This presentation includes all the details regarding the Backus Naur Form and the Extended Backus Naur Form.For more information visit : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hl2NLbIaU7U&t=255s
This presentation includes all the details regarding the Backus Naur Form and the Extended Backus Naur Form.For more information visit : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hl2NLbIaU7U&t=255s
Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with acceptable
accuracy. For most applications, a system must guarantee that the data received are
identical to the data transmitted. Any time data are transmitted from one node to the
next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter one or more bits of
a message. Some applications require a mechanism for detecting and correcting errors.
Some applications can tolerate a small level of error. For example, random errors
in audio or video transmissions may be tolerable, but when we transfer text, we expect
a very high level of accuracy.
At the data-link layer, if a frame is corrupted between the two nodes, it needs to be
corrected before it continues its journey to other nodes. However, most link-layer protocols
simply discard the frame and let the upper-layer protocols handle the retransmission
of the frame. Some multimedia applications, however, try to correct the corrupted frame.
This chapter is divided into five sections.
❑ The first section introduces types of errors, the concept of redundancy, and distinguishes
between error detection and correction.
❑ The second section discusses block coding. It shows how error can be detected
using block coding and also introduces the concept of Hamming distance.
❑ The third section discusses cyclic codes. It discusses a subset of cyclic code, CRC,
that is very common in the data-link layer. The section shows how CRC can be
easily implemented in hardware and represented by polynomials.
❑ The fourth section discusses checksums. It shows how a checksum is calculated for
a set of data words. It also gives some other approaches to traditional checksum.
❑ The fifth section discusses forward error correction. It shows how Hamming distance
can also be used for this purpose. The section also describes cheaper methods
to achieve the same goal, such as XORing of packets, interleaving chunks, or
compounding high and low resolutions packets.
Operators and expressions in c languagetanmaymodi4
what is operator in c language
uses of operator in c language
syatax of operator in c language
program of operator in c language
what is expressions in c language
use of expressions in c language
syantax of expressions in c language
Introduction
The term problem solving is used in many disciplines, sometimes with different perspectives and
often with different terminologies. The problem-solving process starts with the problem
specification and end with a correct program.
The steps to follow in the problem-solving process are:
Problem definition
Problem Analysis
Algorithm development
Coding
Testing & Debugging
Documentation & Maintenance
The stages of analysis, design, programming, implementation and maintenance form the life cycle
of the system.
Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with acceptable
accuracy. For most applications, a system must guarantee that the data received are
identical to the data transmitted. Any time data are transmitted from one node to the
next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter one or more bits of
a message. Some applications require a mechanism for detecting and correcting errors.
Some applications can tolerate a small level of error. For example, random errors
in audio or video transmissions may be tolerable, but when we transfer text, we expect
a very high level of accuracy.
At the data-link layer, if a frame is corrupted between the two nodes, it needs to be
corrected before it continues its journey to other nodes. However, most link-layer protocols
simply discard the frame and let the upper-layer protocols handle the retransmission
of the frame. Some multimedia applications, however, try to correct the corrupted frame.
This chapter is divided into five sections.
❑ The first section introduces types of errors, the concept of redundancy, and distinguishes
between error detection and correction.
❑ The second section discusses block coding. It shows how error can be detected
using block coding and also introduces the concept of Hamming distance.
❑ The third section discusses cyclic codes. It discusses a subset of cyclic code, CRC,
that is very common in the data-link layer. The section shows how CRC can be
easily implemented in hardware and represented by polynomials.
❑ The fourth section discusses checksums. It shows how a checksum is calculated for
a set of data words. It also gives some other approaches to traditional checksum.
❑ The fifth section discusses forward error correction. It shows how Hamming distance
can also be used for this purpose. The section also describes cheaper methods
to achieve the same goal, such as XORing of packets, interleaving chunks, or
compounding high and low resolutions packets.
Operators and expressions in c languagetanmaymodi4
what is operator in c language
uses of operator in c language
syatax of operator in c language
program of operator in c language
what is expressions in c language
use of expressions in c language
syantax of expressions in c language
Introduction
The term problem solving is used in many disciplines, sometimes with different perspectives and
often with different terminologies. The problem-solving process starts with the problem
specification and end with a correct program.
The steps to follow in the problem-solving process are:
Problem definition
Problem Analysis
Algorithm development
Coding
Testing & Debugging
Documentation & Maintenance
The stages of analysis, design, programming, implementation and maintenance form the life cycle
of the system.
C is an imperative, procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers, i.e. the address of the first item in the array. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.
C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement separator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of control flow primitives: if/else, for, do/while, while, and switch. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.
It has a large number of arithmetic, bitwise, and logic operators: +,+=,++,&,||, etc.
More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.
Fundamental of Information Technology - UNIT 6Shipra Swati
Computer Programming and Languages : algorithm, Flow Chart, Pseudo Code, Program
Control Structures, Programming Languages, Generation of Programming Languages and
etc.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
programming concept
1. Unit – 2 Programming Concept
Introduction:
To interact with a person, we need to speak the language that he or
she can understand. Similarly, to interact with computer we need a
computer language that a computer can understand because
computer can understand only 0s and 1s. a computer language
provides a way of giving instructions to the computer.
What is a Program?
A program is a set of instructions written in a computer language
that directs the computer to perform a particular task and produce
the desired result. In order to perform the task, the program gives
these instructions to the computer.
1) Read Input
2) Process Data
3) Store Data
4) Write Output
However, before writing a program it is important to understand
the task and identify the various inputs required to produce the
output. For this the task is broken down into simple steps. This can
be accomplished by using three tools:
1) Algorithm
2) Flowchart
3) Pseudo code
2. Algorithm
An algorithm is the first step in developing a program. When we
tell the computer what to do, we also need to specify how it is
going to do it. For this, algorithms are required. An Algorithm can
be defined as a finite sequence of instructions for solving a
problem.
Example 1: Algorithm to go to School.
Step 1: Wake up early in the morning.
Step 2: Dress up for your school.
Step 3: Pack your school bag.
Step 4: Have your breakfast.
Step 5: Board your school bus.
Example 2: Algorithm to add two numbers.
Step 1: Take two numbers as inputs, say A and B.
Step 2: Add A and B and store the result in C.
Step 3: display the value of C.
Flowchart:
On the basis of Algorithm, we make Flowcharts. A Flowchart is a
pictorial representation of an algorithm. A flowchart makes it
easier to understand the logic of a program. In a flowchart,
different symbols are used for different instructions. The different
symbols and their descriptions are listed in the table.
Name Symbol Description
Start/ Stop Box Used to indicate the start and
the end of the flowchart.
3. Input/ Output Box Used to accept the input and
deliver the output.
Process Box Used for Processing.
Decision Box Used when the condition of
‘Yes’ or ‘No’ arises.
Flow Lines Used to show the flow of
control in the flowchart.
Guidelines for preparing Flowchart:
1) A flowchart should be neat, clear and easy to follow.
2) There should be only one start box and stop box.
3) Only one flow line should be used with the start or the
stop box.
4) Only one flow line should come out from a process box.
5) Only one flow line should enter the decision box.
Example 1: A flowchart to add two numbers.
4. Example 2: A flowchart to find greater number.
Example 3: A flowchart to go to school.
5. Loops:
Sometimes, you need to repeat a set of statements a number of
times. Instead of writing the statements again and again, you can
direct the flow lines back to a previous statement in the flowchart.
Such a sequence of statements which is repeated again and again is
said to be in a Loop.
Example: Check whether entered number is 55 or not?
6. Pseudo code:
A Pseudo Code is English– like representation of the program,
which is independent of any computer language. It is an outline or
a program that can be easily converted into program instructions in
a specific programming language. Pseudo code uses some
keywords to denote programming processes. These are some of
them-
1) Input: READ, OBTAIN, GET and PROMPT
2) Output: PRINT, DISPLAY and SHOW
3) Compute: COMPUTE, CALCULATE, DETERMINE,
ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY and DIVIDE
4) Initialize: SET and INITIALIZE
5) Add One: INCREMENT
Example 1: To add two numbers.
Step 1: READ number1 and number2.
Step 2: ADD number1and number2.
Step 3: PRINT total.
Example 2: To calculate the average marks of a student.
Step 1: READ total marks.
Step 2: DIVIDE total marks by the number of subjects.
Step 3: STORE the result in average.
Step 4: PRINT average.