This document provides an introduction to data science concepts including statistical thinking, modeling, and the data science process. Key points covered include:
- Statistical thinking involves understanding uncertainty and randomness in data through probability models.
- Models are built from data to represent processes and extract meaning through statistical inference.
- Exploratory data analysis is used to systematically analyze and gain insights from data through visualizations and summary statistics.
- The data science process involves collecting raw data, exploring and cleaning it, building models and algorithms, and communicating findings.
Introduction to Data Analysis Course Notes.pdfGraceOkeke3
"Embark on a journey into data analysis with our Introduction to Data Analysis slides. Uncover the fundamentals and prerequisites for effective analysis, explore types of data, and discover essential tools and methodologies. Equip yourself with the skills to unlock valuable insights.
UNIT - 5 : 20ACS04 – PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAMMING USING PYTHONNandakumar P
UNIT-V INTRODUCTION TO NUMPY, PANDAS, MATPLOTLIB
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), Data Science life cycle, Descriptive Statistics, Basic tools (plots, graphs and summary statistics) of EDA, Philosophy of EDA. Data Visualization: Scatter plot, bar chart, histogram, boxplot, heat maps, etc.
The past two decades has seen a dramatic increase in the amount of information or data being stored in electronic format. This accumulation of data has taken place at an explosive rate. It has been estimated that the amount of information in the world doubles every 20 months and the size and number of databases are increasing even faster. The increase in use of electronic data gathering devices such as point-of-sale or remote sensing devices has contributed to this explosion of available data. Figure 1 from the Red Brick company illustrates the data explosion.
Delta Analytics is a 501(c)3 non-profit in the Bay Area. We believe that data is powerful, and that anybody should be able to harness it for change. Our teaching fellows partner with schools and organizations worldwide to work with students excited about the power of data to do good.
Welcome to the course! These modules will teach you the fundamental building blocks and the theory necessary to be a responsible machine learning practitioner in your own community. Each module focuses on accessible examples designed to teach you about good practices and the powerful (yet surprisingly simple) algorithms we use to model data.
To learn more about our mission or provide feedback, take a look at www.deltanalytics.org.
Statistics is a mathematical science including methods of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data in such a way that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from them. In general, its investigations and analyses fall into two broad categories called descriptive and inferential statistics.
Introduction to Data Analysis Course Notes.pdfGraceOkeke3
"Embark on a journey into data analysis with our Introduction to Data Analysis slides. Uncover the fundamentals and prerequisites for effective analysis, explore types of data, and discover essential tools and methodologies. Equip yourself with the skills to unlock valuable insights.
UNIT - 5 : 20ACS04 – PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAMMING USING PYTHONNandakumar P
UNIT-V INTRODUCTION TO NUMPY, PANDAS, MATPLOTLIB
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), Data Science life cycle, Descriptive Statistics, Basic tools (plots, graphs and summary statistics) of EDA, Philosophy of EDA. Data Visualization: Scatter plot, bar chart, histogram, boxplot, heat maps, etc.
The past two decades has seen a dramatic increase in the amount of information or data being stored in electronic format. This accumulation of data has taken place at an explosive rate. It has been estimated that the amount of information in the world doubles every 20 months and the size and number of databases are increasing even faster. The increase in use of electronic data gathering devices such as point-of-sale or remote sensing devices has contributed to this explosion of available data. Figure 1 from the Red Brick company illustrates the data explosion.
Delta Analytics is a 501(c)3 non-profit in the Bay Area. We believe that data is powerful, and that anybody should be able to harness it for change. Our teaching fellows partner with schools and organizations worldwide to work with students excited about the power of data to do good.
Welcome to the course! These modules will teach you the fundamental building blocks and the theory necessary to be a responsible machine learning practitioner in your own community. Each module focuses on accessible examples designed to teach you about good practices and the powerful (yet surprisingly simple) algorithms we use to model data.
To learn more about our mission or provide feedback, take a look at www.deltanalytics.org.
Statistics is a mathematical science including methods of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data in such a way that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from them. In general, its investigations and analyses fall into two broad categories called descriptive and inferential statistics.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Chapter 1 and 2 Data Science
Read Chapter 1 to get a perspective on “big
data”
Chapter 2: Statistical thinking in the age of big
data
You build models to understand the data and
extract meaning and information from the data:
statistical inference
3. Introduction
Data represents the traces of the real-world processes .
What traces we collect depends on the sampling
methods
You build models to understand the data and extract
meaning and information from the data: statistical
inferenceTwo sources of randomness and
uncertainty:The process that generates data is
randomThe sampling process itself is randomYour mind-
set should be “statistical thinking in the age of big-
data”Combine statistical approach with big-dataOur goal
for this chapter: understand the statistical process of
dealing with data and practice it using R
4. Uncertainty and Randomness
A mathematical model for uncertainty and randomness is
offered by probability theory.A world/process is defined
by one or more variables. The model of the world is
defined by a function:Model == f(w) or f(x,y,z) (A
multivariate function)The function is unknown, model is
unclear, at least initially. Typically our task is to come up
with the model, given the data.Uncertainty: is due to lack
of knowledge: this week’s weather prediction (e.g. 90%
confident)Randomness: is due lack of predictability: 1-6
face of when rolling a dieBoth can be expressed by
probability theory
5. Statistical modeling
A model is built by asking questions:
What are the basic variables?What are
underlying processes?What influences
what?What causes what?What do you want to
know?
6. Statistical Inference
World Collect Data Capture the
understanding/meaning of data through models
or functions statistical estimators for predicting
things about worldDevelopment of procedures,
methods, and theorems that allow us to extract
meaning and information from data that has
been generated by stochastic (random)
processes
7. Population and Sample
Population is complete set of traces/data points
US population 314 Million, world population is 7 billion
for exampleAll voters, all thingsSample is a subset of the
complete set (or population): how we select the sample
introduces biases into the dataSee an example inHere
out of the 314 Million US population, households are
form the sample (monthly)Population mathematical
model sample(My) big-data approach for the world
population: k-nary tree of 1 billion (of the order of 7
billion) : I basically forced the big-data solution/did not
sample …etc.
8. Population and Sample (contd.)
Example: s sent by people in the CSE dept. in
a year.Method 1: 1/10 of all s over the year
randomly chosenMethod 2: 1/10 of people
randomly chosen; all their over the yearBoth are
reasonable sample selection method for
analysis.However estimation pdfs (probability
distribution functions) of the s sent by a person
for the two samples will be different.
9. Big Data vs statistical inference
Sample size NFor statistical inference N < AllFor
big data N == AllFor some atypical big data
analysis N == 1Model of the world through the
eyes of a prolific twitter user
10. Big-data context
Analysis for inference purposes can use sampled
data and you don’t need all the data.However if you
want to render an image, you cannot sample.Some
DNA-based search you cannot sample.Say we
make some conclusions with samples from Twitter
data we cannot extend it beyond the population that
uses twitter. And this is what is happening now…be
aware of biases.Another example is of the tweets
pre- and post- hurricane Sandy..Yelp example..
11. Modeling
Abstraction of a real world process
Lets say we have a data set with two columns x
and y and y is dependent on x, we could write is
as:y = β1+β2∗𝑥(linear relationship)How to build
a model?Probability distribution functions (pdfs)
are building blocks of statistical models.Look at
figure 2-1 for various prob. distributions…
12. Probability Distributions
Normal, uniform, Cauchy, t-, F-, Chi-square,
exponential, Weibull, lognormal,..They are know as
continuous density functionsAny random variable x
or y can be assumed to have probability distribution
p(x), if it maps it to a positive real number.For a
probability density function, integration of the
function to find the area under the curve results in 1,
allowing it to be interpreted as probability.Further,
joint distributions, conditional distribution..
13. Fitting a Model
Fitting a model means estimating the
parameters of the model: what distribution, what
are the values of min, max, mean, stddev,
etc.Don’t worry R has built-in algorithms that
readily offer all these functionalitiesIt involves
algorithms such as maximum likelihood
estimation (MLE) and optimization
methods…Example: y = β1+β2∗𝑥 y = *x
14. Exploratory Data Analysis
(EDA)
Traditionally: histogramsEDA is the prototype phase of
Machine Learning and other sophisticated approaches;
See Figure 2.2Basic tools of EDA are plots, graphs, and
summary stats.It is a method for “systematically” going
through data, plotting distributions, plotting time series,
looking at pairwise relationships using scatter plots,
generating summary stats.eg. mean, min, max, upper,
lower quartiles, identifying outliers.Gain intuition and
understand data.EDA is done to understand big data
before using expensive big data methodology
15. The Data Science Process
Raw data collectedExploratory data
analysisMachine learning algorithms;Statistical
modelsBuild data
productsCommunicationVisualizationReport
FindingsMake decisionsData is processedData
is cleaned
16. Summary
An excellent tool supporting EDA is R
We will go through the demo discussed in the
text.Something to do this weekend:Read chapter
2Work on the sample R code in the chapter though
it is not in your domainFind some data sets from
your work, import it to R, analyze and share the
results with your teamYou collect or can collect a lot
of data through existing channels you have.Can you
re-purpose the data using modern approaches to
gain insights into your business?
17. Data Collection in Automobiles
Large volumes of data is being collected the
increasing number of sensors that are being added
to modern automobiles.Traditionally this data is
used for diagnostics purposes.How else can you
use this data?How about predictive analytics? For
example, predict the failure of a part based on the
historical data and on-board data collected?On-
board-diagnostics (OBDI) is a big thing in auto
domain.How can we do this?