Good lighting design can transform spaces and improve mood and productivity. Lighting should be considered an art form that designers use tools, technology and science to create. Different types of lighting include direct, indirect, diffused, composite, concealed and track lighting which are used for various purposes. Artificial lighting requires electricity distribution and uses various lamp types like incandescent, fluorescent, mercury and sodium vapor lamps. Proper lighting placement and design is important to provide sufficient light for activities.

2. • Good lighting design can awake the magic in
spaces, the right lighting can change a mood or
improve productivity.
• It can transform flat and unappealing spaces
into an entirely new dimensional arena.
• Lighting design should be looked upon first of
all as an art. Just as the artist fills a canvas with
brush strokes of paint, the designer fills a
space with lighting.
• Using composition, imagination, inspiration,
creativity, vision and passion a designer should
know the equipment, technology and science
to make the art happen.
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3. • LIGHT: The beam or glow of light emitted
by the lamp.
• LAMP: The light source comprising the
bulb, filament and its appropriate fitting-
bayonet clip, Edison screw, etc. this term is
also used to describe fluorescent tubes.
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6. • Natural lighting is the light available in nature.
• We perform all our activities in this day light.
• Day light is nothing but sun light on earth.
• Intensity of sunlight varies depending upon the
atmospheric condition.
• Sunlight is very bright in the morning and dull in
the evening.
• Its brightness is more in the afternoon causing
glare, and we try to protect our eyes with a
shade from this glare.
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7. • When we construct buildings we try to make use
of this daylight to perform our activities inside a
sheltered space.
• The availability of the daylight within a building
will not be the same as it is outside because of the
roof and walls of the structure.
• The admission of daylight into the building
depends upon the number of openings provided
in the building.
• If the building is open on all the four sides then
the daylight is not cut off by any obstruction, not
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8. • In India, it is preferable to use as much daylight
as possible to save energy.
• However, it is not possible on many occasions to
provide total daylight inside the building.
• On such occasions, a combination of artificial
and natural lighting is preferable.
• This will help to save energy without sacrificing
lighting requirements.
• It is difficult to measure the availability of
daylight inside a building, but certain factors can
be taken into consideration to measure it.
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10. • The interior surfaces of the walls should be
painted with bright colours to reflect more light.
• The ceiling of a room should be preferably,
painted in white colour to reflect the more light.
• The corners of a room can be provided with
windows to avoid dark corners.
• Broad openings give better distribution of light.
• Deep openings minimize large.
• Diffused glass gives more light than plain glass.
• Two opposite side openings give uniformity of
light.
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11. • Window should be provided with sunshades or
other shading devices to eliminate glare of
sunlight.
• Metal window sashes admit more light than
wooden frames.
• Ventilators, at roof level, can be judiciously
used to bring more light.
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12. Artificial Lighting
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13. • To light a room successfully, appropriate lights must be
placed where they are needed to keep the feeling of
balance & proportion & bring out the charm of the room
by their relation to its furnishing.
• They should also be so placed that the life of the
household can go on as cheerfully and smoothly in the
evening as in the day time.
• The position and style of the lighting fixtures is decided
by the type of the house, the size and height of the
rooms, the amount of wall space, the use for which the
rooms are intended, their style of furnishing, the chief
centers of interest such as mantels, doors, furniture, and
pictures of importance, and also the manner in which the
walls are treated, whether paneled or papered.
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14. • If one is building a house one should give all
possible data to the architect in regard to any
special pieces of furniture or pictures which one
may wish to use in certain places.
• By doing this the tragedy of a slightly too small
wall space will be escaped, and the lights will be
properly placed in the beginning.
– Different types of artificial lighting
arrangements
– Variety of lamps
– Calculation of artificial lighting equipment.
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18. • The most important fact remembered in
providing artificial lighting is that there
should be sufficient light where an activity
is performed.
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19. Direct
Indirect
DiffusedComposite
Concealed
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21. • In direct lighting the source of lighting is
exposed.
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22. DIRECT
LIGHTING
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24. • In this type of lighting, the light can be
turned and pointed in any direction.
• It is comfortable type of lighting because
the light is actually directed towards the
activity like reading or writing.
• The light is not directed towards the
eyes, so the strain on the eyes is
eliminated.
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26. • This source of lighting is concealed in the
ceiling.
• Even though the source of light is not
seen, the light is projected downwards
wherever it is needed to perform an
activity.
• Down lighters are useful for reading and
other activities performed at a fixed place
in a room.
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27. DOWN
FITTING
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28. • This is similar to down lighter but it is
possible to direct the light in any
direction.
• It can alight up dark areas of a room as it
can be directed.
• It has greater flexibility and occupies less
space.
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29. EYEBALL
FITTING
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30. • Track lighting is very popular. If it is used with
discretion, it is very effective and dramatic.
• A simple track is wired and fitted on the wall or
the ceiling according to the need of the user.
• The track is usually four feet long and can take
four lights, which need not be the same type.
• Various types of lamps can be attached to the
track at any point and directed towards the
required side.
• Spotlights can be used to illuminate a painting or
to get a special effect.
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31. TRACK LIGHTING
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32. TRACK
LIGHTING
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33. • This is very simple and ordinary lighting
found in our houses.
• It can be fixed to a wall or hanged at a low
level over a table.
• The light source is covered by a shade.
• It is fixed and cannot be moved or directed
towards any place.
• Sometimes it is only possible to raise or
lower the shade.
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34. SHADE LIGHTING
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35. • Indirect lighting is more flexible and less harsh than
direct lighting but it gives less light.
• Some light is lost because it is reflected from a
surface.
• Light depends on the nature of that surface.
• The reflector can be a wall or part of the fitting.
• The colour and texture of the reflector will affect the
quantity and quality of light emitted.
• These types of fittings are good for general lighting
and not for working.
• It can be used in the rooms of the house where
general light is needed for relaxing.
• Softness and brightness can be achieved by reflecting
the light from a wall or ceiling.
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37. • In this type of fittings, light is emitted
through a diffuser such as glass, plastic and
fabric.
• The shade gives the form of the light. The
quantity and quality of light depends on the
shade.
• They can be made to appear modern or old.
• Old glass oil lamps and chandeliers are often
used as diffused glass shades.
• Fabric shades can also be used.
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39. • In composite lighting several types of
lighting are used.
• In the living room of a house soft relaxing
indirect lighting is needed but at the same
time it may require direct lighting for reading
and working.
• The fittings like angular lamps and down
lighters can be used from electric sockets for
such activities.
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41. • In concealed lighting the fittings are hidden so
that only light is seen.
• This is done with the help of fluorescent strips
or sports or floods.
• When these are hidden behind a pelmet or
baffle, they can give good effect.
• The curtain pelmet hides the strip light. Light is
thrown on the material giving it a rich look.
• The positioning of such concealed fittings is very
important otherwise they may not give the
desired effect.
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43. • Electricity for lighting is supplied through national
grid at high voltages.
• These are reduced by step-down transformers at
sub-stations. These are further brought down by
local transformers. Bulk of the artificial lighting
generated is alternating current (AC). Alternating
means that the current flow direction is
constantly reversing at the rate of 50 times per
second.
• A single-phase supply is most commonly used for
residential consumers.
• Industrial and commercial consumers may take
the three-phase supply.
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44. • In three phase supplies a fuse or circuit
breaker is fitted to each phase.
• Electric lighting is distributed through the
lamps.
• Lamps can be divided into three categories:
– General utility lamps are designed to give
effective and economical illumination.
– Special lamps give directional lighting.
– Decorative lamps are meant for beauty
rather than to provided light to perform an
activity.
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45. INCANDESCENT LAMPS
TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
MERCURY LAMPS
SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
COLD CATHODE LAMPS
FLICKER
EMERGENCY LAMPS
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46. • These are also known as tungsten lamps, which
are most commonly used in homes.
• They consist of a thin filament of tungsten inside
a glass bulb.
• When current is passed, heat is produced and the
temperature of the filament rises.
• The filament is designed in such a way that it
reaches a temperature generating light energy
and heat, which means that the filament glows or
it is incandescent, so the lamp is known as
incandescent lamp.
• These types of lamps cannot give a daylight color.
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48. • In a normal incandescent lamp the filament
loses material by evaporation.
• The inert gas inside the bulb reduces the rate of
evaporation but it cannot prevent completely.
• Improvement can be obtained by adding
halogen to the gas-giving rise to the reversible
chemical reaction.
• Tungsten evaporates from the filament and
diffuses towards the bulb wall.
• This makes it necessary for the filament to be at
a higher temperature than in an ordinary
tungsten lamp and the bulb should be smaller.
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49. • It has longer life and a higher light output than an
ordinary tungsten lamp.
• It is useful for flood lighting and lighting of film and
TV studios.
• It is most widely used in automobile headlamps.
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50. TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS
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51. • The fluorescent lamp depends on the discharge of
a current through a gas or vapor at a low pressure.
• A fluorescent lamp consists of a long glass tube
containing a mixture of mercury vapor and argon
gas at a pressure.
• When the lamp is cold, the mercury is in the form
of small globules on the surface of the tube.
• The argon gas is needed to start the discharge.
• The radiation emitted by the current discharge
through the mercury vapor is absorbed by the
fluorescent coating, which emits different
radiation.
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52. • Any color may be used for the fluorescent
coating.
• So many fluorescent materials are available to
obtain almost any color, including daylight.
• The circuit includes a starter and a choke to
regulate the passage of current.
• Fluorescent lamps have a lower surface
brightness and higher efficiency in terms of light
energy.
• The production process is more difficult, so
these tubes are more expensive.
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54. • Mercury lamps are discharge lamps, which
operate on the same principle as fluorescent
lamps.
• At high pressure the radiation emitted by the
mercury can be used without a fluorescent
coating.
• The radiation from the arc-tube is greenish white
with some ultraviolet.
• It is converted into a visible red by a fluorescent
coating on the inner surface, and the combined
light from the arc tube and the coating has a
colour, which is considered acceptable for street,
factory and warehouse lighting.
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56. • Sodium vapour lamps are similar to mercury lamps, but
sodium is used for filling instead of mercury.
• The discharge, which starts in the neon is of red colour.
• This warms the tube and gradually vaporizes the sodium.
After nearly twenty minutes, the sodium is fully vaporized
and gives its characteristic yellow colour.
• The sodium discharge lamp is the most efficient means of
converting electrical energy into light. High-pressure
sodium lamps give a sunny yellow light.
• These are used for street lighting, flood lighting and
factories and warehouses lighting. High-pressure sodium
lamps have a very high efficiency and long life.
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58. • The colour of a mercury lamp can be improved
by the addition of another metal.
• This can be achieved by using the metal in the
form of its halide salt.
• The general design of metal halide lamps is
similar to that of mercury lamps.
• These lamps may have clear glass or fluorescent
coating.
• These lamps have a better colour rendering than
incandescent lamps.
• They are mostly used for official and commercial
purposes.
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60. • These lamps are used for illumination of cinema
theatres and other commercial purposes like
advertising.
• The advantage of cold cathode lamps is their
long life
• Maintains better output during its life and starts
instantly. The life is not reduced by frequent
switching.
• Like ordinary fluorescent tubes, it is available in
wide variety of colours. The length of cold
cathode tubes makes them suitable for bending
into different shapes like letters, symbols etc.
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61. • The length of cold cathode tubes makes them
suitable for bending into different shapes like
letters, symbols etc.
• This makes them useful for decorative effects.
• Many colours can be obtained by the use of
different types of glass, which may be coloured
or fluorescent coated.
• The first used gas was neon and 'Neon light' is a
poplar name for all advertisement lighting.
• Proper care should be taken in its installation
and maintenance to avoid the risk of fire.
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63. • All lamps, except the incandescent lamps,
described so far go on and off 100 times in a
second while working.
• This is too rapid a flicker to be noticeable to the
eye. However the flickering is possible with twin
lamp luminaries.
• The luminaries are made with one choke for
each lamp but with only one capacitor.
• The two lamp currents are neither in step nor
out of phase, and they go on and off at different
instants.
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65. • Many buildings prefer to have some form of
emergency lighting if the electric supplies to the
ordinary lights fail.
• Electric lighting for emergency use can be provided if
the building has a stand by generator.
• Emergency lighting is very important for hospitals.
• Some offices, cinema theatres, schools and
residential flats also need emergency lighting.
• Emergency lighting can also be provided by a battery
system.
• These lights are switched on only when the mains
fail and cannot be used while electric supply is
available.
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66. • They are not intended to give full illumination, but
sufficient light for people to perform their activities.
• These lights work on low voltage DC current and fed
from a battery.
• A trickle charger permanently connected to the
mains ensures that the battery is always fully
charged.
• Thus as long as the main supply is healthy the
battery lighting circuit is kept open, but immediately
once the mains fail the relay contacts close and the
emergency lights come on.
• There are battery chargers and relays made for this
work.
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67. • The charger must be permanently switched on and
contains the relays necessary to stop the charging
current when the battery is at full charge.
• There is another method of emergency lighting,
which makes use of special luminaries; which contain
its own battery, charger and relay.
• It effectively houses a complete low voltage system
to operate one light.
• They are made in a variety of shapes and sizes.
• They may give incandescent or fluorescent light.
• These self-contained luminaries are sealed for life
and need no maintenance, except battery charging.
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69. • Fluorescent lamps are more efficient than incandescent
lamps. Fluorescent lamps produce 50 to 60 lumens per
watt, whereas incandescent lamps produce 10 to 17
lumens per watt. The life of a fluorescent lamp is four
times longer than the incandescent lamp.
• Luminaries should be located at a height of minimum
2.1m. above the floor level, except for some special
reasons.
• The normal reflectance may be assumed for ceiling
(white) as 0.7, walls (off-white) as 0.5 and floor (grey) as
0.3.
• Location of light points should be on the longer walls.
• Periodic cleaning of luminaries is necessary to keep up
their efficiency.
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70. • Interior surfaces should be painted with bright colours for
good surface reflection.
• General illumination in a room should satisfy the brightness
ratio of 1:10. The most important activity performed should
be considered for deciding the illumination.
• The number of light points should be decided based on the
floor area space and the importance of the activity
performed. For example, in residences single point is
sufficient up to 12sq.m. and two light points are required
for floor area up to 22 sq.m.
• Glare of a luminarie can be reduced by dimming or by using
baffles, louvers, or diffusers.
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71. • The following factors should be considered in
choosing the lighting appliances:
– Light efficiency of the luminarie
– Type of luminarie used
– The interior surfaces and their reflecting capacity
– Mounting height of luminaries and their spacing on
the walls
– Periodic dirt collection on the luminaries and the
interior surfaces.
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