3. THE SCHOOL
A school is an institution designed to
provide learning spaces and learning
environments for the teaching of students (or
"pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most
countries have systems of formal education,
which is commonly compulsory.
4. THE SCHOOL
John Dewey was an advocate for school being a social
institution for children and for classrooms to provide
learning opportunities that allowed students to engage
in appropriate social interactions with their peers.
According to Aristotle, is to prepare the person for the
eudaemonic life, namely, the pursuit and attainment of
her highest excellence; her becoming a happy and
flourishing human being.
5. According to Calderon (1998), there are 4
function of School. These are:
Conservation Function
Instructional Function
Research Function
Social Service function
6. Conservation Function
The school conserves and preserves through
its libraries and other devices recorded accumulated
experiences of the past generations such as
knowledge, inventions, mathematics, science,
historical facts, skills, customs, traditions, language,
literature, music, writing, and the arts. All these are
preserved for future generations.
7. Instructional Function
This function, the main concern of the school, is to pass on the
accumulated experiences of the past generations to the
incoming generations. This is performed by individuals trained
for the purpose called teachers, mentors, instructors, or
professors. The recipients of such instruction are the young
learners called pupils or students. Some call such an instruction
enculturation, when things of the local culture are taught to the
students.
In the performance of this function, the school is expected to
produce leaders in all fields of endeavor: politics, education,
trade and industry, science, especially in medicine and the like.
8. Research Function
This is also an important function of the school. The
school conducts research to improve the old ways of
doing things or to discover hitherto unknown facts or
systems to improve the quality of human life. In the
performance of this function, for instance, some schools
are said to be inexhaustible if made operational or
functional.
9. Social Service Function
One justification for a particular school to exist is to render
some kind of social service in the place where it is located.
This may be done through some kind of outreach programs
which could be in a form of literacy, health, means of
livelihood, recreational activities, etc.
Schools can play a pivotal role within a sustainable
community. By educating young people in a way that
empowers them to play active roles in their local
communities to be able to make informed choices and to
critically evaluate their academic endeavor.
11. THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION
A group of social positions, connected by social
relations, performing a social role.
Any institution in a society that works to socialize
the groups of people in it (e.g., universities,
governments, families).
It is a major sphere of social life organized to meet
some human need.
12. Six (6) MAJOR SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
1. Family
2. Education
3. Religion
4. Economy
5. Community
6. Government
13. FAMILY
The smallest social institution with the unique
function or producing and rearing the young.
It is the basic unit of Philippine society and the
educational system where the child begins to learn
his ABC.
The basic agent of socialization because it is here
where the individual develops values, behaviors, and
ways of life through interaction with members of the
family (Vega, 2004).
14. Functions of the Family
1) Reproduction of the race and rearing of the young.
2) Cultural transmission or enculturation.
3) Socialization of the child.
4) Providing affection and a sense of security.
5) Providing the environment for personality
development and the growth of self-concept in
relation to others. Providing social status.
15. Kinds of Family Patterns
The family can be classified according in different ways:
According to Structure:
Conjugal or nuclear family– this is the primary family
consisting of husband, wife and children
Consanguine or extended family– consists of married
couple, their parents, siblings, grandparents, uncles, aunts,
and cousins.
16. Kinds of Family Patterns
According to terms of marriage:
Monogamy – refers to the marriage of two people at a time–
historically one husband and one wife.
Polygamy – where one man is married to two or
more women at the same time
Polygyny – the marriage of one man to multiple women.
Polyandry – the marriage of multiple men to one woman.
Cenogamy – where two or more men mate with two or more
women in group marriage.
17. Kinds of Family Patterns
As to line of descent:
Patrilineal – when the descent is recognized through the father’s line.
Matrilineal – the descent is recognized through the mother’s line
Bilineal – the descent is recognized through both the father’s and mother’s line.
Patrilocal – Married couple lives with the parents of the husband.
Matrilocal – Married couple lives with the parents of the wife Neolocal - Married
couple maintains a separate household and live by themselves
Patriarchal – Father is considered the head and plays a dominant role
Matriarchal – Mother is considered the head and makes the major decisions
Equalitarian – Both the mother and father share in making decisions and are equal
in authority
18. EDUCATION
Refers to the contributions of the school
to the development and maintenance of
education at the different levels of
institution.
20. TYPES OF EDUCATION
Formal Education, structured, law-bound education with set
curriculum and assessments leading to diplomas and degrees. Often
criticized for blaming students for failures and lacking creativity in
teaching methods.
Non-Formal Education, flexible, intentional learning catering to
students' needs and interests. Emphasizes practical skills and personal
development, with studies suggesting it better meets student needs.
Informal Education, unplanned, unconscious learning occurring in
various settings like friendships, families, and work environments.
Embraces mistakes as integral to learning process.
21. Multiple Functions of Schools
Technical/Economic
Human/Social
Political Refers
Cultural
22. Multiple Functions of Schools
Technical/Economic — refers to the contributions of the school to
the technical or economic development and needs of the individual,
the institution, the local community, the society and the
international community.
Human/Social — refers to the contributions of the school to human
development and social relationships at different levels of society.
Political Refers — to the contributions of the school to the political
development at different levels of society.
Cultural — refers to the contributions of the school to the cultural
transmission and development at different levels of society.
23. Manifest & Latent Functions of Education
Manifest functions of education are defined as the open and
intended goals or consequences of activities within an
organization or institution.
Socialization
Social control
Social placement
Transmitting culture
Promoting social and political integration
Agent of change
24. Functions of Education
The primary function is to move young people in the mainstream of
society.
The school is the place for the contemplation of reality, and our task as
teachers, in the simplest terms, is to show this reality to our students,
who are naturally eager about them.
At home we teach reality to children in a profoundly personal, informal,
and unstructured way.
There are also teachers who facilitate learning, who teach children and
youth certain types of acceptable behavior, and sees to it that children
develop aspects: physically, emotionally, socially and academically.
25. The intellectual purposes of schooling include the following:
To teach basic cognitive skills such as reading writing, and
mathematics; to transmit specific knowledge.
Political – to inculcate allegiance to the existing political
order (patriotism). To teach children the basic laws of society.
Social – socialize children into the various roles, behaviors,
and values of the society. The key ingredient in the stability of
any society.
Economic – To prepare students for their later occupational
roles and select, train, and allocate individuals into the division
of labor.
26. Religion
The socially defined patterns of beliefs concerning ultimate meaning
of life' it assumes the existence of the supernatural.
Characteristics of Religion
Belief in a deity or in a power beyond the individual
A doctrine (accepted teaching) of salvation
A code of conduct
The use of sacred stories
Religious rituals (acts and ceremonies)
27. Functions of Religion
Religion serves as a means of social control.
It exerts a great influence upon personality development.
Religion always fear the unknown.
Religion explains events or situations which are beyond the
comprehension of man. It gives man comfort, strength and hope in
times of crisis and despair.
It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills, spiritual and cultural
values and practices that serves as an instrument of change. It
promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness.
Religion alleviates sufferings from major calamities. It provides hope
for a blissful life after death.
28. Mosque, Sects and Cults
Mosque – tends to be large, with inclusive membership, in
low tension with surrounding society and tends toward greater
intellectual examination and interpretation of the tenants of
religion.
Sect – has a small, exclusive membership, high tension with
society. It tends toward the emotional, mystic, stress faith,
feeling, conversion experience, to be "born again".
Cult – the more innovative institutions and are formed when
people create new religious beliefs and practices. There are
three types: audience cults, client cults and cult movements.
29. Economic Institutions
Economic organization involves production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services.
Functions of Economy
1. Provide methods for the production of goods and services.
2. Provide methods for the distribution of goods and services.
3. Enable societies members to consume goods and services which are
produced.
30. Government
A government is an institution entrusted with making
and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with
regulating relations with other societies.
Types of Government
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Dictatorship
Totalitarian
Democracy
31. Monarchy
A monarchy is a government where a single person (the
monarch) rules the government. The title of the monarch is
hereditary, this means one inherits the position. In some
societies, the monarch was appointed by a divine power. The
title is passed on through accession when the existing monarch
dies or abdicates (voluntarily gives up the title). —Monarchies
of most nations today are ingrained in tradition rather than
modern politics. — Examples: Kingdom of Thailand & United
Kingdom and the British Commonwealth
32. Oligarchy
An oligarchy is a government where a small, elite groups rules all over
society. In an oligarchy, the members of the ruling elite do not necessarily
receive their titles by birth, like in a monarchy. The members are people in
significant positions of power in business, in the military or in politics.
Dictatorship
A dictatorship is a government in which a single person or small group holds
all the power, and has absolute authority over politics and the population.
Dictatorships are often corrupt and aim to limit the liberties of the general
population in order to maintain their power. Example: Kim Jong-Il and his
son and successor, Kim Jong-Un
33. Totalitarian
A totalitarian government is an extremely oppressive
dictatorial system. It aims to keep the lives of their citizens
completely under control.
This form of government restricts occupation, religious
belief and the number of children a family can have, among
other things. Citizens of a totalitarian dictatorship are
publicly required to demonstrate their support for the
government through attending marches and public
celebrations. Example: Hitler ruled using secret police
called the Gestapo.
34. Democracy
Comes from the Greek words ‘demos’ and
‘kratos’, which mean ‘common people’ and
‘power’. Thus, democracy literally means ‘power
to the people’.
It is a government in which all citizens have the
equal right to have their voices heard and determine
state policy through elected representatives. Laws
passed by the state (ideally) reflect the will of the
majority of the population.
35. COMMUNITY
Communities are collections of actors whose
membership in the collective provides social and
cultural resources that shape their action.
Membership can result from a number of factors
including propinquity, interest in a common goal,
or common identity.
36. TYPES OF COMMUNITY
Urban Communities, urban communities are densely
populated areas with advanced technology and services.
Rural Communities, the rural community is
characterized by low population density with scanty
homes located not too close to one another.
Suburban Communities, suburban area is a mix of the
urban and rural. Most of the amenities you'd find in a
city are also available in a suburban
37. Warren (1978) identified five functions carried out by
locality-relevant communities:
(1) Production, Distribution, and Consumption
(2) Socialization
(3) Social Control
(4) Social Participation
(5) Mutual Support
38. • Warren (1978) proposed five critical functions that are carried out by
locality-relevant communities:
These functions are critical for the survival and well-being of the
community and its members.
Production-Distribution-Consumption, this function relates to the
economic activities of the community, including the ways in which
its members make a living and obtain the material resources they
need.
Socialization, this function involves the processes through which
individuals within the community learn and internalize the norms,
values, and behaviors that are expected of them.
39. Social Control, this function pertains to the mechanisms
by which the community maintains social order and
enforces societal norms.
Social Participation, this function relates to the
opportunities for community members to engage in social
activities and contribute to community life.
Mutual Support, this function involves the provision of
support and assistance among members of the community.
40. In Summary
The success of a community depends on how well its social institutions
work, as each is essential to preserving balance. The entire community
suffers when even one institution fails to perform its obligations. For
instance, a deficient educational system reduces job readiness, impeding
economic expansion and sustaining inequality. A dysfunctional
government sows the seeds of civil instability, erodes trust, and
encourages corruption. Inadequate medical care affects people's
wellbeing and makes societal problems worse. These interdependent
systems show how precarious the social order is and how important it is
for every institution—family, schooling, the government, the business
sector, religion, and healthcare, among others—to perform its functions
in order to maintain a cohesive and prosperous society.
