This document provides information about non-parametric tests. It begins by explaining that non-parametric tests do not assume a specific distribution or make assumptions about the population. It then discusses tests for normality like the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test. Commonly used non-parametric tests like Spearman's rank correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test are explained. The chi-square test and assumptions are also covered in detail. Advantages of non-parametric tests include fewer assumptions and applicability to small sample sizes. A disadvantage is they are less powerful than parametric tests.

1. UNIT 5
NON PARAMETRIC TESTS

2. • The general assumptions of parametric tests are
− The populations are normally distributed (follow normal
distribution curve).
− The selected population is representative of
general population
− The data is in interval or ratio scale

3. • Non-parametric tests can be applied when:
– Data don’t follow any specific distribution and no
assumptions about the population are made
– Data measured on any scale

4. Testing normality
• Normality: This assumption is only broken if there are
large and obvious departures from normality
• This can be checked by
 Inspecting a histogram
 Skewness and kurtosis ( Kurtosis describes the peak of
the curve and Skewness describes the symmetry of the
curve.)
 Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test (sample size is ≥50 )
 Shapiro-Wilk test (if sample size is <50)
(Sig. value >0.05 indicates normality of the distribution)

5. Testing normality

6. Testing normality

7. Testing normality

8. COMMONLY USED NON PARAMETRIC
TESTS
• Correlation – Non Parametric Versions
 Spearman
 Biserial
 Point biserial
 Tetrachoric
 Phi
• Chi – square
• Mann Whitney U – test
• Wilcoxon Matched Paired test
• Kruskal Wallis H test
• Median test

9. Spearman’s ‘p’ (rho) Correlation
• The Spearman's rank-order correlation is the
nonparametric version of the Pearson product-moment
correlation.
• Spearman's correlation coefficient, (ρ, also signified by
rs) measures the strength and direction of association
between two ranked variables

11. Biserial Correlation
• The biserial correlation is a correlation between on one
hand, one or more quantitative variables, and on the
other hand one or more binary variables.
• It was introduced by Pearson (1909).

12. Point Bi-serial Correlation
● The point biserial correlation coefficient is a special
case of Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
● It measures the relationship between two variables-
a. One continuous variable (must be ratio scale or
interval scale).
b. One naturally binary variable.

13. Tetrachoric Correlation
• Tetrachoric correlation is used to measure rater
agreement for binary data- data with two possible
answers—usually right or wrong.
• It is used for a variety of reasons including analysis of
scores in Item Response Theory (IRT) and converting
comorbity statistics to correlation coefficients.
• This type of correlation has the advantage that it’s not
affected by the number of rating levels, or the marginal
proportions for rating levels.
• The term “tetrachoric correlation” comes from the
tetrachoric series, a numerical method used before the
advent of computers.

14. Phi-Coefficient Correlation
• The phi coefficient is a measure of the degree of
association between two binary variables. This measure
is similar to the correlation coefficient in its
interpretation.
• Two binary variables are considered positively
associated if most of the data falls along the diagonal
cells (i.e., a and d are larger than b and c). In contrast,
two binary variables are considered negatively
associated if most of the data falls off the diagonal.

16. Chi Square test
• The chi-square is the most widely used non-parametric
statistical test to investigate whether distribution of
observed frequencies differs from the theoretical
frequencies.
• The chi-square is denoted by the Greek letter X2 and is
pronounced as “Kye” square.
• This test is used when the data is nominal (categorical).
• Unlike parametric tests where mean and variance are
used to compute parametric statistic, the chi-square
statistic is computed based on frequencies. The value
of chi-square is computed by the following formula:

18. Assumptions in Chi-Square Test
• Following assumptions need to be satisfied while
using the chi-square test:
• Samples are randomly drawn from the
population.
• All the observations are independent of each
other.
• The data is in terms of frequency.
• Observed frequencies should not be too small
and the sample size, n, must be sufficiently large

19. Application of Chi-square Test
• The chi-square is basically used for testing
three different kinds of hypothesis:
• Testing the equal occurrence hypothesis
• Testing the significance of association
between two attributes
• Testing the goodness of fit

21. Df = (r-1)(c-1)
Df = (2-1) (3-1) = 2
Thus, df = 2

23. Chi Square test – Yates’ correction
• Yates’correction: applies when we have two
categories (one degree of freedom)
• Used when sample size is ≥ 40, and
expected frequency of <5 in one cell
• Subtracting 0.5 from the difference between
each observed value and its expected value in
a 2 × 2 contingency table

24. Chi square – when expected
frequencies are to be calculated

27. • Here, expected frequencies are to be computed.
• Independence values are represented by the
figures in parentheses within the different cells;
they give the number of people whom we should
expect to find possessing the designated
eyedness and handedness combinations in the
absence of any real association.
• It would be ROW TOTAL * COLUMN TOTAL /
GRAND TOTAL – (of the respective cells)

28. From Table E
we find that P lies between .30 and .50 and hence x2 is not significant. The
observed results are close to those to be expected on the hypothesis of
independence and there is no evidence of any real association between
eyedness and handedness within our group.

29. Chi square for 2*2 contingency tables

31. MANN WHITNEY U TEST
• The Mann–Whitney U test is meant for testing
whether the two samples have been drawn from
the same population.
• This test can be used for parametric as well
asnon-parametric data and therefore it is the
most powerful non-parametric test.
• It can be used more efficiently as an alternative
to the t-test in case one wishes to avoid the
assumptions of t-test like equality of variance and
normality of the population distribution

32. • The procedure in using Mann–Whitney U test can be explained in the
following steps:
• Combine scores of both the groups (n1 + n2) and arrange them in
ascending order.
• Give the rank to each score in the combined data set.
• If there is a tie, assign each of the tied scores, the average rank which they
jointly occupy. For example, if third and fourth scores are same, then
assign each the rank 3.5(=(3 + 4)/2). Similarly, if second, third and fourth
scores are same, then assign each of them the average rank 3(= 2 + 3 +
4)/3).
• Find R1 and R2, where R1 is the total of all the ranks received by all the
scores in the first group (in the rank assigned jointly) and R2 is the total of
all the ranks received by all the scores in the second group.
• Compute the values of U1 and U2. These values are obtained by the
following formula:

33. •The smaller value out of U1 and U2 is the value of the test
statistic U.
•Interpretation is done similar to other statistical tests

34. WILCOXON MATCHED PAIRS TEST
• Also called as the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test.
• Nonparametric equivalent of the Paired
Samples t-test.
• Similar to sign test, but takes into
consideration the magnitude of difference
among the pairs of values.
• Sign test only considers the direction of
difference but not the magnitude of
differences.

35. Procedure - Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

36. KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANOVA
• This test is used to compare more than two
groups and is the non parametric equivalent to
one-way analysis of variance.
• It is computed exactly like the Mann-Whitney
test, except that there are more groups (>2
groups).
• Applied on independent samples with the same
shape (but not necessarily normal).
• The Krushkal–Wallis test is used when the data
obtained are in terms of ranks or scores based on
subjective judgment.

38. MEDIAN TEST
• The median test is a two-sample non-parametric test.
• The researcher may like to compare the effects of two
different treatments implemented on two different
samples.
• Further, sample may not always be of the same size.
• In such situations, median test is the most appropriate.
• The median test is used to give information whether
the two independent samples belong to the population
with the same median.
• The procedure involved in the median test can be
described in the following steps:

40. Advantages of Non Parametric Tests
1. If the data obtained in the study is based on either
nominal or ordinal scale, then non-parametric tests are
the only solutions.
2. If the conditions of parametric tests fail or the
distribution of the population from which the sample has
been obtained is unknown, then the non-parametric tests
are the only alternative.
3. Non-parametric tests are the only solution in case of very
small sample unless the exact nature of the population
distribution is known.
4. For using non-parametric tests, few assumptions need to
be satisfied.
5. Non-parametric tests are easy to learn and use.

41. Disadvantages of Non Parametric Tests
1. Non-parametric tests are less powerful in
comparison to parametric tests because it
uses non-metric data which itself is less
accurate in comparison to the metric data.
2. Non-parametric tests do not provide solution
for the post hoc tests in the ANOVA
experiments, which can easily be done in
parametric tests.

43. Level of
Measure
me nt
Sample Characteristics Correlation
1
Sample
2 Sample K Sample (i.e., >2)
Independent Dependent Independent Dependent
Categorical
orNominal
Χ2 Χ2 MacNemar
test
Χ2 Cochran’s
Q
Rank
or
Ordin
al
Χ2 Mann
Whitney
U
Wilcoxo
n
Signed
Rank
Krus
kal
Wallis
H
Friedman’
s
ANOVA
Spearman’
s rho
Parametr
ic
(Interval
& Ratio)
z test or
t test
t test
betwee
n
groups
t test
within
group
s
1
way
ANO
V
A
betwe
en
grou
ps
Repeate
d
measure
ANOVA
Pearson’
s test
Factorial (2 way)ANOVA