Software defined radio architecture has evolved over time:
(1) Moving analog to digital conversion closer to the antenna to take advantage of digital signal processing.
(2) Substituting software for hardware processing to increase flexibility and upgradeability.
(3) Transitioning from dedicated to general purpose hardware like FPGAs and DSPs, and eventually CPUs.
This evolution has introduced tradeoffs around antennas, RF/IF processing, and digital architectures that influence radio design. It also implies changes to layering and interfaces to support reconfigurability through software. Research issues remain around computational stability, hardware platforms, and integration of services.
multi standard multi-band receivers for wireless applicationsHossam Hassan
This document discusses multi-standard receivers for wireless applications. It outlines the motivation for multi-standard receivers to support modern wireless technologies. It then covers an overview of wireless communications and evolution, highlighting features of multi-carrier, multi-band, multi-standard and multi-mode systems. Challenges of multi-standard receivers are presented along with solutions like software defined radio. Key technology challenges of software defined radio include implementation and reconfigurability.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology. It begins with an introduction defining 4G and its objective of providing comprehensive IP solutions for voice, data and multimedia on an "anytime, anywhere" basis. The document then outlines key 4G technologies including communications architecture, ad hoc networks, smart antennas, MIMO, software defined radio, Mobile IPv6, and OFDMA. It describes applications and impacts of 4G and concludes by noting 4G promises to fulfill the goal of personal computing and communication through high data rates everywhere over wireless networks.
My presentation at the workshop on Federated Satellite Systems, held at Skolkovo University (Skoltech) on October 14th 2014. Its title: "Software Defined Radio: an Enabling Technology for Interoperability in Federated Satellite Systems".
Luzwavelabs has developed a proprietary photonics technology called "pure/" that can provide fiber optic bandwidth for wireless communications. Pure/ uses a combination of RF, photonics and electronics to generate signals and can provide up to 40Gbps bandwidth per channel at mm-wave frequencies, addressing 5G's high bandwidth needs. It aims to license this disruptive technology to major manufacturers to develop next-generation wireless infrastructure and consumer electronics. Pure/ represents a significant improvement over current RF techniques and has the potential to scale wireless communications beyond 5G.
This document presents a presentation on software defined radio (SDR). It begins with an introduction that defines SDR and discusses its history. The methods section explains how SDR works, including its architecture and use of software common architecture and CORBA. It also discusses available tools like GNU Radio and USRP. The results section covers standards and applications of SDR. The discussion section highlights benefits, disadvantages, challenges and conclusions regarding SDR. Overall, the presentation provides a high-level overview of SDR, how it functions, examples of its applications, and considerations.
Software defined radio (SDR) allows radios to be reconfigured through software changes alone. This allows radios to support multiple frequency bands, modes, and protocols through dynamic software changes rather than hardware changes. SDR provides benefits like ubiquitous connectivity, multiband/multimode capability, and more efficient network upgrades. SDR implementation platforms include field programmable gate arrays, digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, and general purpose processors.
SDR and cognitive radio technologies will enable more flexible use of radio spectrum and facilitate interoperability between different communication standards. Key drivers include the need for first responder communications during emergencies, the increasing number of wireless standards, and the scarce availability of radio spectrum. SDR allows communication standards and functionality to be reconfigured through software downloads. Future technologies like improved ADCs, DSPs, and cognitive abilities will advance SDR and spectrum sensing capabilities. Both military and commercial applications are expected to benefit from SDR and cognitive radio.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as what cognitive radio is, its advantages over static spectrum allocation, key drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks, challenges to deployment including legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing. Promising applications of cognitive radio mentioned include emergency services, low cost internet access, and new services enabled by intelligent radio-based advertising.
multi standard multi-band receivers for wireless applicationsHossam Hassan
This document discusses multi-standard receivers for wireless applications. It outlines the motivation for multi-standard receivers to support modern wireless technologies. It then covers an overview of wireless communications and evolution, highlighting features of multi-carrier, multi-band, multi-standard and multi-mode systems. Challenges of multi-standard receivers are presented along with solutions like software defined radio. Key technology challenges of software defined radio include implementation and reconfigurability.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology. It begins with an introduction defining 4G and its objective of providing comprehensive IP solutions for voice, data and multimedia on an "anytime, anywhere" basis. The document then outlines key 4G technologies including communications architecture, ad hoc networks, smart antennas, MIMO, software defined radio, Mobile IPv6, and OFDMA. It describes applications and impacts of 4G and concludes by noting 4G promises to fulfill the goal of personal computing and communication through high data rates everywhere over wireless networks.
My presentation at the workshop on Federated Satellite Systems, held at Skolkovo University (Skoltech) on October 14th 2014. Its title: "Software Defined Radio: an Enabling Technology for Interoperability in Federated Satellite Systems".
Luzwavelabs has developed a proprietary photonics technology called "pure/" that can provide fiber optic bandwidth for wireless communications. Pure/ uses a combination of RF, photonics and electronics to generate signals and can provide up to 40Gbps bandwidth per channel at mm-wave frequencies, addressing 5G's high bandwidth needs. It aims to license this disruptive technology to major manufacturers to develop next-generation wireless infrastructure and consumer electronics. Pure/ represents a significant improvement over current RF techniques and has the potential to scale wireless communications beyond 5G.
This document presents a presentation on software defined radio (SDR). It begins with an introduction that defines SDR and discusses its history. The methods section explains how SDR works, including its architecture and use of software common architecture and CORBA. It also discusses available tools like GNU Radio and USRP. The results section covers standards and applications of SDR. The discussion section highlights benefits, disadvantages, challenges and conclusions regarding SDR. Overall, the presentation provides a high-level overview of SDR, how it functions, examples of its applications, and considerations.
Software defined radio (SDR) allows radios to be reconfigured through software changes alone. This allows radios to support multiple frequency bands, modes, and protocols through dynamic software changes rather than hardware changes. SDR provides benefits like ubiquitous connectivity, multiband/multimode capability, and more efficient network upgrades. SDR implementation platforms include field programmable gate arrays, digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, and general purpose processors.
SDR and cognitive radio technologies will enable more flexible use of radio spectrum and facilitate interoperability between different communication standards. Key drivers include the need for first responder communications during emergencies, the increasing number of wireless standards, and the scarce availability of radio spectrum. SDR allows communication standards and functionality to be reconfigured through software downloads. Future technologies like improved ADCs, DSPs, and cognitive abilities will advance SDR and spectrum sensing capabilities. Both military and commercial applications are expected to benefit from SDR and cognitive radio.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as what cognitive radio is, its advantages over static spectrum allocation, key drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks, challenges to deployment including legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing. Promising applications of cognitive radio mentioned include emergency services, low cost internet access, and new services enabled by intelligent radio-based advertising.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
Software defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components that have traditionally been implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors) are instead implemented by means of software on a hardware platform consisting of general purpose processors and reconfigurable logic. This allows functionalities and protocols to be modified or updated remotely via software changes rather than hardware redesign. SDR provides benefits such as reduced development costs, future-proofing of networks, and enabling ubiquitous wireless communications. While initially an innovative concept, SDR is now moving into mainstream adoption across markets such as defense, cellular infrastructure, and satellites.
This document is a seminar report on Software Defined Radio submitted by a student, Kartikey Patwal, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an introduction to software defined radio, including a brief history, definition of an SDR, and descriptions of RF architectures and processing architectures used in SDR. It also discusses software environments like MATLAB that are commonly used for SDR development and experimentation.
Cognitive radio promises to revolutionize wireless communication and spectrum management. It allows unlicensed users to opportunistically access licensed spectrum bands when the licensed users are not actively using it. This helps solve the problem of spectrum scarcity by improving utilization efficiency. However, realizing cognitive radio faces many technical, economic and legal challenges. Key challenges include developing sensing techniques to avoid interference, establishing spectrum sharing protocols, and reforming policies to allow dynamic spectrum access while protecting licensed users. Overcoming these challenges could provide benefits like ubiquitous connectivity and new wireless applications.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio and discusses some of the key challenges in deploying cognitive radio networks. It defines cognitive radio as a radio that can be aware of its environment and change its transmission or reception parameters accordingly. The document outlines some of the core capabilities needed for cognitive radios, including flexibility, sensing, learning, and adaptability. It also discusses advantages of cognitive radio like efficient spectrum utilization. Some challenges of deploying cognitive radio networks include developing robust spectrum sensing techniques, designing flexible hardware, addressing legal and security issues, and establishing economic models for spectrum sharing.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology. It defines 4G as the next evolution in wireless communications providing integrated IP services including voice, data and multimedia on a global scale. Key 4G technologies discussed include MIMO, OFDM, software defined radio and mobile IPv6 which enable higher speeds and more flexible networks. Potential applications highlighted are virtual presence, navigation, telemedicine, education and crisis management. The socio-economic impacts discussed are more affordable communication and connectivity through a single multi-purpose device.
Mobile data traffic is exploding and the industry is now preparing for an astounding 1000x increase. Qualcomm is leading the charge through its compelling technologies and path breaking innovations in preparing the industry to meet this "1000x challenge."
This whitepaper sets the vision for the efforts needed by the industry to achieve this monumental goal; All the while providing solid proof points for the initial concepts and technologies that are building blocks of the overall vision.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
Unit 1 introduction to software defined radiosJAIGANESH SEKAR
The document discusses the introduction to software defined radios. It begins with defining software and radio individually, then explains how combining the two enables radios that are more flexible and cost-effective than traditional hardware radios. The ideal software defined radio architecture involves converting signals to the digital domain before performing all signal processing in software. This allows for easier upgrades and reconfiguration but poses technical challenges to implement. Potential benefits of software defined radios include greater flexibility, easier software reuse and testing, and lower costs for manufacturers, service providers and users.
Military, Defense and Public Safety Mesh Networks [MeshDynamics]MeshDynamics
The document discusses network-centric warfare and the need for wireless communications technologies to support it. It focuses on four key requirements: mobility, high performance support of real-time protocols, distributed frequency agility, and distributed topologies and network formation. It describes MeshDynamics' wireless mesh technology, which meets these requirements through multi-radio architecture and distributed radio intelligence that allows networks to dynamically configure channels and topology for high performance even in mobile environments.
rafkwnshru2ocnal9ta1-signature-a1b6820cbe628a2a167a0a81f2762fc8f340dd4b93d47a...Mathavan N
The document discusses software defined radios and their evolution. It provides definitions of software radio and describes how radios have evolved from hardware-based to more software-based designs with digital signal processing and software reconfiguration. This allows for greater flexibility, easier upgrades, and lower costs. It outlines the progression from 1G to 2G to 3G cellular networks and how each generation incorporated more software to handle increasing complexity. The benefits of software defined radios are provided for various stakeholders. Finally, it discusses the ideal software radio architecture and challenges in implementation.
Communication in industrial automation what is going onTiago Oliveira
1) Fieldbus systems have been successfully introduced for industrial automation, but Ethernet is now being used more for local real-time communication systems.
2) Future scenarios will require heterogeneous networks combining local, wide area, wired, and wireless networks operated by different authorities.
3) The paper addresses ongoing activities using heterogeneous networks for industrial automation, including defining real-time classes, using wireless communication, and implementing functional safety and security concepts.
4G mobile networks will provide significantly higher data rates and support new services beyond traditional voice calls. Key technologies enabling 4G include OFDMA, MIMO, and software defined radio. 4G networks will use a combination of high-capacity small cells and legacy technologies to provide coverage both outdoors and indoors. The goal is an integrated network that seamlessly connects users to a broadband wireless service everywhere.
Wireless Communication Systems Are Developing Rapidly EssayApril Dillard
Wireless communication technologies are developing rapidly to meet increasing demands. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a type of mobile ad-hoc network used for vehicle communication. Conventional routing protocols are not suitable for most VANET applications due to factors like high vehicle speed and mobility constraints. This document discusses existing VANET broadcasting protocols and their advantages and disadvantages. It focuses on protocols like Traffic View and AMB (Adhoc Multicast Protocol) that aim to minimize bandwidth usage and disseminate road traffic information.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile communications technology intended to replace 3G. It would allow for wireless internet access at much higher speeds of up to 1 Gbps for low mobility and 100 Mbps for high mobility. Key 4G technologies include OFDM, SDR, MIMO and improved handover and mobility. 4G would provide benefits like higher bandwidth, lower network costs, and access to broadband multimedia services for both operators and users.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G telecommunications standard that provides high-speed data for mobile phones and terminals. It uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and other technologies to support broadband internet, multimedia services, and high speeds. 4G was developed to meet increasing demands for data and connectivity and provides services anytime, anywhere on an all-IP network with improved quality of service. However, challenges remain regarding interoperability between networks, deployment costs, and coverage in rural and difficult to reach areas.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
This document discusses the scalability concerns of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation for Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) applications. CSS is a prominent modulation technique used in LPWAN technologies like LoRaWAN. While CSS provides noise resilience, long transmission range and low power requirements making it suitable for sensor networks, its ability to scale to a very large number of simultaneous transmissions has not been adequately modeled. The document aims to evaluate the performance and scalability of CSS at different spreading factors through simulations of simultaneous transmissions over an AWGN channel. Key performance metrics like collision rate, packet error rate and bit error are analyzed to assess the suitability of CSS for future large-scale sensor network deployments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
Software defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components that have traditionally been implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors) are instead implemented by means of software on a hardware platform consisting of general purpose processors and reconfigurable logic. This allows functionalities and protocols to be modified or updated remotely via software changes rather than hardware redesign. SDR provides benefits such as reduced development costs, future-proofing of networks, and enabling ubiquitous wireless communications. While initially an innovative concept, SDR is now moving into mainstream adoption across markets such as defense, cellular infrastructure, and satellites.
This document is a seminar report on Software Defined Radio submitted by a student, Kartikey Patwal, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an introduction to software defined radio, including a brief history, definition of an SDR, and descriptions of RF architectures and processing architectures used in SDR. It also discusses software environments like MATLAB that are commonly used for SDR development and experimentation.
Cognitive radio promises to revolutionize wireless communication and spectrum management. It allows unlicensed users to opportunistically access licensed spectrum bands when the licensed users are not actively using it. This helps solve the problem of spectrum scarcity by improving utilization efficiency. However, realizing cognitive radio faces many technical, economic and legal challenges. Key challenges include developing sensing techniques to avoid interference, establishing spectrum sharing protocols, and reforming policies to allow dynamic spectrum access while protecting licensed users. Overcoming these challenges could provide benefits like ubiquitous connectivity and new wireless applications.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio and discusses some of the key challenges in deploying cognitive radio networks. It defines cognitive radio as a radio that can be aware of its environment and change its transmission or reception parameters accordingly. The document outlines some of the core capabilities needed for cognitive radios, including flexibility, sensing, learning, and adaptability. It also discusses advantages of cognitive radio like efficient spectrum utilization. Some challenges of deploying cognitive radio networks include developing robust spectrum sensing techniques, designing flexible hardware, addressing legal and security issues, and establishing economic models for spectrum sharing.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology. It defines 4G as the next evolution in wireless communications providing integrated IP services including voice, data and multimedia on a global scale. Key 4G technologies discussed include MIMO, OFDM, software defined radio and mobile IPv6 which enable higher speeds and more flexible networks. Potential applications highlighted are virtual presence, navigation, telemedicine, education and crisis management. The socio-economic impacts discussed are more affordable communication and connectivity through a single multi-purpose device.
Mobile data traffic is exploding and the industry is now preparing for an astounding 1000x increase. Qualcomm is leading the charge through its compelling technologies and path breaking innovations in preparing the industry to meet this "1000x challenge."
This whitepaper sets the vision for the efforts needed by the industry to achieve this monumental goal; All the while providing solid proof points for the initial concepts and technologies that are building blocks of the overall vision.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
Unit 1 introduction to software defined radiosJAIGANESH SEKAR
The document discusses the introduction to software defined radios. It begins with defining software and radio individually, then explains how combining the two enables radios that are more flexible and cost-effective than traditional hardware radios. The ideal software defined radio architecture involves converting signals to the digital domain before performing all signal processing in software. This allows for easier upgrades and reconfiguration but poses technical challenges to implement. Potential benefits of software defined radios include greater flexibility, easier software reuse and testing, and lower costs for manufacturers, service providers and users.
Military, Defense and Public Safety Mesh Networks [MeshDynamics]MeshDynamics
The document discusses network-centric warfare and the need for wireless communications technologies to support it. It focuses on four key requirements: mobility, high performance support of real-time protocols, distributed frequency agility, and distributed topologies and network formation. It describes MeshDynamics' wireless mesh technology, which meets these requirements through multi-radio architecture and distributed radio intelligence that allows networks to dynamically configure channels and topology for high performance even in mobile environments.
rafkwnshru2ocnal9ta1-signature-a1b6820cbe628a2a167a0a81f2762fc8f340dd4b93d47a...Mathavan N
The document discusses software defined radios and their evolution. It provides definitions of software radio and describes how radios have evolved from hardware-based to more software-based designs with digital signal processing and software reconfiguration. This allows for greater flexibility, easier upgrades, and lower costs. It outlines the progression from 1G to 2G to 3G cellular networks and how each generation incorporated more software to handle increasing complexity. The benefits of software defined radios are provided for various stakeholders. Finally, it discusses the ideal software radio architecture and challenges in implementation.
Communication in industrial automation what is going onTiago Oliveira
1) Fieldbus systems have been successfully introduced for industrial automation, but Ethernet is now being used more for local real-time communication systems.
2) Future scenarios will require heterogeneous networks combining local, wide area, wired, and wireless networks operated by different authorities.
3) The paper addresses ongoing activities using heterogeneous networks for industrial automation, including defining real-time classes, using wireless communication, and implementing functional safety and security concepts.
4G mobile networks will provide significantly higher data rates and support new services beyond traditional voice calls. Key technologies enabling 4G include OFDMA, MIMO, and software defined radio. 4G networks will use a combination of high-capacity small cells and legacy technologies to provide coverage both outdoors and indoors. The goal is an integrated network that seamlessly connects users to a broadband wireless service everywhere.
Wireless Communication Systems Are Developing Rapidly EssayApril Dillard
Wireless communication technologies are developing rapidly to meet increasing demands. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a type of mobile ad-hoc network used for vehicle communication. Conventional routing protocols are not suitable for most VANET applications due to factors like high vehicle speed and mobility constraints. This document discusses existing VANET broadcasting protocols and their advantages and disadvantages. It focuses on protocols like Traffic View and AMB (Adhoc Multicast Protocol) that aim to minimize bandwidth usage and disseminate road traffic information.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile communications technology intended to replace 3G. It would allow for wireless internet access at much higher speeds of up to 1 Gbps for low mobility and 100 Mbps for high mobility. Key 4G technologies include OFDM, SDR, MIMO and improved handover and mobility. 4G would provide benefits like higher bandwidth, lower network costs, and access to broadband multimedia services for both operators and users.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G telecommunications standard that provides high-speed data for mobile phones and terminals. It uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and other technologies to support broadband internet, multimedia services, and high speeds. 4G was developed to meet increasing demands for data and connectivity and provides services anytime, anywhere on an all-IP network with improved quality of service. However, challenges remain regarding interoperability between networks, deployment costs, and coverage in rural and difficult to reach areas.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
This document discusses the scalability concerns of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation for Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) applications. CSS is a prominent modulation technique used in LPWAN technologies like LoRaWAN. While CSS provides noise resilience, long transmission range and low power requirements making it suitable for sensor networks, its ability to scale to a very large number of simultaneous transmissions has not been adequately modeled. The document aims to evaluate the performance and scalability of CSS at different spreading factors through simulations of simultaneous transmissions over an AWGN channel. Key performance metrics like collision rate, packet error rate and bit error are analyzed to assess the suitability of CSS for future large-scale sensor network deployments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
3. 1.The antenna section, which receives (or transmits) information
encoded in radio waves.
2.The RF Front End section, which is responsible for
transmitting/receiving radio frequency signals from the antenna and
converting them to an Intermediate Frequency (IF).
3.The ADC/DAC section, which performs Analog-to-Digital/Digital-to-
Analog conversion.
4.The Digital Up Conversion (DUC) and Digital Down Conversion
(DDC) blocks,which essentially perform modulations of the signal on
the transmitting path and demodulation of the signal on the receiving
path.
5.The baseband section, which performs operations such as connection
setup,equalization, frequency hopping, coding/decoding, and
correlation, while also implementing the link layer protocol.
4. Software-Defined Radio (SDR) refers to the technology
wherein software modules running on a generic hardware platform
consisting of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Digital
Signal Processors (DSPs), General Purpose Processors (GPPs),
programmable System on Chip (SoC) or other Application Specific
Programmable Processors are used to implement radio functions(also
referred to as physical layer processing) such as generation of
transmitted signal (modulation) at Transmitter(Tx), tuning/detection of
received radio signal (demodulation) at Receiver(Rx), filtering
(including bandwidth changes), and other functions such as frequency
selection and if required frequency hopping(wideband or narrowband
operation) and waveform requirements of current and evolving
standards over a broad frequency range.
Software Defined Radio (SDR)-Definition
7. • Technology makes feasible
• Multiplicity of Standards
• Multimedia services/standards and new devices
• Congestion management and spectrum management.
• Comment Commercial Market opportunities
• Flexible/reconfigurable(Easily upgradeability, customization, faster-time-to-market,
and adaptability)
– Reprogrammable units and infrastructure
• Software reusability
• Reduced obsolescence
– Multiband/multimode
• Ubiquitous connectivity
– Different standards(WiFi-IEEE 802.11,WiMAX-IEEE 802.16) can coexist
• Enhances/facilitates experimentation
• Potential for significant life-cycle cost reductions(Lower Maintenance cost)
• Uniform communication across commercial, civil, federal and military
organizations
• Brings analog and digital worlds together
– Full convergence of digital networks and radio science
– Networkable
Potential
Benefits/Significance/Features/Need/Advantages/
Merits of SDR
8. Explanation about potential benefits
• Technology makes feasible (also more necessary)
software radio makes it feasible to implement many of the complementary advances in wireless technology that
have occurred in recent years, including smart antennas, adaptive power management, or new modulation and
signal processing techniques. Therefore, just as technology makes it now feasible to adopt software radio, so
technology makes adopting software radio more necessary.
• Multiplicity of standards
The multiplicity of air interface technologies and standards that must co-exist today fuels demand for software
radio. For example, in the U.S., most cell phones roam by falling back on AMPS; although some newer models
support two digital standards (as well as AMPS). These "tri-mode" phones are more expensive to manufacture
than dual or single mode phones, and they still lack the capability to support the GSM technology that is
common in Europe and much of the rest of the world. Moreover, the proliferation of air interfaces for cellular
phones is not getting better as we move towards 3G services.
The proliferation of standards is due to many factors. First, globalization makes it desirable to have devices that
will operate in many countries, which may have quite different spectrum allocations, or even if the same
spectrum is used, may employ different protocols. Second, the rapid pace of innovation shortens the lifecycle of
each technology. This raises the premium for upgradeability and means that multiple generations are more likely
to overlap, co-existing at the same time. Third, the general movement towards increased reliance on market
control (via managed competition) instead of direct regulatory oversight may make it more likely that competing
service providers will fail to adopt common or interoperable standards.
9. • Multimedia services and new devices
The growth of diverse wireless services (voice, data, streaming content/video) and platforms (satellite, cellular, WLANs)
increases the diversity of potential wireless devices and services that may need to be integrated.
multimedia services increases the need for the ability to integrate multiple technologies and to support enhanced adaptability.
For example,Streaming media might be delivered via satellite while 2-way interactive communications may be supported via
cellular. Alternatively, 3G providers may seek to seamlessly integrate hotspot (WiFi) services into their offerings. Furthermore,
because different applications have very different quality of service requirements (bandwidth, latency, error tolerance), software
radios may facilitate supporting diverse QoS.
• Congestion management and spectrum management reform
As wireless services proliferate and use increases, congestion problems will arise. Software radio ameliorates the congestion
problem in three important ways.
1. software radio reduces the cost of expanding capacity on existing infrastructure. It is easier to add channels or move to a
higher capacity network protocol if this entails a software rather than a hardware upgrade.
2. software radios facilitate the implementation of quality of service (QoS) schemes and make it easier to engage in dynamic
capacity allocation.
3. software radio facilitates the adoption of distributed, adaptive, dynamic interference management solutions (e.g., two base
stations that need to communicate agree in real time to change their air interface protocol to accommodate an increase in local
interference).
The desire to facilitate more efficient spectrum usage, which would alleviate the congestion problem, is also encouraging
spectrum reform.
Explanation about potential benefits
10. • Comment Commercial market opportunities
The military has been interested in software radio for some time, and not surprisingly, some of the first
implementations have been in military applications.
1. they have a pressing need to be able to support multiple protocols to allow their radios to work
around the globe and to be capable of integrating signals from many RF sources (satellite, terrestrial,
etc.).
2.they have a strong need for security and need to be able to protect their ability to communicate in
hostile environments (e.g., in the face of jamming by enemy and congested battlefield conditions).
3.perhaps most important, the need for a strong defense makes the military much less price sensitive
than the typical consumer of commercial applications.
Explanation about potential benefits
11. • Uniform communication across commercial, civil, federal and
military organizations
• Low Power Wireless Applications
• Signals Intelligence
• Teaching Communications Systems
• Record and Playback
• Receive broadcast radio
• Industry, Research and Education.
Applications of SDR
20. I. ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION(FOUNDATION)
• A. Functional Model of a Software Radio Node
• B. Classes of Software-Defined Radio (SDR)
II. TECHNOLOGY TRADEOFFS
• A. Antenna Tradeoffs
• B. RF and IF Processing Tradeoffs
• C. Interference Suppression
• D. RF MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)
• E. Digital Architectures
• F. Smart Antenna Algorithms
III. ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS
• A. Architecture: Definition and Goals
• B. Layering and Virtual Machines
• C. Object-Oriented Analysis
IV. RESEARCH ISSUES
1. Computational Stability
2. Hardware Reference Platforms
3. Direct Access to Hardware Facilities
4.Service Integration
21. Today Today Future
Evolution of Software Radio
ASIC’S
FPGA’S
DSP’S Programmable
ASIC’S
DSP’S
General purpose
processors
Today Future Future Time
Future
RF
digitalization
IF
digitalization
Analog +
Baseband
digitalization
SOFTWARE
RADIOS
TRADITIONAL
RADIOS
A/D Conversion closer to
Antenna
From dedicated to general
purpose hardware
Time
Software radio alters traditional radio designs in three distinct and complementary ways: it (1)
Moves Analog/Digital (A/D) conversion as close to the receiving antenna as possible:
(2)Substitutes software for hardware processing: and. (3) Facilitates a transition from
dedicated to general-purpose hardware. Each or these change, has, important implications for
the economics of wireless services.
22. First, moving the A/D conversion closer to the antenna makes, it possible to apply the
advances of digital computing and communication technology sooner in the radio. This is
beneficial directly because digital components arc less complex and lower cost than
analog components. Additionally. this. makes it easier to take advantage of advances in
digital signal processing. These include advanced technique encoding information and
separating signal from noise.
Second, substituting software for hardware increases flexibility. This flexibility makes
customization easier and helps deliver a degree of future-proofing. That is. replacing
software- especially if this can be done remotely is faster and lower-cost than replacing
hardware. New features and capabilities can be implemented when available
(upgradeability) or when desired (customizability). This can allow services to be changed
more rapidly. or equivalently, time to market is reduced. Additionally. the reliance on
software processing can eliminate redundant hardware chains. as found in dual-mode
phones.
Third, software radio facilitates the transition from dedicated to general-purpose
hardware. Initially, dedicated hardware embodied in Application Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASICs) may be replaced by Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) - which are even more commodity- like and flexible (see
Figure). Prospectively, there is a hope that general-purpose computing platforms (e.g. a
PC running on a commodity CPU) will be able to support software radios. At any given
point in time. a specialized chipset will typically achieve higher performance than a
general purpose processor. However, once Moore's Law drives the general-purpose
processor past a performance threshold such that it can perform the necessary radio
functions well enough, the advantages of general-purpose hardware come to the forefront.
24. • Channel Set therefore includes multiple RF bands. Personal
Communications System (PCS) base stations and mobile military
radios can also use fiber and cable, also included in the channel set.
• RF conversion comprise the RF/Channel Access function. RF
functions may include interference suppression.
• IF Processing may include filtering further frequency translation;
joint space-time equalization, integration of space/time diversity,
polarization or frequency diversity channels, digital beam forming
and smart antennas
• Modem performs modulator/demodulator RF channel.
• Bitstream processing includes Forward Error Control (FEC) and soft
decision decoding.
• Information Security (INFOSEC) is used for authentication reduces
fraud, and stream enciphering ensures privacy.
25. • Service & Network Support performs multiplexing ,setup and control, Data
services, Internetworking.
• Source Set may include Source Coding & Decoding of voice, data,
facsimile, video and multimedia. Some sources are physically remote from
the radio node.
e.g. connected via the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), a Local Area
Network (LAN) or other network through Service & Network Support.
• Multiple software personalities is used to implement the each personality
combines RF band, channel set (e.g. control and traffic channels), air
interface waveform, protocol, and related functions.
• Joint control assures system stability, error recovery, and isochronous
streaming of voice and video.
Joint Control integrates fault modes, personalities, control interfaces to
all hardware and software and support functions on a limited resource of
ASICs,FPGAs,DSPs.
Joint Control may evolve towards autonomous selection of band, mode, and
data format.
• Evolution support is therefore necessary to define and manage the
waveform personalities, to download them and to assure that each new
personality is safe before being activated.
26. • B. Classes of Software-Defined Radio (SDR)
It is the function of digital access bandwidth(ADC/DAC) and
programmability.
This parameter-space quantitatively differentiates software radios ((V)-
(X)) from Programmable Digital Radios (PDRs) ((A)-(D)).
27. Commercial product of Standard Marine AB shown at point (A) used
baseband Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC), with DSP in the
TMS320C30 for high programmability.
cellular telephone handsets fall near (B).Application Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASICs) deliver processing capacity.
Digital cell site designs, (C),similarly, rely heavily on digital filter
ASICs for frequency translation and filtering, even though they access
the spectrum at IF.
SPEAKeasy II, (D), provides a programmable DSP, shifting this
implementation to the right.
The Virtual Radio (V), delivers a single channel radio using a general-
purpose processor.
Point (X) is the ideal software radio with digital RF and all functions
programmed on a RISC processor(general purpose).
28. II. TECHNOLOGY TRADEOFFS
• A. Antenna Tradeoffs
Antenna architecture determines the number and bandwidth of RF
channels.
The RF range extended from 2 MHz to 2 GHz, a ratio of 1000:1(3 decades).
Multiple parallel antenna/channels is used for 1G Advanced Mobile
Phone Systems(AMPS),2G GPS(Global Positioning System),2G digital
cellular Personal Communication Systems(PCS) and corporate wireless
LAN.
Two(Dual) parallel channels reducing parts count.
Unitary wideband channel such as broad RF range.
29. Four Software Radio Bands Span JTRS(Joint Tactical Radio
System)
SPEAKeasy bands were: 1) 2-30 MHz; 2)30-400 MHz; and 3) 0.4 to 2
GHz.
Bands 2 was implemented in SPEAKeasy I.
Bands 1 and 2 was implemented in SPEAKeasy II.
30. • B. RF and IF Processing Tradeoffs
The RF and IF conversion linearity and dynamic range must match the ADC
and Automatic Gain Control (AGC), and must support digital filtering and
signal enhancement algorithms.
Practical SDR
≡
31. • out-of-band signals are reduced by a BPF placed at the antenna
input, followed by a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer that
converts the signal to a first IF in the range of 100 to 200 MHz.
After the mixer, one or more stages of filters and amplifiers perform
channel filtering. The signal is then amplified and downconverted to
baseband for demodulation.
1.EXAMPLE(Not Necessary to Drawn but understanding purpose)
32. Spurious and LO leakage sometimes can mask subscriber/user signals.
The goal of this tradeoff is to balance the noise, spurious components,
intermodulation products, and artifacts (e.g. in interference-limited bands
below 400 MHz).
33. • C. Interference Suppression
Antenna separation, frequency separation, programmable analog notch
filters, and active cancellation(introduce a replica of the transmitted
signal)-suppress interference at the RF stage.
Without the roofing filter, the roof of the dynamic range is so high that weak
signals fall below the floor, resulting in dropped calls.
With the filter, the roof is low so that the dynamic range reaches the noise
floor.
Roofing filters need low insertion loss (< 0.5 dB), programmable center
frequency, and programmable bandwidth.
34. • D. RF MEMS
RF MEMS switches are an electromechanical alternative to PIN diode
switching circuits.
RF MEMS components reduce the RF/IF device size, enabling multiband
Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs) as an SDR delivery platform.
Substantially reducing size, weight, and power while improving
performance. MEMS switches and tunable capacitors operate up to 40
GHz.
36. It specifies functional grouping and interfaces.
In an N-element array, the channel isolation filters extract
channels for each of K users on each of N elements(K Users x N
Elements). Algorithms in the DSP pool form beams. They also extract
first-stage soft-decision parameters. Channels with low Carrier to
Interference Ratio (CIR) are thus identified. Their bulk-delayed signals
may be isolated for sequential interference cancellation, which also is
performed in the DSP pool. This pool provides the processors for
modulation and pre-distortion, including beamforming for
transmission. Switching functions employ the low-speed bus(low speed
digital interconnect-k users).
38. Matrix inversion for Smart Antennas substantially increases the
processing requirements, but yields improved performance.
Many techniques have been investigated to reduce the
computational burden of optimal algorithms, or to enhance the
cancellation capability of simpler algorithms.
39. III. ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS
• A. Architecture: Definition and Goals
It supports
1. Plug-and-Play(Industry Wide component reuse)
2. the functional partitioning,
3. component interfaces, and
4. Related design rules ensure that hardware and software modules
from different suppliers work together when plugged into an
existing system.
40. • B. Layering and Virtual Machines
1. Protocol layering
E.g: wireless Internet services are supported by the Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP)
i.e interface layer between applications and the radio platform.
2. Virtual Machines
Java provides increased access to the underlying computational engine of
a handset.
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) defines a general purpose computing
engine that hides the details of the computer’s native Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA).
41. • C. Object-Oriented Analysis
C, and C++ have been used to implement radio functions.
Radio objects use facilities of a CORBA-based Core Framework(CF) to
access radio facilities and computational resources.
The CORBA and its associated Interface Definition Language(IDL)
implement interfaces among S/W objects.
CORBA- Common Object Request Broker Architecture
42. IV. RESEARCH ISSUES
1. Computational Stability
2. Hardware Reference Platforms
With a variety of hardware implementations, it is difficult to determine
whether a specific hardware configuration will support a specific
software configuration.
3. Direct Access to Hardware Facilities
Tunneling and virtual machines may be integrated with CORBA and
radio applications objects.
4.Service Integration
The deployment of 3G, the proliferation of wireless LANs, and the
integration of GPS, video, thermal sensors, etc.
44. A SDR incorporated with the intelligence system that has the capability of
sensing the environment, optimizing the radio resources and learning the
system performance is called cognitive radio.
CR self adjusts(self aware)-Intelligent Radio(smart radio):
• CR programmed and configured-Dynamically.
• It have ability to Sense and Detect the conditions of their operating
environment and Dynamically reconfigure their own characteristics to best
match those conditions. If any interferes are detected in CR environment, then
CR provide automatically self adjusts(self aware) to provide best match
conditions.
45. Cognitive Radio network applications
1. Leased network: The primary network can provide a leased network by
allowing opportunistic access to its licensed spectrum with the agreement with a
third party without sacrificing the service quality of the primary user.
EX: Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO)
2. Cognitive mesh network: xG networks have the ability to add temporary or
permanent spectrum to the infrastructure links used for relaying in case of high
traffic load.
3. Emergency network: emergency networks deal with the critical information,
reliable communication should be guaranteed with minimum latency.
(i.e) significant amount of radio spectrum for handling huge volume of traffic
including voice, video and data.
4. Military network: military networks have a strong need for security and
protection of the communication in hostile environment. To perform spectrum
handoff to find secure spectrum band for themselves
5. The Firework Disaster; Bandwidth Requirements; Spectrum
Organization; Propagation Conditions; White Space Assessment; System
Spectral Efficiency; Antijamming