Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover in 1932 by campaigning on a Keynesian economic philosophy that argued the government should stimulate the economy by investing in public works and programs that benefited average citizens. This "pump priming" approach sought to increase spending and demand by putting money in the hands of workers, which would then circulate through the economy and spur business growth and hiring. This contrasted with Hoover's "trickle down" philosophy of aiding businesses first on the assumption the benefits would eventually reach others.