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Unit 8 early civilizations
Early civilizations first emerged along major river valleys, such as in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, as well as in ancient Egypt and China. These civilizations were characterized by strong centralized governments, hierarchical societies organized around irrigated agriculture. Writing was developed independently in many early civilizations, often using symbols pressed into wet clay, which allowed them to more effectively organize politically and count resources. Society in early Mesopotamia featured a privileged aristocracy and priests, with underprivileged peasants and craftsmen lacking many rights, including women and slaves. Cities had surrounding walls and prominent ziggurat temples, and contributed innovations including the first written language of cuneiform, early
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Unit 8 early civilizations
- 1. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS WHEN ? WHERE ? WHENWRITING IS DISCOVERED EARLY CIVILIZTIONS AMONG RIVERS FIRST CIVILIZATIONS MESOPOTAMIA CHINIA EGYPT CHARACTERISTICS STRONG POLITICAL POWER HIERARCHICAL SOCIETY IRRIGARED AGRICULTURE MESOPOTAMIA WHERE? BETWEEN TIGRIS AND EUFRATES REGIONS LOWER MESOPOTAMIA MIDDLE MESOPOTAMIA UPPER MESOPOTAMIA CHARACTERISTICS OPEN LAND DRY AREA WRITING CUNEIFORM SIGNS DRAWN ON CLAY TABLETS CONSEQUENCES ORGANIZING POLITICAL SYSTEM COUNTING RESOURCES WRITING STORIES SOCIETY PRIVILEGED ARISTOCRACY PRIESTS CIVIL SERVANTS UNDERPRIVILEGED PEASANTS CRAFTSMEN WITHOUT RIGHTS WOMEN SLAVES CITIES SURROUNDED BY WALLS MAIN BUILDING : ZIGGURAT DIFFERENTE AREAS MARKET CULTURE CONTRIBUTIONS CUNEIFORM WRITING SCHOOLS NUMBERS : ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY CALENDAR SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY LAWS : CODE OF HAMMURABI ART ARCHITECTURE MATERIAL : BRICK AND ADOBE BUILDINGS ZIGGURATS OF UR AND BABYLON ISHTAR GATE KHORSABAD PALACE SCULPTURE MYTHOLOGICAL ANIMALS