1. NAME …Amy Poole
…………………………………………………
DATE GIVEN TO STUDENTS MON 27 FEB 2012
BTEC EXTENDED DIPLOMA IN CREATIVEMEDIA PRODUCTION UNIT 51 PAGE LAYOUT
AND DESIGN
51.4 DESIGN AND PRODUCE PAGE LAYOUT TO A GIVEN BRIEF
ASSIGNMENT TWO: VISUAL LANGUAGE AND AUDIENCES
LOOK AT YOUR FINISHED COVER AND DOUBLE PAGE SPREAD AND COMPARE IT WITH
MIXMAG MAGAZINE. COMPLETE THE ATTACHED GRID AND ASSESS HOW CLOSE YOU
HAVE COME TO IMITATING MIXMAG’S STYLE AND CONVENTIONS
(Description only will achieve Pass, Assessment needed for Merit and Assessment plus plenty of
examples for Distinction)
You will cover the following criteria:
M4 - design and produce a page layout D4 - design and produce a page layout to
P4 - design and produce a to meet a brief to a good technical meet a brief to a technical quality that
page layout to meet a brief standard showing some imagination and reflects near-professional standards,
within appropriate conventions with only occasional assistance showing creativity and flair and working
and with some assistance independently to near professional
expectations
WRITE AN ASSESSMENT OF HOW CLOSE YOU HAVE COME TO MATCHING MIXMAG
CONVENTIONS IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS :
COLUMNS When deciding how I wanted the columns and margins be structured for my front
AND MARGINS cover and my article I had to use an example Mixmag magazine as a reference to be
able to incorporate how Mixmag layout there text in order to Mixmag standards.
For my columns I decided to use three columns as when I looked at Mixmag magazine I
found that the characteristic for a free flowing article is that they include 3-4 articles to
which I wanted to incorporate as you can see my column for my Mixmag article as I
was making a free flowing article
If we compare my free flowing article
which is the top and the Mixmag article
which is underneath you can see that
my columns compared to this Mixmag
article it is clear and precise which
makes my text stand out to a Mixmag
standard which was the purpose of the
of making my article as it was written
within the assignment to produce a
article and Mixmag cover to a
professional Mixmag standard.
Front cover – When creating my front cover I made sure that my structure for this was

2. precise and tidy as when you look at any Mixmag magazine everything on there
magazine is clear and tidy and precise due to the fact there margins has
If we compare these margins of my front cover to the left and Mixmag to the right you
can see clearly that my text and coverlines are spaced out accordingly to look
presentable and nice like the Mixmag front cover .The only difference to my magazine
margin is that I haven’t spread my special edition like the Mixmag magazine to the right
has because I didn’t want to over stretch shape as I didn’t think this would look nice.
Apart from this difference everything else looked clear and presentable like the
Mixmag magazine is.
MASTHEAD When thinking about the masthead for my front cover I had to acknowledge where I
would position we compare my masthead which is .Therefore I had to have a Mixmag
If my masthead within my front cover the first print
magazine in screenof me to which print screen which was from place the masthead. I
front to the second it would guide me where to a
also had to Mixmag magazine you can see they are quite similar. my theme of the
choose a Mixmag masthead that would accommodate
front cover. This is partly due to the fact I copied the masthead
from the internet and manipulated within Photoshop
using the drop shadow . The reason why I made my
masthead it stand out this way within my front
cover which makes my masthead was because I
copied from the internet which looked distorted and
that is why it is different to the Mixmag magazine.
The reason why mine is different towards Mixmag
because as they have created their own theme for
that particular magazine for which I haven’t copied as
I have created my own theme running the magazine.
However for my masthead and selling line I have
positioned them in the same place Mixmag as I
wanted to incorporate and make my own Mixmag
magazine using the same characteristics they used.

3. PRICE AND When setting out to create the same characteristics where Mixmag place their price
BAR CODE and barcode I firstly had to know what the price Mixmag charge for their magazines.
If we compare firstly where I
have positioned my barcode and
price they are exactly in the
same place right next to the
barcode at the corner of the
magazine the same as Mixmag
place theirs. You can see also
that my price is the same as the
Mixmag magazines which adds
to the realism of my magazine as
I’m incorporating Mixmag actual
price.
The reason why I have positioned this within this space is in order for it not to take too
much room of my magazine as I had to allocate other space to other important sections
such as cover lines
HEADLINES/ When trying to incorporate how to Mixmag structure their headlines I had to make
CROSSHEADS sure I positioned these in the same place i.e centre and clear to read :
AND
DATELINES If we compare my main coverlines and the main
coverlines of the Mixmag magazine which is the photo
underneath you can that both of these are placed in
centre going across the image of the artist. My coverlines
of Adam who? is slightly smaller to Mixmag DJ Chuckie
which points out that maybe I could of enlarged this little a bit more to cover across the
page rather having a small title in order to meet Mixmag standard. The reason why I
used a statement underneath the Adam Who? Banner was to make the audience
aware he is one of the next major artists to break through the dance scene. Another
reason why I chose to include this because I’m making a feature about an upcoming
artist therefore I wanted to make the audience to be aware of him. If look at this
closely the text looks squashed which is very hard to read, but
I could argue that if I made it any bigger it would left me with
a large amount of space which isn’t needed within the
magazine.
However another similarity among the main coverlines for my
front cover and Mixmag is that I’m continuing a theme which Mixmag create when
relating what the artist is wearing they use those colours within their main titles.

4. My headline for my article t required me to bold yet effective as I was trying
introducing the Mixmag audience to upcoming artist called Adam Who? while also I
had to content with meeting Mixmag audience:
If compare my headline to Mixmag article mine continues
Mixmag convention of coming up with effective title as the
title continues to across the page like the Mixmag magazine
does. This shows I have continued at meet the Mixmag
convention, whilst also implementing within my title a brief
biography detailing a brief description of the artist troubles
that they have had to overcome which again is another
characteristic Mixmag use within their free flowing article
that I have incorporated. The only difference I have noticed
is that my brief bio seems to big whereas how Mixmag present this as small text looks
better compared to mine. However I had chosen this size for the brief bio stand out
this way as I wanted this to be seen in great detail rather than a small a piece of text
that might be overlooked.
Datelines
For my datelines it was important for include the important information when the
magazine is issued as I’m trying to create a professional yet realistic Mixmag therefore I
needed to know what type of issue is it whether it was monthly or weekly.
Once after establishing it was a monthly issue it was time to include the year and the
month as this an important characteristic Mixmag use as part of the subscription
service so it was important that I included this within my front cover to make it look
real along with displaying the website. However once displaying it next to the barcode
which is where Mixmag place there selling this is where you can notice a big difference
between Mixmag dateline and mine . This is because Mixmag dateline is split into two
the first part of the dateline is bold whereas the second half is italic. Whereas all of my
selling line is bold which I could argue that it is bold because I wanted to make sure it
could be readable yet effective as it is important information I’m giving.
PAGE When looking at how Mixmag number there double spread I found out that I had to do
NUMBERING this a specific way by including the month and the year .
In comparison I have included a Mixmag code and convention as only on one side of
the page number have highlighted the month
year and page number for subscription service at
the bottom corner. I do however have noticed a
big important difference between mine page
number and Mixmag such as the way
Mixmag have displayed this is quite small
whereas mine is on a enlarger scale
.However I could argue that by having it too small they might overlook what page there
on if for any reason they lose the page they are on now.
STRAPLINES/ The important of coverlines was to specifically highlight important
COVER LINES content within the magazine as what type of artist and topics would be
featured such as competitions and upcoming featured
artist.
If we analyse my coverlines / straplines to a Mixmag

5. magazine coverlines you can see that both featured with these front covers they are
clear and precise and aligned with another which is important when presenting
information in any publication. As featured within the Mixmag magazine and my
magazine is a theme running across the coverlines using what the colour of the clothing
artist is wearing which is effective and important because as provides continuity within
the magazine. I have also incorporated one big major Mixmag convention the plus
coverline which is important as introduces the featured artist within the magazine
which makes my magazine look realistic however when comparing the two name my
text for the plus looks bigger the Mixmag Magazine.
RULES AND When creating my coverlines I used a ruler to make sure all my text where aligned
BORDERS together and nothing else of place because when I looked a Mixmag front cover and
article everything looked professional and tidy in specific positions within the
magazine. I did not however choose a border as Mixmag magazine don’t use borders
that often therefore I didn’t in corporate this. However I must acknowledge that did
create shapes for my coverlines to give them the extra edge as do Mixmag use this
which makes certain sections look out and be attractive than others while keeping in
touch with a theme being created.
WHITE SPACE When considering the white space i.e where the cd would be placed in the left third I
had to consider my options while trying to follow Mixmag codes of convention when to
act upon this.
If you look right photo you can see the white space where the cd
is supposed to be positioned within my front cover you can see
that I left empty apart from the model credit, whereas, within
Mixmag magazine they have put coverlines to break up the
space.This has me regret the decisions I made to keep it the space
empty when really I should of added more coverlines to make it
even more realistic Mixmag magazine. However one thing did
remain It was the right area to position the cd as that is where
Mixmag place the cd.
FONTS AND The reason why I chose a big font for my article “ Guess Who? Adam Who?” was
FONT SIZE because I wanted something that was bright and bold for
AND UPPER/ my audience to read which was important as the purpose
LOWER CASE/ of this was to be as eye catching as the Mixmag article I
DROP had previously mention the “Genius of miss Jones” was
CAPITALS effective. The reason why I had an upper class “A”within
the first letter of my article as that I had noticed not in only
Mixmag magazines and in other publications that they use
this to signify the start of the article which is shortly followed by the rest of the are
article in lower class to signify that the article is full swing . I made sure that when
transferring my text they were in paragraphs and that I didn’t choose a confusing font
for my text as I wanted it to be clear and presentable a how Mixmag present i.e
through the article featuring the title the “Genius of Miss Jones”to which I think I have
achieved Mixmags standards as I didn’t have any spelling mistakes or fonts out of place
Again it was important when creating continuity within my front cover that all the
coverlines were all the same font in order to make sure that there weren’t any un even
texts as they would have ruined the layout of the magazine and wouldn’t be as
effective as a Mixmag magazine front cover.
BOLD AND The reason why I decided to have bold title within my coverlines was to make sure the
top title stood out as I was talking about a specific stories that would be included

6. ITALIC within the magazine. When looking at a cover line that is featured within a official
Mixmag magazine I can see that all the coverlines are still in bold and are continuity
with another ,whereas within my coverlines the white coverlines seem more bolder
than the red coverlines which suggests that I could of made them bolder if I wanted to.
However ,I could argue that I didn’t want to take too much attention from the white
coverlines as the red would overpowered the cover line. Whilst previously highlighting
within this assignment I did also mention some other parts of my text i.e the dateline
should have had an italic feel due that Mixmag used this I should of incorporated this
instead for whatever reason I didn’t include this.
JUSTIFIED The reason why in my article my main text goes across page in a white font because I
TEXT/ wanted it to stand out placed across a my image and two pages as I had seen
CENTRED previously in a Mixmag article called the “Genius of Miss Jones” which was effective
TEXT and I wanted to incorporate this within my article. I also chose to create a title detailing
what troubles Adam Who? has overcome over the years going across the main image
because I wanted to fill the empty space whilst also acknowledging that I made sure my
text stood out. However when comparing this particular text to how Mixmag
structured this I did it different because they done it straight underneath the title
within a small font detailing a brief summary, whereas I did positioned this text within
the centre of the picture which was effective as it was still bold and easy to read/
Another reason why I had a positioned my text within a certain for my front cover
because I wanted a bold text for both my front cover and promotional banner in order
for my text to out because when looking at Mixmag magazine they were clear and
presentable which I think I have incorporated this. By mimicking the Mixmag code and
convention in making the text bold through using the colour scheme of red /white
/black of which I created ,I was able to make the white text stand out within my
coverlines which was the purpose implementing how Mixmag magazine structure the
coverlines as it looked effective and important to which I wanted to make my front
cover.
USE OF When looking at Mixmag front covers I established important
COLOUR codes of conventions such as they created specific themes
through the colour scheme relating what the artist is wearing
and the chosen background they had created. So when I made
my magazine I created a magazine in which featured a theme
running through the use of my colours to which made my front
cover effective which was important in regards how Mixmag
structure there front cover. It was important when creating my
coverlines that they looked effective so I made sure I took
advantage of my chosen colours to be able to make my text
readable and to a high Mixmag standard. I had chosen effectively
to change the colour for my plus sections as I wanted to make my
text standout and look effective as the colours really
complemented on another which again is another Mixmag
convention I have incorporated this.
The reason why I decided to use the white text and a black
background for my free flowing because when I looked at the
Mixmag article the “Genius of Miss Jones” it looked effective the
only difference between my article colours and Mixmag article was that I used a slightly
lighter white in order to make my text stand out within my article whereas the Mixmag
article was slightly dark. This was because I wanted to create a theme that was bright
and important as I was showing a clubbing atmosphere whereas the Mixmag sample
article was creating a different theme.
APPROPRIATE When looking at my example of a Mixmag article and front cover
IMAGES AND previously I had to incorporate Mixmags codes and conventions
through the pictures I used by using a Mixmag article as guide to help

7. PLACEMENT me structure my article and front cover.
OF IMAGES
In comparison to my Mixmag front cover image which is the first print screen to your
left to the Mixmag magazine to the right you can see my main image is positioned with
the centre of the magazine the same place Mixmag have position there’s. When
choosing the appropriate image for the front cover I had to understand what type in
particular the Mixmag magazine use as their main image i.e props and clothing the
artist would wear in order to able to target Mixmag audience and meet Mixmag
standards.
I also had to consider the type of shot I would use within my front cover which was a
medium close up which Mixmag use to show the main image, which I have
incorporated within my front cover to focus on the artist facial expression which is
code and convention Mixmag magazine. What is important to understand to and
incorporate when choosing a image for my front cover is that it needed to display a
theme because within each Mixmag magazine they create a specific theme around
this in which my front cover theme was red, black and white which continued to
display throughout my front cover.
Double page process
When trying to decide how I wanted my images for my free
flowing article I had to consider Mixmag codes of conventions
which suited the style of my article as I making a free flowing
article. When comparing a Mixmag free flowing article pictures
to mine I discovered they have more than one picture focusing
on the crowd’s reaction from different angles which were
vibrant and effective in which I tried to recreate with my article
by having two. I did then create original shots of the artist using
equipment which Mixmag showcased within their article
because in order to illustrate to the audience the artist
performance and popularity. This was effective as by incorporating this within article I
was highlighting the presence Adam Who? was having within dance music genre and
the events that unfolded within the article, as this is another characteristic Mixmag use
to include the audience with the latest clubbing news.
The only difference between the pictures Mixmag
used and I used was that some of the image of mine
where not original such as the crowds reactions
whereas Mixmag were. Also within Mixmag free
flowing article images they structured there images in
specific way showcasing the artist using professional
equipment through various angles which I don’t think
covered enough as I should have . This is because I only had used head shots that were
still effective ,but I could have been more effective if I had my Adam Who? next to real
DJ equipment which would have look realistic.
When deciding where to place my images I had to make sure that they were clear and
visible to see as when looking at images featured within the Mixmag magazine free
flowing article they were not distorted. I also had to think about how I would layout
my pictures because within the Mixmag article they used a clear structure which
allowed all the pictures to be together with at short caption but effective caption to
sum up the article which I incorporated and help my article look realistic.

8. APPROPRIATE When designing my front cover and article I had to think about the appropriate
AUDIENCE audience so I used a Mixmag magazine as guide. I was able to identify important
characteristics regarding the target audience to which could incorporate when creating
my images such as I had to made sure my artist would be wearing expensive clothing
and sunglasses to signify luxury and wealth which is identified as the Mixmag target
audience. Identifying this information would of happened with the research stage,
when I analysing who the Mixmag audience where and what type of magazine Mixmag
produce.
When looking at a Mixmag front cover I was able to judge and compare my front cover
such as within the DJ Chuckie cover they were covering an international audience
through advertising important clubbing festivals around the world which I have
incorporated in order to me my appropriate audience who are club goers around the
world using the same tactics Mixmag used by highlighting the latest clubbing guides
about the latest festival and upcoming artists.
Again I had to think about the appropriate audience when writing the article as I had to
think carefully the tones of language I would be using as I was making a Mixmag article
for dance fans. So when comparing my article to Mixmag the “Genius of Miss Jones” I
very clearly described the atmosphere through descriptive language and events
happening at that specific time during the article which is another characteristic of a
Mixmag free flowing article as they disclose this information within their article. It was
important to understand the content I would be using within both my article and front
cover as Mixmag have a specific audience that have certain qualities needed to be
displayed within the magazine through the images and text being displayed.
OVERALL Since beginning this project I have learnt a huge amount detail of how a magazine is
ASSESSMENT put together through the early stages of planning to when I am designing the magazine
OF COVER using Photoshop and InDesign. When creating the front cover I learnt important skills
by using certain effects tools within Photoshop, which I became more confident as I
progressed over course of this project in using them. When assessing my final front
cover I think I have successfully met Mixmag codes and convention as I made sure that
there is a current theme running across my cover lines and text which I have created it,
as this is main characteristic Mixmag use when creating their magazine. This was
important to include because in each of Mixmag magazine theme is different from the
last. Overall do think I have met the continuity of a Mixmag front cover as all the cover
lines are aligned together so that nothing is out of place, which would look
unprofessional. I think my main image has captured the Mixmag style of the magazine
as it is glossy and effective as it produces an effective theme which was needed to
make the magazine attractive. I do regret when not including more cover lines where
my cd would be placed because I thought it wouldn’t matter .However since comparing
my magazine cover to Mixmag they have included cover lines there within that space
to fill the magazine even if the cd is position and if I was to redo the cover I would have
included them.
Apart from that I think I have done very well as it was the first time I had ever made a
Mixmag magazine using Photoshop with a little help from my tutors in using the
software to get the best out of my magazine. I have created an Adam Who? that had
class and style through making him wear specific clothing that made him standout
which was needed for magazine ,as I was trying introduce him into a Mixmag audience.
Finally I think I have achieve my objective to position my barcode, dateline, selling
within the same space of Mixmag to produce a realistic Mixmag article within my front
cover.

9. OVERALL When initially looking my Mixmag double page spread I didn’t think I would be able to
ASSESSMENT achieve to Mixmag standards because I had to carefully plan and structure not only my
OF free flowing but my double spread which took a long time and patience to get right .
DOUBLEPAGE This process required me to understand how Mixmag structure there double spread in
SPREAD order to make my double page spread effective which required me to look at a Mixmag
magazine.
When looking at how I think I’ve done I think I have done well considering this was
the first time I have made double page spread InDesign . Again I did need some
assistance from my tutor in order to know how to use this software as I hadn’t used
this before and I wanted to maximise my article to meet Mixmag standards. What I
would say I have achieved by my creating this article is that I now have a better
understanding why Mixmag place there columns within their article to structure there
article accordingly, as they do this help keep the text all aligned and presentable. By
using this information I was able to make my article look effective, as it important
when making this article that it was clear and presentable to meet Mixmag codes and
conventions. However there were some elements within my double page spread that I
could of improved on for instance some of the images I used weren’t original.
Therefore I could of if I really wanted to took these original images of the crowd
instead using these pictures online , but didn’t and I chose the ones from the
internet .However if had took these images myself would they still have achieved the
same results like I have for the article?
Finally I think have learnt more about myself when creating this double page spread for
instance by using the pictures I had taken they looked professional and creative for
the article ,which created an important theme and continuity within article which was
important as I was trying to showcase a free flowing article. I would say I did meet
Mixmag standards , but I would make further changes in order to further make my
article even more realistic .However I am happy with my results of my Mixmag
magazine as it did take time to perfect it the way I wanted, which produced effective
results.
Deadline FINAL: FRIDAY MARCH 2 2012
I V VERIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………..

10. OVERALL When initially looking my Mixmag double page spread I didn’t think I would be able to
ASSESSMENT achieve to Mixmag standards because I had to carefully plan and structure not only my
OF free flowing but my double spread which took a long time and patience to get right .
DOUBLEPAGE This process required me to understand how Mixmag structure there double spread in
SPREAD order to make my double page spread effective which required me to look at a Mixmag
magazine.
When looking at how I think I’ve done I think I have done well considering this was
the first time I have made double page spread InDesign . Again I did need some
assistance from my tutor in order to know how to use this software as I hadn’t used
this before and I wanted to maximise my article to meet Mixmag standards. What I
would say I have achieved by my creating this article is that I now have a better
understanding why Mixmag place there columns within their article to structure there
article accordingly, as they do this help keep the text all aligned and presentable. By
using this information I was able to make my article look effective, as it important
when making this article that it was clear and presentable to meet Mixmag codes and
conventions. However there were some elements within my double page spread that I
could of improved on for instance some of the images I used weren’t original.
Therefore I could of if I really wanted to took these original images of the crowd
instead using these pictures online , but didn’t and I chose the ones from the
internet .However if had took these images myself would they still have achieved the
same results like I have for the article?
Finally I think have learnt more about myself when creating this double page spread for
instance by using the pictures I had taken they looked professional and creative for
the article ,which created an important theme and continuity within article which was
important as I was trying to showcase a free flowing article. I would say I did meet
Mixmag standards , but I would make further changes in order to further make my
article even more realistic .However I am happy with my results of my Mixmag
magazine as it did take time to perfect it the way I wanted, which produced effective
results.
Deadline FINAL: FRIDAY MARCH 2 2012
I V VERIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………..

11. OVERALL When initially looking my Mixmag double page spread I didn’t think I would be able to
ASSESSMENT achieve to Mixmag standards because I had to carefully plan and structure not only my
OF free flowing but my double spread which took a long time and patience to get right .
DOUBLEPAGE This process required me to understand how Mixmag structure there double spread in
SPREAD order to make my double page spread effective which required me to look at a Mixmag
magazine.
When looking at how I think I’ve done I think I have done well considering this was
the first time I have made double page spread InDesign . Again I did need some
assistance from my tutor in order to know how to use this software as I hadn’t used
this before and I wanted to maximise my article to meet Mixmag standards. What I
would say I have achieved by my creating this article is that I now have a better
understanding why Mixmag place there columns within their article to structure there
article accordingly, as they do this help keep the text all aligned and presentable. By
using this information I was able to make my article look effective, as it important
when making this article that it was clear and presentable to meet Mixmag codes and
conventions. However there were some elements within my double page spread that I
could of improved on for instance some of the images I used weren’t original.
Therefore I could of if I really wanted to took these original images of the crowd
instead using these pictures online , but didn’t and I chose the ones from the
internet .However if had took these images myself would they still have achieved the
same results like I have for the article?
Finally I think have learnt more about myself when creating this double page spread for
instance by using the pictures I had taken they looked professional and creative for
the article ,which created an important theme and continuity within article which was
important as I was trying to showcase a free flowing article. I would say I did meet
Mixmag standards , but I would make further changes in order to further make my
article even more realistic .However I am happy with my results of my Mixmag
magazine as it did take time to perfect it the way I wanted, which produced effective
results.
Deadline FINAL: FRIDAY MARCH 2 2012
I V VERIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………..

12. OVERALL When initially looking my Mixmag double page spread I didn’t think I would be able to
ASSESSMENT achieve to Mixmag standards because I had to carefully plan and structure not only my
OF free flowing but my double spread which took a long time and patience to get right .
DOUBLEPAGE This process required me to understand how Mixmag structure there double spread in
SPREAD order to make my double page spread effective which required me to look at a Mixmag
magazine.
When looking at how I think I’ve done I think I have done well considering this was
the first time I have made double page spread InDesign . Again I did need some
assistance from my tutor in order to know how to use this software as I hadn’t used
this before and I wanted to maximise my article to meet Mixmag standards. What I
would say I have achieved by my creating this article is that I now have a better
understanding why Mixmag place there columns within their article to structure there
article accordingly, as they do this help keep the text all aligned and presentable. By
using this information I was able to make my article look effective, as it important
when making this article that it was clear and presentable to meet Mixmag codes and
conventions. However there were some elements within my double page spread that I
could of improved on for instance some of the images I used weren’t original.
Therefore I could of if I really wanted to took these original images of the crowd
instead using these pictures online , but didn’t and I chose the ones from the
internet .However if had took these images myself would they still have achieved the
same results like I have for the article?
Finally I think have learnt more about myself when creating this double page spread for
instance by using the pictures I had taken they looked professional and creative for
the article ,which created an important theme and continuity within article which was
important as I was trying to showcase a free flowing article. I would say I did meet
Mixmag standards , but I would make further changes in order to further make my
article even more realistic .However I am happy with my results of my Mixmag
magazine as it did take time to perfect it the way I wanted, which produced effective
results.
Deadline FINAL: FRIDAY MARCH 2 2012
I V VERIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………..