From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
Red eye, or its different names like pink eye, ragged looking eye, conjuctival infusion and scleral infusion, is an indication of different conditions that the eye is subjected to.
Visit Here - http://www.opticareoptician.co.uk/eye-care/red-eye-treatment/
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
Red eye, or its different names like pink eye, ragged looking eye, conjuctival infusion and scleral infusion, is an indication of different conditions that the eye is subjected to.
Visit Here - http://www.opticareoptician.co.uk/eye-care/red-eye-treatment/
In this article, we draw on some of our research data to reflect on the nature of that transition process and to suggest a way in which it might be improved.
Digital retinal photography created by digital camera system that takes a picture of your retina.
Visit Here - http://www.opticareoptician.co.uk/eye-care/retinal-photography/
1. CHAPTER 1: EARLY HUMANS
AND THEIR CULTURE
B EGINNING OF CI VI L I ZAT IONS
2. WHAT IS CULTURE?
• The ways of living built up by a group and
passed on from one generation to another?
What are the defining traits of culture?
• Ideas, beliefs, institutions, food, practices,
language, gestures, material things like our
clothing, shelter and housing
Why is language important to our identity?
• allows us to transmit ideas
• enables human adaptions
• facilitates in the passage of culture from
generation to generation
3. PALEOLITHIC AGE
• 1,000,000-10,000 B.C.E. (Old Stone
Age)
• No plant cultivation
• Hunter-gatherers
• Small nomadic tribes
• Little control over nature
• Some evidence of religious faith
and use of magic
• Division of labor by sex
4. NEOLITHIC AGE 10,000-3500 B.C.E. (NEW
STONE AGE)
• Agricultural Revolution
• Domestication of animals
• Birth of first civilizations
• Beginning of settled societies
• Rise of complex human societies
5. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
• Systematic agriculture
• Humans shifted from hunting & gathering to
keeping animals & growing food on a regular
basis
• Advances in stone tools = surplus of food
production = growth of population = growth of
villages = led to first cities
• Emergence of new professions in cities such as
artisans, merchants, craftsmen
6. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?
• Skills and tools people use to help them
meet their basic needs and wants
7. 7 DEFINING FEATURES OF CIVILIZATION
• Organized government
• complex religion
• job specialization
• social classes
• art and architecture
• public works
• writing
forms of
communication
Why are the Arts and Architecture important?
8. OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES OF
CIVILIZATION
• Urbanization
• Social change
Growth in population
• Technological and industrial change
Bronze Age following Neolithic Age
• Long-distance trade
9. MESOPOTAMIA (IRAQ)
• Ancient Mesopotamia
included 3 general
areas:
1. Assyria
2. Akkad
3. Sumer
• between Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
• Part of the Fertile
Crescent
• Knows of rich soil –
helped produce surplus
of crops = able to sustain
early civilizations
12. EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
• Sumerians: Created the 1st Mesopotamian civilization
• Created city-states: basic units of Sumerian civilizations
• Sumerian cities:
• Surrounded by walls
• Many had defense towers
• dwellings built of sun-dried bricks
• Sumerian beliefs
• Polytheistic
• Believed that gods owned the citied
• Built temples for gods
• Writing – Invented cuneiform – earliest writing system
• Government: Theocracy
• Kings derived power from gods and were agents of gods
14. AKKADIANS
• 2340 B.C.E. Sargon, leader of the Akkadians
overran Sumerian city-states
• Established first empire in world history
• Empire: large political unit or state, usually
under a single leader that controls many
people and territory
15. BABYLONIANS
1792 B.C. – New Empire in Babylon under
King Hammurabi
Hammurabi expanded the city-state of
Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite
all of southern Mesopotamia.
Code of Hammurabi
• a collection of 282 laws and standards
• first code of law that was written down
• based on system of strict justice
• many of its ideas would find their way into
Hebrew civilization
• consumer protection laws
Editor's Notes
Indus Valley = Present-day Pakistan
made early stone tools and that’s how get the name “old stone” age. Invented bow and arrow + spear for catching fish
Used stone tools to hunt, butcher, cut plants, build shelter and to clean animals and animal hides.
Learned to make fire
Usually lived in groups of 20 or 30 people
women = childbearers and gatherers of berries and nuts
men – hunters
NOTE: early people as you can see had big prominent noses – the big nose helped them adapt to the cold climate better
Systematic: done in methodical or organized fashion
emergence of new professions since farmers could grow surplus foods and feed those in the cities
Arts and architecture – expressed the talents, beliefs, and values of the people who created them.
Temples and palaces often dominated the city landscape. – focal points of the civilization
Comparing Nomadic life and Civilizations – major difference in social organization – in nomadic cultures, people did not build cities and their governments were simpler than those of civilizations
Civilizations developed sophisticated traditions in oral poetry
Ufratis river
KUNIA - Form
wedge shape - Why did people start writing ...to record how much grain someone got or how much was given to the gods
“an eye for an eye” and “tooth for a tooth”
he earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view.
Why is it important that the code was written down? – could not change – gave people guaranteed rights
consumer protection laws – if a house collapsed and killed its owner, the builder would be put to death
