This document provides a summary of key events and developments from the 1930s through World War II, as covered in chapters 23-25 of a history textbook. It discusses the establishment and critics of FDR's New Deal programs, the rise of dictators in Europe and Asia preceding World War II, America's movement from isolationism to involvement in the war, major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, and the social impacts of the war at home including experiences of different ethnic groups.

1. Test 3 Quarter 3 Ch. 23 – 25 The New Deal and World War II

2. p. 766 Chapter 23 The New Deal Sec. 1 Forging a New Deal Sec. 2 The New Deal’s Critics Sec. 3 Last Days of the New Deal

3. p. 768 Sec. 1 Forging a New Deal Restoring the Nation’s Hope Eleanor Roosevelt visits the Second Bonus Army Calm panic and create support for new programs A “New Deal” for the American people First inaugural address – “nothing to fear but fear itself” Fireside chats – radio address to reassure nation

4. The First Hundred Days March – June, 1933 Create jobs Provide relief Stimulate the economy

5. Bank Holiday All banks close, had to prove viability before they could open again New deposits allow banks to make loans Steagall Banking Act of 1933 – creates FDIC Security and Exchange Commission as well as other acts regulate the stock market Temporarily took U.S. off gold standard

6. Relief – Creating Jobs Harry Hopkins – former settlement house worker runs programs Sent funds to local relief agencies Created public works projects Civilian Conservation Corps – put young men to work maintaining forests, parks, etc.

7. Regulating the Economy National Industrial Recovery Act Bolster prices Set fair practice standards Working conditions Minimum wage Higher wages leads to higher prices

8. Assisting Homeowners and Farmers Home Owners’ Loan Corporation helps refinance mortgages Federal Housing Authority – housing standards and conditions Agricultural Adjustment Administration – raise farm prices through subsidies Tennessee Valley Authority – create jobs and electricity

9. Key Players in the New Deal The Brain Trust – college educated, university professors, progressive workers make up main advisors

10. Groundbreaking Appointments Frances Perkins – Sect. of Labor – first female cabinet member Mary McLeod Bethune – African American – Director of Federal Council on Negro Affairs Member of unofficial “black Cabinet”

11. Eleanor Roosevelt FDR’s legs Worked especially for the poor and unrepresented, women, minorities

12. The New Deal Falters Most of the new programs brought no significant changes Many worried federal gov’t was gaining too much power – creeping socialism

13. A Second New Deal Congressional Elections of 1934 show overwhelming support for FDR More social welfare programs More controls over business More support for unions More taxes for the rich

14. New and Expanded Agencies Works Progress Administration – many public projects, including work for artists and writers Resettlement Administration – helps small farmers, tenant farmers, and sharecroppers get loans to buy own farm Electrification for rural areas National Labor Relations Board – hears workers grievances related to union activities

15. Social Security Old-age pensions Survivor’s benefits Unemployment insurance Aid for dependent children and the disabled

16. The 1936 Election Support of New Deal wide and deep Republican Alf Landon receives only 8 electoral votes

17. p. 777 Sec. 2 The New Deal’s Critics Not enough Too much

18. Limitations of the New Deal Workers – only about 25% of workers covered by many labor laws Women – men and boys receive preference in jobs and pay African Americans works projects segregated domestic and farm workers not included in most laws, esp. Social Security rise in lynchings not addressed by gov’t

19. The New Deal Goes too Far Republicans, wealthy , American Liberty League Too socialistic Too many taxes Social Security numbers too militaristic Limited individual freedom

20. Other Critics Progressives and Socialists – including Upton Sinclair – want more Gov’t ownership of factories and farms Major reforms in gov’t Redistribution of wealth

21. The Demagogues Father Coughlin The “radio priest” At first supported New Deal Became openly anti-Semitic Huey Long Louisiana governor and U.S. senator Called for a redistribution of wealth – $5000 to every family

22. Modern Day Critics New Deal didn’t really help lessen the depression Limited free enterprise – jobs and farms Too big government Too many taxes Deficit spending

23. The Court Packing Fiasco 1935 Supreme Court declares key New Deal programs unconstitutional In order to ensure support, FDR proposed court-reform bill Appoint one additional justice for each one over 70 No one happy with grab for power 3 separate branches of gov’t Political play not good gov’t Older justices retired, FDR able to make more liberal appointments

24. p. 785 Sec. 3 The Last Days of the New Deal The Recession of 1937 Higher taxes mean less money to spend National debt rising, some programs cut Programs restored, but result in higher national debt

25. Unions Triumph CIO – Committee for Industrial Organization Founded by UMW president John Lewis Organized unskilled workers

26. An Era of Strikes Gov’t allowed unions to be organizes, companies did not have to bargain with them Sit-down strikes, picket lines Violence often erupted between police, company officials, and strikebreakers against the strikers

27. The New Deal’s Effects on Culture Literature Pearl Buck – The Good Earth John Steinbeck – The Grapes of Wrath James Agee and Walker Evans – Let Us Now Praise Famous Men

28. Radio and Movies Radio Comedies Jack Benny, George Burns and Gracie Allen Soap operas

29. Movies Double features and drive-in movies allow more people to enjoy Federal agencies produce “shorts” to be shown to publicize they’re activities

30. Entertainment mainly optimistic

31. The WPA and the Arts Arts are important Artists need work, too Histories and novels Community symphonies Free music lessons Murals, sculpture, and other art for public buildings Theatre programs

32. Lasting New Deal Achievements People now expect government to create a program to solve their problems Many programs good and long-lasting Bridges, dams, electrification programs FDIC, SEC, Social Security Restoration of hope, feelings of American greatness to be able to overcome all obstacles

33. Ch. 24 World War II The Road to War

34. p. 798 Ch. 24 The Road to War Sec. 1 The Rise of Dictators Sec. 2 Europe Goes to War Sec. 3 Japan Builds an Empire Sec. 4 From Isolationism to War

35. p. 800 Sec. 1 The Rise of Dictators World-wide depression and disillusionment from WWI leaves people looking toward their governments for answers Totalitarianism dominates every aspect of life Uses terror and fear to stay in power

36. Stalin’s Soviet Union Takes over when Lenin dies Forms collective farms – effectively leading to state takeover Many resist, sent to labor camps Many escape Millions starve

37. Stalin’s Reign of Terror Purges political enemies, attempting to purify communist party Millions arrested, forced into labor camps, and or executed

38. Fascism In Italy Unites Socialist, anarchists, disillusioned war vets, and opponents to monarchy to gather political power Uses Blackshirts to control those who oppose him Promises to restore economy Wants to rebuild Roman Empire

39. Hitler’s Rise to Power Upset with terms of Treaty of Versailles Forms Nazi party First arrested for attempting to overthrow gov’t Hitler promises to restore economy, Nazis elected to Reichstaag Named Chancellor takes over gov’t

40. The Spanish Civil War General Francisco Franco leads Nationalists in a rebellion against the elected gov’t, forms military dictatorship Supported by Germans Soviet Union supports Republicans U.S., G.B., and France do not intervene

41. p. 807 Europe Goes to War Appeasement – Munich Conference - Neville Chamberlain attempts to keep peace by allowing Hitler’s early aggression in return for a promise to stop further aggression Quickly broken

42. Hitler makes non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R. Allows Hitler to invade Poland – Sept. 1, 1939 blitzkrieg G.B. and France declare war against Germany Hitler turns to the West

43. p. 813 Japan Builds an Empire Since mid-1800s, when U.S. forced Japan out of isolation, Japan slowly built control over east Asia Japan’s first steps toward democracy after WWI stopped by depression

44. Nationalists call for a return to traditional ways Cause riots, other acts of terrorism forcing military to take over

45. Japan begins to build empire with invasion of Manchuria U.S. claims it goes against Kellogg-Briand League of Nations calls for end to occupation

46. Military continues to build destroying those who go against it 1937 full attack on China Soviet Union and Great Britain aid China

47. p. 817 Sec. 4 From Isolationism to War The United States Chooses Neutrality Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 try to keep America out of being dragged into war as had happened in WWI Neutrality Act of 1937 allows for “cash and carry” Does not allow U.S. to assist those who are defending themselves from aggression

48. American Involvement Grows Invasion of Poland and attack on Western Europe leaves many Americans wanting to help Britain Congress repeals arms embargo with Great Britain Merchant ships allowed to transport arms to Britain With fall of France, FDR calls for “all aid short of war”

49. Opposition to Involvement America First Committee wants to block further aid Republican presidential candidate in 1940 also supports aid, but limited

50. Lend-Lease FDR reelection in 1940 encourages more involvement Britain does not have money to fight war We would lend equipment – and get it back after the war Extended to U.S.S.R. after they are attacked by Germany

51. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor FDR limits trade with Japan as aggression continues Negotiations continue over a year

52. During negotiations, Japan also plans attack on U.S. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Dec.7, 1941 hopes to cripple U.S. fleet FDR calls on Congress to declare war Dec.11 Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

53. Ch. 25 World War II: Americans at War Sec. 1 Mobilization Sec. 2 Retaking Europe Sec. 3 The Holocaust Sec. 4 The War in the Pacific Sec. 5 The Social Impact of the War

54. p. 826 Sec. 1 Mobilization Mobilizing the Armed Forces Sept. 1940 – Selective Training and Service Act FDR makes Americans aware of what they are fighting for – The Four Freedoms

55. GIs – the symbol of the American fighting man Mexican-Americans, Native Americans (code talkers), Asian-Americans, and African Americans all serve with distinction, but in segregated forces Women – serve in non-combat military roles

56. Mobilizing the Economy Industry needs to quickly change to war production to meet Allied demands War Production Board – halted production of consumer goods, allocated raw materials Office of War Mobilization – supervised all industry and production Cost-plus system helps insure profits for manufacturers

57. Financing the War Higher taxes Bond sales Deficit spending – borrowing money from banks and private investors – postpone payments

58. Daily Life on the Home Front The effects of mobilization End of the unemployment, end of depression Growth of unions Women serve here as well – Rosie the Riveter Money to spend, but no goods to buy Stop inflation Rationing American nationalism grows Popular culture promotes war effort Individuals called on to assist with victory gardens, scrap metal drives, and Civilian Defense efforts

59. p. 832 Sec. 2 Retaking Europe Americans join the struggle Protect British trade routes from German submarines Convoy system, new technology Sonar, long-range air craft

60. The North Africa Campaign Join with British to fight African, Italian, and German troops British General Montgomery along with American Gen. Eisenhower and Patton defeat the “Desert Fox” Erwin Rommel Roosevelt and Churchill meet in Casablanca plan retaking of Europe

61. Invasion of Italy Seen as easiest and most likely to succeed Across Mediterranean from Africa U.S. troops led by Patton 1943, Italians oust Mussolini, and surrender to Allies Still must fight Germans in Italy

62. War in the Soviet Union Germans advance through Finland and Romania Some nationals welcome Stalin’s enemy – but quickly turned to forced laborers Stalin calls on the West to attack, relieve his troops Battle of Stalingrad – 1942-1943

63. The Allied Air War Pinpoint targeting proves ineffective, replaced by carpet bombing American involvement in war increases number of bombers available as well as escort fighter planes Bombing took place day and night

64. Invasion of Western Europe Operation Overlord to be launched from Britain into France American, British, Canadians make up largest portion of forces, led by Gen. Eisenhower June 6, 1944 – D-Day

65. Liberating France – Aug. 1944 Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944 – Belgium Final attack by German forces

66. The War in Europe Ends Soviets lost more troops than all others combined Break out from Stalingrad and move west April 1945 Soviets capture Berlin May 8, 1945 V-E Day Germany split into 4 zones as decided at Yalta Conference

67. p. 841 Sec. 3 The Holocaust Anti-Semitism exists in Europe for hundreds of years 1933 Hitler begins to blame Jews for economic woes 1935 Nuremberg Laws strip Jews of citizenship Jews forced into ghettos then concentration camps Wannsee Conference 1942 – final solution November 1945 – Nuremberg War Crimes Trials

68. p. 846 Sec. 4 The War in the Pacific Japanese advance 1941-1942 Pearl Harbor, the Wake Islands and Guam all attacked together British and Dutch colonies attacked in early 1942 May 1942 – Philippines surrenders – MacArthur promised to return Bataan Death March

69. The War at Sea Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942 Fighter planes from air craft carriers stop Japanese advances Midway – June 1942 Destroys large portion of Japanese fleet, their last offensive operation Guadalcanal – Aug. 1942 – Feb. 1943 Marines force first Japanese retreat

70. Retaking the Islands Island hopping allows American control to build air strips from which to make new attacks The Philippines – Oct. 1944 – June 1945 MacArthur leads return of Allied forces Japanese kamikazes unable to stop Allies

71. Iwo Jima – Nov. 1944 – Feb. 1945 One of bloodiest battles of war – 25,000 American casualties Okinawa – April – June 1945 Last obstacle to invasion of Japan Japanese willing to fight to the death Lead to decision to use the atomic bomb

72. The Manhattan Project Produces the first successful test of an atomic bomb in July, 1945 Gives third option for defeat of Japan Truman serves notice to Japan to surrender of face utter destruction Aug. 6 Hiroshima bombed Aug. 9 Nagasaki bombed Aug. 14 Japan accepts terms of surrender

73. The End of the War Aug. 6 Hiroshima bombed Aug. 9 Nagasaki bombed Aug. 14 Japan accepts terms of surrender

74. p. 855 Sec. 5 The Social Impact of the War African Americans Discrimination continues as jobs only given to whites June 1941 issues executive order to end discrimination in defense plant hiring Migrate north in search of factory jobs Race riots occur in many cities, esp. Detroit Army remains segregated CORE – Congress of Racial Equality Call for Double V Campaign

75. Native Americans Job opportunities in cities end traditional ties even more Navaho instrumental in winning war in the Pacific, not given real credit for decades

76. Japanese Americans Faced official discrimination from attack on Pearl Harbor Feb. 1942, FDR issues executive order to remove aliens from sensitive zones Was supposed to include foreign born Italians and Germans but did not in effect Did include American born Japanese Lost property, businesses In effect moved to concentration camps Upheld by Supreme Court in 1944

77. Japanese Americans in the Military Not accepted until 1943 Thousands volunteer Served in segregated units – including the 442 nd Regimental Combat unit – the most decorated in U.S. history

78. Women Needed to fill in for fighting men Needed to work in heavy industry factories Increased economic standing as well as social standing

79. African American women discriminated against for 2 reasons Earned less money then men for same job Had to worry about day care Most advances and jobs given up when men return from war

80. Mexican Americans More job opportunities, serve in armed forces, but still discriminated against Bracero Program – allows Mexicans to come to U.S. to work on farms Zoot Suit Riots – U.S. sailors make habit of hunting down Latino men June 1943 riot breaks out, sailors not charged