Lighting notes from Hotel Housekeeping Operations and Management.

1. Lighting
By,
Usha.G,
Assistant Professor,
B.Voc. Hospitality Management,
PSG College of Arts and Science

2. Light
• Light is a form of energy without which
there can be no vision.
• When light strikes an object, it may be
reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass
through.
• Light has a definite emotional effect and
can be very stimulating.

3. Importance of lighting
• Light is exciting while darkness is
depressing.
• Proper lighting illuminates what we want
to see.
• Light that is too bright exhausts physically
and can be tiring.
• Lighting thus plays both functional and
aesthetic role in a hotel.

4. Importance of lighting
• Day light is important factor in the
appearance of a room.
• It can be procured by glass walls and large
windows.
• Curtains can be used to control the
amount of lighting entering a room.

5. Importance of lighting
• Artificial light is used to substitute day light.
• It can be used to contrast or add emphasis by
highlighting specific areas.
• It can also produce harmonious effect
throughout a room in addition to serving its
basic function of producing visibility.
• Lights also affect spatial perception.
• The absorptive and reflective characteristics of
the material used within the hotel guestrooms
are also important factors affecting the quality of
light.

6. Types of Light
• The classification of light is based on its
source.
• On basis of source, light may be classified
as
I. Natural Light
II. Artificial Light

7. Natural Light
• The bright radiant light energy of the sun,
daylight, is a major determining factor in
the design of hotel guestrooms and homes,
especially where large wall areas have
been decorated with glass.

8. Artificial Light
• Well-planned artificial illumination helps us to see without
strain and helps to prevent accidents.
• It makes homes and hotels attractive.
• At night, much of a rooms character is determined by artificial
illumination.
• Artificial light is further classified into:
1. Incandescent / filament
2. Fluorescent /discharge

9. Incandescent / filament
• Here light is produced by heating any material, usually metal to a temperature at which
it glows.
• Typical incandescent bulbs have tungsten filament in a sealed glass container.
• Many gas filled varieties are available, like
– GLS clear (general lighting services)
– GLS argents (with a milky coating for glare-free diffused lighting)
– Superlux ( silica coated opalescent bulbs for silvery light)
• Halogen lamps are another source of incandescent light. (These are filled with halogen
mixed gas filling)
• The fixtures and bulbs cost less than the tubes.

10. Parts of an Incandescent Bulb

11. Incandescent / filament
Superlux GLS Argents GLS clear Halogen Bulb

12. Halogen lamps

13. Fluorescent / discharge
• Fluorescent tubes are a luminescent or ‘cold’ (not produced by
heat) source of light.
• A glass tube with an inside coating of fluorescent powder is
filled with vaporized mercury and argon.
• They ends are then sealed with cathodes.
• When electric current activates the gases in it, invisible UV
rays cause the fluorescent coating to produce visible light.

14. Fluorescent / discharge
• Depending on the pressure inside the tube, they can be further
be classified into,
– Low pressure lamps
– High pressure lamps
Low pressure Lamps
•They are the tubular fluorescent lambs.
•They are low-pressure mercury tubes, in the form of long
tubular bulb with an electrode sealed into each and
containing mercury vapour at low pressure, with an inert
gas for starting the reaction.
•When the discharge is started, UV rays are produced.
•The fluorescent powder coating the inner surface of the
tube converts these UV rays into visible light.
•It produces yellow colour light.
•It is used in yard and street lighting.

15. Fluorescent / discharge
High Pressure Lamps
•These include high pressure mercury
vapour (HPMV) and High pressure
sodium vapour lamps (HPSV).
•HPMV lamps produce a bluish white
light, whereas HPSVs produce a
golden yellow light.
HPSV Lamps
HPMV Lamps
Low pressure Tubular
Fluorescent Lamps

16. Difference Between Incandescent
Bulbs and Fluorescent Lamps
S.No Filament Fluorescent
1 The average life is 1000-2000
hours.
The average life for a hot-cathode
lamp is 5,000 hours and that for a cold
– cathode type is 15,000 hours.
2 Low cost. Initial installation cost high.
3 Gives direct or diffused light of
varying intensity.
Gives diffused light with a flat
appearance.
4 Generates a considerable amount
of heat and soils walls.
Operating temperature is much lower
and does not cause any soils.
5 Can be used with many different
types of shades and fittings.
Does not enjoy the same demand, so
that fewer shades designed for these
shapes are available.
6 Ideal for pendant lights, spotlights,
table and floor lamps.
Suitable for cornice lights, obscure
corners and concealed lighting

17. Classification of Light
• Classification of Light based on the way light
is directed on the object / Area.
• It is classified as
– Direct Lighting
– Indirect Lighting
– Diffused Lighting
– Semi-indirect Lighting

18. 1. Direct Lighting
This kind of light comes
from the sources such as
ceiling fixtures or
luminous ceiling that shed
light downward, or from
lamps with translucent
shades spreading light in
all directions.

19. 2. Indirect Lighting
• This is usually from concealed
sources in alcoves, cornices, or
valances.
• It may also come from a lamp with
an opaque shade open only at the
top – light is then thrown against
the ceiling or washes against the
wall and is reflected back into the
room.
• It is soften than the direct lighting,
but often more costly in both
installation and operation.

20. Alcoves Cornices

21. 3. Diffused Lighting
• When light fitting are
completely enclosed or
concealed, as with some
globes and ceiling panels, the
light is diffused since it passes
through the glass or plastic.
• Diffused lighting is also glare-
free and produces a flat
appearance.

22. 4. Semi- Indirect Lighting
• It is possible to have some light passing
through a diffusing bowl and some reflecting
off the ceiling where the fixture is open on top.

23. Classification of Light

24. Classification of Lighting
Based on Function
Types Of Light Function Based Classification
• GENERAL OR AREA LIGHTING
• LOCAL OR SPECIFIC LIGHTING
• SAFETY LIGHTING

25. General Or Area Lighting
• This illuminates the room more or less uniformly.
• It brings the design and colours of the whole space to equal
attention.
• It minimizes the bulkiness of furniture, the darkness of
shadows, and harsh contrasts.

26. Local Or Specific Lighting
• Specific activities at specific locations need specific lighting.
• Local lighting can be provided by lamps at strategic points.
• This lighting may be either by way of task lighting or accent
lighting.

27. Local Or Specific Lighting
Task Lighting Uses
• Reading or other close
work.
• Sewing, needlework and
other crafts of various kinds.
• Cooking.
Accent Lighting Uses
• Highlighting painting.
• Focusing on an
architectural element.
• Breaking up large rooms to
‘islands’.

28. Safety Lighting
• As the name suggests this type of bright
lighting is used for safety reasons in areas such
as stairways, along corridors swimming pools
and by way of emergency lighting.

29. Methods of Lighting
• There are two methods of lighting used commonly are,
– Architectural and built-in lighting
– Non-Architectural lightening
• Architectural and built-in lighting:
• This method of lighting supplies light that is
functional and unobtrusive and is particularly good for
contemporary rooms.
• Non-Architectural lightening:
• This includes various fixtures and lamps.

30. METHODS OF LIGHTING
1. ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILT-IN LIGHTING
ü Valance Lighting
ü Cornice Lighting
ü Cove Lighting
ü Track Lighting
ü Soffit Lighting
2. NON-ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
ü Ceiling Fixtures
ü Wall Fixtures
ü Portable Lamps

31. Valance Lighting
A horizontal fluorescent tube is placed behind a
valance boards, casting light upward so that it
reflects off the ceiling and also downwards to shine
on the drapery, thus producing both direct and
indirect lighting.

32. Cornice Lighting
• A cornice is installed under the ceiling, with a
fixture hidden beneath so as to direct light
downwards only.
• This can give a dramatic effect on drapery,
pictures and wall coverings.

33. Cove Lighting
• This consists of placing continuous series of fluorescent tubes
in a groove along one or more walls of a room, about 12 inches
from the ceiling.
• The light reflects off the ceiling and bathes the room in
indirect light.

34. Track Lighting
• Track lighting consists of lamps fixed
to the ceiling or wall in an array to
offer great variety.
• One strip often holds spot light,
floodlights, and even hanging fixtures
that may be turned around to follow
furniture placement.
• The tracks can themselves be movable
as well, for still more flexible
arrangements.

35. Soffit Lighting
• This refers to built in light source under a panel.
• It may be fixed to a ceiling or under a cabinet.
• Soffit lighting is often used over a sink or other work
areas.

36. Non-Architectural Lighting
• This includes various fixtures and lamps.
• Ceiling Fixtures
• Wall Fixtures
• Portable lamps

37. Ceiling Fixture
• These are recessed into the
ceiling or set flush with it.
• They may soften light of
diffuse it with lenses.
• Some may be in form of soft
luminous panels that
illuminates large areas
evenly.

38. Wall Fixtures
• These remain out of the way and free table and
desk surfaces for other things.
• At the same time, they give direct light where
it is needed.

39. Portable Lamps
• Floor and table lamps can be moved when and
where needed.
• They also act as decorative accessories.

40. Lighting Plans
• A variety of lighting is necessary in
most rooms and public areas.
• Provide first for efficiency and safety.
• Lighting features can customize to
highlight a room’s appealing aspects,
enhance colours, spark drama and
interest, change moods and cosy up too
-large spaces.

41. Entrance areas and lobbies
• Entrance should look inviting
and the lighting should keep
up with the character and
atmosphere of the palace.
• Large areas – chandelier, cove
lighting, wall-brackets.
• False ceiling with mirrors can
reflect more light.
• Lobby should have Bright
light.

42. Restaurants and Public Areas
• The atmosphere should be comfort and restfulness.
• Painting can be highlighted with spotlight.
• Concealed uplighters can be used near foliage and
water features.
• Subdued lighting goes well in restaurants.
• High degree of illumination is used in cafes and coffee
shops for high turn over.
• Chandeliers look good in banquet halls.

43. Restaurants & Cafe

44. Banquet Halls

45. Corridors
• Corridors require subdued
lighting.
• Stairs should be well lit up
to prevent accidents.
• For safety reasons, lights
for corridors, stairways and
fire exits should be on the
left.

46. Guestrooms
• Beds should have bed side lamps.
• Dressing table lamps should light the face of the
person.
• For reading and writing - desk lamp.
• Floor lamp should be placed close to sofa or arm
chair.
• Painting can be highlighted with spotlight.
• Wardrobes can be illuminated using lights with
no heat gain and automatic on/ off facility.

47. Guest rooms

48. Bathrooms
• Bathrooms should have vapour-proof fitting.
• The switches should be outside the bathroom.
• Bare bulbs – around mirror.
• Shadow less illumination – for makeup
• Adequate lighting must be provided in the shower
area.
• A plug point for operating shavers and hairdryers.

49. Bathrooms

50. Considerations For Good Lighting
System
• Utilize potential day light when available
• Energy efficient
• Good design and durability
• Ease of replacement of fixture and bulb
• Easy to maintain
• Proportionate area-light ratio

51. LUX and LUMEN
• Lux is a standardized unit of measurement of
the light intensity (which can also be called
“illuminance” or “illumination”)
• The lumen is a standardized unit of
measurement of the total amount of light
that is produced by a light source, such as a
bulb or tube.
Lux

52. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LUX &
LUMEN
One Lux is defined as being
equivalent to one lumen
spread over an area of one
square metre, or to put it
another way – a measurement
of lux (light intensity) tells
you how many lumens (total
light output) you need given
the area you are trying to
illuminate.