: 100 percent of respondents this year say they plan to
hire more employees in the next five years
• Positions most likely to increase hiring:
1. Market analysts
2. Data scientists
3. Sustainability/compliance related specialists or managers
4. Supply chain specialists
• Positions least likely to increase hiring:
Sewing machine operators
General management administration
37. 36
Trade Policy in the Trump Administration
• Respondents report sourcing from 51 countries or regions in 2018, the same as in 2017.
• 8 out of the top 10 sourcing destinations are based in Asia
#1 China (100%), covered from 91% in 2017
#2 Vietnam (96%), a new record high
#3 Indonesia (79%)
#4 India (75%)
#5 Bangladesh (75%)
#9 Mexico (50%)
#10 USA (46%)
• Almost all leading sourcing destinations in Asia are with a higher utilization rate in 2018
• Sourcing from the Western-Hemisphere is growing in popularity, including members of
NAFTA and CAFTA-DR
38. 37
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Sourcing Base
Larger companies (1,000+
employees) continue to use a
more diversified sourcing
base
Respondents with less than
1,000 employees are actively
diversifying their sourcing
base
39. 38
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Sourcing Base
“China Plus Vietnam Plus Many” is the most popular sourcing model, and it is
evolving
“China”
• Gradually shifts from 30-50 percent of a company‘s sourcing portfolio to
“11-30 percent”
“Vietnam”
• Typically accounts for 11-30 percent of a company‘s sourcing portfolio
“Many”
• Include the United States, North America, South & Central America, Africa, and
Europe
• Each typically accounts for <10 percent of a company‘s sourcing portfolio
47. 46
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Source in Socially Compliant & Sustainable Ways
Brands and retailers overall conduct more comprehensive audits
No clear pattern between the size of the company and the scope of audit
48. 47
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Emerging Sourcing Trend
Keeping a relatively diverse sourcing base will remain a key element of U.S.
fashion companies’ sourcing strategy in the next two years.
• Only 10 percent plan to consolidate their sourcing base(i.e., source from
less countries and work with less suppliers.)
• Close to 80 percent plan to source from the same number of countries or
more countries.
• Respondents are equally divided regarding whether to increase (54 percent)
or decrease (46 percent) the number of suppliers they will work with
49. 48
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Emerging Sourcing Trend
67 percent plan to
somewhat
decrease sourcing
from China,
a significant
increase from 46
percent in 2017
50. 49
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Emerging Sourcing Trend
Cost concern may
not be the most
critical factor that
drives U.S.
companies to source
less from China
51. 50
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Emerging Sourcing Trend
Respondents appear to
be more optimistic
about the prospect of
sourcing from
Vietnam over the next
two years.
Nevertheless, still
very few respondents
plan to substantially
increase apparel
sourcing from
Vietnam
53. 52
Issue II: Sourcing Practices
Emerging Sourcing Trend
Respondents express
more interest in
expanding sourcing
from Bangladesh in
the next two years as
companies are actively
seeking China’s
replacements.
Respondents still
regard “risk of
compliance” a notable
weakness of
Bangladesh
54. 53
Issue III: Trade Policy
Utilization of FTAs
FTA overall remain underutilized for sourcing
As an encouraging sign, the utilization rates of NAFTA (65
percent), CAFTA-DR (58 percent) and AGOA (50 percent)
reached 50% this year.
57. 56
Issue III: Trade Policy
Usage of Exceptions to the Yarn-Forward Rules of Origin
Respondents also say they use the exceptions to the “yarn-
forward” RoO mostly when importing under CAFTA-DR and
NAFTA.
58. 57
Issue III: Trade Policy
Usage of Exceptions to the Yarn-Forward Rules of Origin
Barriers that prevent U.S. fashion companies from using the exceptions
more often:
68.4 percent: We do not use the short supply list mechanism because the list
is too limited (i.e., not enough products on the list).
21.1 percent: We do not use the short supply list mechanism because the
documentation requirements are too complicated.
26.7 percent: We do not use cumulation because we are not familiar with the
rule.
59. 58
Issue III: Trade Policy
Trade Policy Priorities
Respondents predominantly support the
policy initiatives to eliminate trade
barriers of all kinds
60. 59
Issue III: Trade Policy
Trade Policy Priorities
Respondents predominantly support the
policy initiatives to eliminate trade
barriers of all kinds
61. 60
Issue III: Trade Policy
Trade Policy Priorities
More divided policy issues
among respondents
62. 61
Sourcing Trends for 2018
Do No Harm To NAFTA
Barriers that prevent U.S. fashion companies from using the exceptions
more often:
Many respondents say the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is
important to their business.
“NAFTA is VERY IMPORTANT. We own a factory in Mexico that uses NAFTA eligibility to
keep our cost low.”
“(NAFTA) is important to support speed initiatives.”
“NAFTA re-negotiations are a concern for our industry, especially with any precedence
that is set.”
63. 62
Sourcing Trends from 2016 and 2017
• 2016 was a difficult year with
declines in most imports:
– Apparel -1%
– Fabric +5%
– Made-Ups -4%
– Yarn -5%
• 2017 was better for U.S. imports
but apparel imports are steady:
– Apparel 0.79%
– Fabric -2%
– Made-Ups 4%
– Yarn 10%
64. 63
Sourcing Trends for 2018
• The first six months of 2018 were strong for all
imports:
– Apparel 1.22%
– Fabric 6.53%
– Made-Ups 6.74%
– Yarn 8.91%
65. 64
Top 2017 Apparel Suppliers
Rank Country Million SME Million $ % Share % Growth
1 China 11,365.24 27,649.58 41.9 1.8
2 Vietnam 3,601.85 11,560.18 13.2 7.4
3 Bangladesh 1,854.23 5,067.96 6.8 -0.3
4 Indonesia 1,228.72 4,565.92 4.5 -2.9
5 India 1,064.74 3,682.19 3.9 1.9
66. 65
Top 2018 Apparel Suppliers – YTD
Rank Country Million SME Million $ % Share % Growth
1 China 4,844.436 11,276.229 37.44 -0.83
2 Vietnam 1,838.751 5,724.742 14.21 3.33
3 Bangladesh 1,005.472 2,702.272 7.77 4.23
4 Indonesia 619.043 2,245.128 4.79 -5.43
5 India 595.271 2,075.060 4.60 2.38
67. 66
Sourcing Outlook
China Remains The Dominant Supplier
• 48% of U.S. total textile and apparel imports continue to come from China.
• 41% of U.S. apparel comes from China.
• Even with shifts in sourcing patterns, no other country challenges China.
70. 69
Sourcing Outlook
Vietnam Continues To Grow
• Vietnam remains the third-largest supplier of textiles and apparel
combined, and ranks second for apparel.
• Vietnam supplies 8% of total imports, and 13% of apparel.
• Even without TPP, Vietnam market share continues to grow.
71. 70
Sourcing Outlook
Economic Trends Affecting American Brands and Retailers
• Store closings
• Expanding e-commerce
• Global uncertainty and risk
72. 71
What Is the Outlook for 2018 and Beyond?
Uncertainty
• Political and Economic challenges and volatility will continue to
influence companies and consumers
Positive Outlook from the C-suite
• In the PwC Global CEO Survey, a majority of CEOs are optimistic
that global economic growth will “improve” during the next year.
74. 73
What Is the Outlook for 2018 and Beyond?
CEOs are more optimistic in the U.S.
75. 74
What Is the Outlook for 2018 and Beyond?
Top Investment Destinations are the U.S. and China
76. 75
RESOURCES
Julia K. Hughes, President
United States Fashion Industry Association
(USFIA)
www.usfashionindustry.com
2018 Seminars
See More Seminars from the
ATSC 2018 Show:
ApparelTextileSourcing.com/
Canada/Sessions
UNITED STATES
FASHION INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATION
77. First Link In Your Supply Chain
Sourcing | Wholesale | B2B eCommerce
www.ApparelTextileSourcing.com