Plants respond to environmental stimuli through various morphological, physiological and developmental processes. Plants have cellular receptors that allow them to detect changes in light, gravity and the environment. Key responses include phototropism, which involves the plant hormone auxin and causes plants to bend towards light, and tropisms like gravitropism. Plants also have biological clocks and show circadian rhythms, and use photoperiodism to detect seasons and trigger processes like flowering. Plants respond to stresses through processes like closing stomata during drought and producing heat shock proteins under heat stress. They defend against herbivores and pathogens through physical defenses and chemical defenses like toxic compounds.
This document provides an overview of how plants respond to internal and external signals in their environment. It discusses how plants use receptors to detect stimuli like light, gravity, temperature, moisture levels and pathogens. It then describes the roles of various plant hormones like auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene in mediating responses to these stimuli, such as phototropism, drought tolerance and leaf abscission. The document also covers biological clocks, photoperiodism, and defense responses against herbivores and pathogens.
1. The document describes a plant hormone biology quiz with 25 multiple choice questions about various plant hormones and their functions.
2. The quiz covers key plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene and their roles in processes like phototropism, geotropism, cell division, fruit ripening, and response to drought.
3. The questions test knowledge about where different hormones are produced in plants, their actions and interactions, and examples of hormonal responses illustrated in photographs.
- Plant growth and development is regulated by interactions between different plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
- The balance between auxins and cytokinins is important, with auxins promoting root growth and cytokinins promoting shoot growth. Ethylene production is influenced by this balance.
- Gibberellins interact with auxins to promote fruit set and growth. They have synergistic effects, with gibberellins increasing auxin production in some cases.
- Ethylene production is stimulated by auxins and cytokinins but inhibited by abscisic acid in some plant systems. It interacts with auxins
Abscission is the process by which plant organs such as leaves, flowers, and fruits become detached from the plant in a controlled manner. It occurs through the formation of an abscission zone, a layer of weak-walled cells located at the base of the petiole or other structure. Abscission is controlled by the plant hormones auxin and ethylene, with decreasing auxin and increasing ethylene levels initiating cell wall degradation in the abscission zone. This allows separation of plant organs through a combination of enzymatic breakdown and mechanical forces. Abscission aids in shedding organs no longer needed by the plant and occurs in response to environmental and developmental signals.
Plant responses to internal and external signals can be categorized as tropisms, movements in response to stimuli, or photomorphogenesis, light-mediated changes in growth. Signal transduction pathways involve the reception of a stimulus, transmission of the signal through second messengers, and cellular responses such as gene regulation or post-translational modification. Plant growth regulators known as hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene, control various growth and developmental processes and are transported throughout the plant to elicit responses.
Control of leaf senescence - MA.SHAHFEEK AHAMEDmasahamed
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development and involves the decay and removal of nutrients from leaves to other plant parts. It is an altruistic process involving programmed cell death at the cellular level. Leaf senescence allows plants to better control available nutrients and transfer them to seeds, giving an evolutionary advantage. The onset and progression of senescence is influenced by several phytohormones, most notably cytokinin and ethylene, which regulate senescence through biosynthesis, signaling pathways, and gene expression changes at the molecular level.
Plant growth depends on both internal and external factors. Hormones are internal chemical signals that affect growth, flowering, and fruit development. The main plant hormones are auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxin promotes cell elongation and is involved in tropic responses like phototropism. Gibberellins stimulate stem growth and seed germination. Cytokinins promote cell division and delay aging. Abscisic acid mediates stress response and promotes dormancy. Ethylene causes fruit ripening. External factors like light, gravity, temperature and moisture also influence plant growth and development.
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of several major plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. It describes the key discoveries in identifying each hormone, where they are produced in plants, their biosynthesis pathways, and main functions. For each hormone, it discusses the scientists who first discovered and isolated it, the tissues and organs where it is synthesized, and its role in processes like cell growth, flowering, dormancy, and stress responses.
This document provides an overview of how plants respond to internal and external signals in their environment. It discusses how plants use receptors to detect stimuli like light, gravity, temperature, moisture levels and pathogens. It then describes the roles of various plant hormones like auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene in mediating responses to these stimuli, such as phototropism, drought tolerance and leaf abscission. The document also covers biological clocks, photoperiodism, and defense responses against herbivores and pathogens.
1. The document describes a plant hormone biology quiz with 25 multiple choice questions about various plant hormones and their functions.
2. The quiz covers key plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene and their roles in processes like phototropism, geotropism, cell division, fruit ripening, and response to drought.
3. The questions test knowledge about where different hormones are produced in plants, their actions and interactions, and examples of hormonal responses illustrated in photographs.
- Plant growth and development is regulated by interactions between different plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
- The balance between auxins and cytokinins is important, with auxins promoting root growth and cytokinins promoting shoot growth. Ethylene production is influenced by this balance.
- Gibberellins interact with auxins to promote fruit set and growth. They have synergistic effects, with gibberellins increasing auxin production in some cases.
- Ethylene production is stimulated by auxins and cytokinins but inhibited by abscisic acid in some plant systems. It interacts with auxins
Abscission is the process by which plant organs such as leaves, flowers, and fruits become detached from the plant in a controlled manner. It occurs through the formation of an abscission zone, a layer of weak-walled cells located at the base of the petiole or other structure. Abscission is controlled by the plant hormones auxin and ethylene, with decreasing auxin and increasing ethylene levels initiating cell wall degradation in the abscission zone. This allows separation of plant organs through a combination of enzymatic breakdown and mechanical forces. Abscission aids in shedding organs no longer needed by the plant and occurs in response to environmental and developmental signals.
Plant responses to internal and external signals can be categorized as tropisms, movements in response to stimuli, or photomorphogenesis, light-mediated changes in growth. Signal transduction pathways involve the reception of a stimulus, transmission of the signal through second messengers, and cellular responses such as gene regulation or post-translational modification. Plant growth regulators known as hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene, control various growth and developmental processes and are transported throughout the plant to elicit responses.
Control of leaf senescence - MA.SHAHFEEK AHAMEDmasahamed
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development and involves the decay and removal of nutrients from leaves to other plant parts. It is an altruistic process involving programmed cell death at the cellular level. Leaf senescence allows plants to better control available nutrients and transfer them to seeds, giving an evolutionary advantage. The onset and progression of senescence is influenced by several phytohormones, most notably cytokinin and ethylene, which regulate senescence through biosynthesis, signaling pathways, and gene expression changes at the molecular level.
Plant growth depends on both internal and external factors. Hormones are internal chemical signals that affect growth, flowering, and fruit development. The main plant hormones are auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxin promotes cell elongation and is involved in tropic responses like phototropism. Gibberellins stimulate stem growth and seed germination. Cytokinins promote cell division and delay aging. Abscisic acid mediates stress response and promotes dormancy. Ethylene causes fruit ripening. External factors like light, gravity, temperature and moisture also influence plant growth and development.
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of several major plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. It describes the key discoveries in identifying each hormone, where they are produced in plants, their biosynthesis pathways, and main functions. For each hormone, it discusses the scientists who first discovered and isolated it, the tissues and organs where it is synthesized, and its role in processes like cell growth, flowering, dormancy, and stress responses.
Plant hormones allow plants to coordinate growth and development. The five major classes of plant hormones are auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote stem elongation and fruit growth. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and help coordinate apical dominance. Gibberellins stimulate stem and fruit growth. Abscisic acid prepares plants for winter and helps induce seed dormancy. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and leaf abscission. Together these hormones allow plants to respond to stimuli through tropisms like phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism. They also help control daily and seasonal responses using circadian rhythms and responses to phot
B.Sc.(Micro+Biotech) II Animal & Plant Physiology Unit 1.2 Plant HormonesRai University
Plant hormones allow plants to respond to stimuli and coordinate growth. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and photochromes. Each hormone has multiple effects depending on factors like the site of action in the plant, the plant's development stage, and the hormone concentration. Auxins promote growth and root initiation. Gibberellins induce flowering and stimulate cell growth. Cytokinins promote cell division and delay senescence. Abscisic acid stimulates dormancy and closure of stomata. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and seed germination. Photochromes are involved in processes regulated by light like flowering.
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]Jasper Obico
Plant growth and development involves irreversible increases in size through cell division and enlargement (growth) as well as the progressive changes that elaborate the organism's form (development). Plants require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and other essential nutrients for growth, development, and completing their life cycle. Nutrients are classified as macronutrients, which are required in large amounts, or micronutrients, which are required in small amounts. Plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli. Hormones regulate processes like cell
The document summarizes plant signal transduction and hormone pathways. It describes 3 main steps in signal transduction - reception, transduction, and response. It then discusses 5 major plant hormones - auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid - and their roles in processes like growth, ripening, dormancy, and responses to stimuli. It concludes with details of plant reproduction, including the roles of flowers, double fertilization in angiosperms, and formation of seeds.
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
Biosynthesis and applications of plant growth regulatorsDr. GURPREET SINGH
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, regulate growth and development in plants. They are produced in small quantities and transported throughout the plant. The five main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and division and are involved in functions like fruit development, apical dominance, and abscission.
Auxins biosynthesis physiological role and mechanismpavanknaik
Auxins are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. The main auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) which is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through several pathways. IAA is transported from shoot tips to regions of elongation through active transport and influences growth through effects on cell wall plasticity and gene expression. Auxins have many physiological roles including stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, fruit development, and growth responses to light.
Phytohormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin, the first phytohormone isolated, directs shoot tip bending towards light and its transport within the plant mediates the light response. Cytokinins like zeatin were first found in corn and work with auxins to control bud formation depending on their concentration ratio. Gibberellins are another class of phytohormones that help coordinate plant growth.
This document summarizes the main plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their functions in regulating plant growth processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit development, senescence, and stress response. Specific examples are given to illustrate how each hormone influences these processes and commercial applications that exploit hormonal effects, such as promoting fruit ripening or inhibiting leaf abscission. The presentation concludes by asking if the audience has any questions.
This document discusses several major plant hormones (phytohormones), including their functions, locations of synthesis, and some uses. It describes auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene - noting that they regulate growth, stress responses, germination, flowering, and fruit development. Specific hormones are discussed in more detail, outlining their natural and synthetic forms as well as some of their roles and applications in agriculture.
Plant growth regulators include hormones and vitamins that control plant growth and development. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins were the first to be discovered and include natural auxins like IAA as well as synthetic auxins such as IBA and NAA. Their structure requires an aromatic ring and acidic side chain. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, stem elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, and root initiation. They have various agricultural applications such as rooting cuttings and fruit thinning. Gibberellins were discovered due to their role in causing excessive stem growth in diseased rice. Cytokinins
This document discusses behavioral ecology and how it studies animal behavior. It covers some key topics:
1) Behavioral ecologists study the proximate (immediate) and ultimate (evolutionary) causes of behavior.
2) Examples of innate behaviors discussed include fixed action patterns in stickleback fish and imprinting in geese.
3) Many behaviors have genetic components, such as directed movements like kinesis, taxis, and migration patterns.
4) Animals communicate using various signals like visual, auditory, chemical and more, which are adapted to their environments.
This document discusses plant growth hormones, including their definitions, types, functions, and uses in agriculture. It covers the major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokines, ethylene, inhibitors, and growth retardants. For each class, it provides examples and describes their roles in processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit ripening and sex expression. It also summarizes several practical applications of hormones in crops for practices like rooting cuttings, controlling weed growth, delaying fruit drop, and improving yield.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are small molecules that regulate plant growth and development. There are several major classes of PGRs, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. PGRs can promote growth, through cell division and elongation, or inhibit growth. Auxins promote root formation and flowering. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation. Cytokinins promote leaf growth. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and flowering. Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination and induces dormancy. PGRs allow plants to respond to environmental cues and coordinate various growth processes.
The 5 main groups of plant hormones
Auxin
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
Gibberellins
Brassica rapa, a model plant species for experimentation
Design and begin group GA experiments
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
This document provides a literature review on plant hormones, including their nature, occurrence, and functions. It discusses the early discovery and identification of the main plant hormone classes: auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. The review describes the key characteristics of plant hormones and how they were first isolated. It also examines the biosynthesis, transport, and physiological effects of each major hormone class. The overall purpose is to summarize the current understanding of plant hormones and their roles in regulating growth and development.
Plants also detect and respond to the daily cycle of light and darkness. For example, some plants open their leaves during the day to collect sunlight and then close their leaves at night to prevent water loss. Environmental stimuli that indicate changing seasons trigger other responses. Plants are capable of reacting to a broad range of stimuli, including chemicals, gravity, light, moisture, infections, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, parasite infestation, disease, physical disruption, sound, and touch.
This document discusses plant development and responses to stimuli. It covers how plants like potatoes respond to light exposure through processes like de-etiolation. It also summarizes the major plant hormones (auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, ethylene, and strigolactones) and their roles in growth, development, stress response, and reproduction. The document also discusses the receptors (blue light photoreceptors and phytochromes) that plants use to detect light and trigger photomorphogenic responses.
This document provides an overview of plant responses to internal and external signals. It discusses how plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli. The major classes of plant hormones are described, including auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The roles of these hormones in processes like cell elongation, fruit growth, seed dormancy, and drought tolerance are summarized. The document also covers how plants respond to light via photoreceptors, and the importance of light signals for plant photomorphogenesis, phototropism, and other responses.
Plant hormones allow plants to coordinate growth and development. The five major classes of plant hormones are auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote stem elongation and fruit growth. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and help coordinate apical dominance. Gibberellins stimulate stem and fruit growth. Abscisic acid prepares plants for winter and helps induce seed dormancy. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and leaf abscission. Together these hormones allow plants to respond to stimuli through tropisms like phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism. They also help control daily and seasonal responses using circadian rhythms and responses to phot
B.Sc.(Micro+Biotech) II Animal & Plant Physiology Unit 1.2 Plant HormonesRai University
Plant hormones allow plants to respond to stimuli and coordinate growth. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and photochromes. Each hormone has multiple effects depending on factors like the site of action in the plant, the plant's development stage, and the hormone concentration. Auxins promote growth and root initiation. Gibberellins induce flowering and stimulate cell growth. Cytokinins promote cell division and delay senescence. Abscisic acid stimulates dormancy and closure of stomata. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and seed germination. Photochromes are involved in processes regulated by light like flowering.
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]Jasper Obico
Plant growth and development involves irreversible increases in size through cell division and enlargement (growth) as well as the progressive changes that elaborate the organism's form (development). Plants require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and other essential nutrients for growth, development, and completing their life cycle. Nutrients are classified as macronutrients, which are required in large amounts, or micronutrients, which are required in small amounts. Plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli. Hormones regulate processes like cell
The document summarizes plant signal transduction and hormone pathways. It describes 3 main steps in signal transduction - reception, transduction, and response. It then discusses 5 major plant hormones - auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid - and their roles in processes like growth, ripening, dormancy, and responses to stimuli. It concludes with details of plant reproduction, including the roles of flowers, double fertilization in angiosperms, and formation of seeds.
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
Biosynthesis and applications of plant growth regulatorsDr. GURPREET SINGH
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, regulate growth and development in plants. They are produced in small quantities and transported throughout the plant. The five main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and division and are involved in functions like fruit development, apical dominance, and abscission.
Auxins biosynthesis physiological role and mechanismpavanknaik
Auxins are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. The main auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) which is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through several pathways. IAA is transported from shoot tips to regions of elongation through active transport and influences growth through effects on cell wall plasticity and gene expression. Auxins have many physiological roles including stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, fruit development, and growth responses to light.
Phytohormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin, the first phytohormone isolated, directs shoot tip bending towards light and its transport within the plant mediates the light response. Cytokinins like zeatin were first found in corn and work with auxins to control bud formation depending on their concentration ratio. Gibberellins are another class of phytohormones that help coordinate plant growth.
This document summarizes the main plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their functions in regulating plant growth processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit development, senescence, and stress response. Specific examples are given to illustrate how each hormone influences these processes and commercial applications that exploit hormonal effects, such as promoting fruit ripening or inhibiting leaf abscission. The presentation concludes by asking if the audience has any questions.
This document discusses several major plant hormones (phytohormones), including their functions, locations of synthesis, and some uses. It describes auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene - noting that they regulate growth, stress responses, germination, flowering, and fruit development. Specific hormones are discussed in more detail, outlining their natural and synthetic forms as well as some of their roles and applications in agriculture.
Plant growth regulators include hormones and vitamins that control plant growth and development. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins were the first to be discovered and include natural auxins like IAA as well as synthetic auxins such as IBA and NAA. Their structure requires an aromatic ring and acidic side chain. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, stem elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, and root initiation. They have various agricultural applications such as rooting cuttings and fruit thinning. Gibberellins were discovered due to their role in causing excessive stem growth in diseased rice. Cytokinins
This document discusses behavioral ecology and how it studies animal behavior. It covers some key topics:
1) Behavioral ecologists study the proximate (immediate) and ultimate (evolutionary) causes of behavior.
2) Examples of innate behaviors discussed include fixed action patterns in stickleback fish and imprinting in geese.
3) Many behaviors have genetic components, such as directed movements like kinesis, taxis, and migration patterns.
4) Animals communicate using various signals like visual, auditory, chemical and more, which are adapted to their environments.
This document discusses plant growth hormones, including their definitions, types, functions, and uses in agriculture. It covers the major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokines, ethylene, inhibitors, and growth retardants. For each class, it provides examples and describes their roles in processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit ripening and sex expression. It also summarizes several practical applications of hormones in crops for practices like rooting cuttings, controlling weed growth, delaying fruit drop, and improving yield.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are small molecules that regulate plant growth and development. There are several major classes of PGRs, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. PGRs can promote growth, through cell division and elongation, or inhibit growth. Auxins promote root formation and flowering. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation. Cytokinins promote leaf growth. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and flowering. Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination and induces dormancy. PGRs allow plants to respond to environmental cues and coordinate various growth processes.
The 5 main groups of plant hormones
Auxin
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
Gibberellins
Brassica rapa, a model plant species for experimentation
Design and begin group GA experiments
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
This document provides a literature review on plant hormones, including their nature, occurrence, and functions. It discusses the early discovery and identification of the main plant hormone classes: auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. The review describes the key characteristics of plant hormones and how they were first isolated. It also examines the biosynthesis, transport, and physiological effects of each major hormone class. The overall purpose is to summarize the current understanding of plant hormones and their roles in regulating growth and development.
Plants also detect and respond to the daily cycle of light and darkness. For example, some plants open their leaves during the day to collect sunlight and then close their leaves at night to prevent water loss. Environmental stimuli that indicate changing seasons trigger other responses. Plants are capable of reacting to a broad range of stimuli, including chemicals, gravity, light, moisture, infections, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, parasite infestation, disease, physical disruption, sound, and touch.
This document discusses plant development and responses to stimuli. It covers how plants like potatoes respond to light exposure through processes like de-etiolation. It also summarizes the major plant hormones (auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, ethylene, and strigolactones) and their roles in growth, development, stress response, and reproduction. The document also discusses the receptors (blue light photoreceptors and phytochromes) that plants use to detect light and trigger photomorphogenic responses.
This document provides an overview of plant responses to internal and external signals. It discusses how plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli. The major classes of plant hormones are described, including auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The roles of these hormones in processes like cell elongation, fruit growth, seed dormancy, and drought tolerance are summarized. The document also covers how plants respond to light via photoreceptors, and the importance of light signals for plant photomorphogenesis, phototropism, and other responses.
Land plants evolved from charophycean green algae over 500 million years ago. Several lines of evidence support this evolutionary connection, including homologous chloroplasts, cell walls, peroxisomes, and sperm across land plants and charophyceans. Molecular analyses also indicate charophyceans are the algal group most closely related to the ancestors of land plants.
- The four main groups of land plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) evolved from green algae called charophyceans and have adaptations for terrestrial living including multicellular embryos, vascular tissue, alternation of generations, and sporangia that produce spores.
- Charophyceans are the closest living relatives to land plants, sharing features like rosette cellulose complexes and peroxisomes.
- Key adaptations that enabled plants to colonize land include apical meristems, retention of embryos on the parent plant, alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes, and the production of hardy sp
This document provides an overview of a seminar on plant hormones and growth regulators. It discusses the five major plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. For each hormone, it describes their classification, discovery, roles in plant growth and development processes like cell division, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to environmental stresses. The document aims to inform attendees about the key functions and effects of different plant hormones.
The document is an introductory biology textbook chapter that discusses key concepts in biology. It defines biology as the study of life, explores the diversity of life forms from molecules to entire ecosystems, and describes the hierarchical organization of living things from cells to organisms. It also explains how biologists classify life into domains, kingdoms, and taxa to reflect evolutionary relationships. The chapter establishes that biology explores life across all levels of organization and diversity.
The document describes the key concepts in biology covered in Chapter 1 of Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses the following main points:
1) Biology is the study of life and covers different levels of organization from molecules to ecosystems.
2) Scientists use two approaches - discovery science and hypothesis-driven science using the scientific method.
3) All life can be classified into three domains based on cell structure and genetics.
4) Despite diversity, all life shares common features like cells, DNA, and the ability to evolve through natural selection.
5) Organisms interact in complex webs within ecosystems, with energy and nutrients cycling between living and nonliving parts.
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, are chemicals that alter plant growth. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote cell elongation and division, leading to stem growth. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and promotes leaf and fruit drop. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and leaf senescence. These hormones precisely control many aspects of plant growth and development.
The document summarizes the evolution of seed plants from gymnosperms to angiosperms. It discusses key adaptations that led to their success, including reduced gametophytes, the evolution of seeds for protection and dispersal of offspring, and the use of pollen to eliminate the need for liquid water for fertilization. The two modern clades of seed plants are gymnosperms, which were dominant in the Mesozoic era, and angiosperms. The life cycle of pine demonstrates the reproductive adaptations of seed plants.
The document discusses plant growth regulators and their role in crop improvement. It begins by introducing plant hormones and the five major classes: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. It then examines each hormone in more detail, describing their discovery, functions, effects on growth, and practical applications in agriculture. Specific examples are provided such as how auxins promote cell elongation and apical dominance, gibberellins induce stem elongation and seed germination, and ethylene stimulates fruit ripening and senescence. In conclusion, plant growth regulators are important for plant growth and development and widely used to improve crop yields and quality.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology discussed in Chapter 1 of Biology, Seventh Edition. It covers:
1) The scientific study of life from microscopic to global scales and the hierarchy of biological organization.
2) The diversity of life across domains, kingdoms, and species and how evolution accounts for unity and diversity.
3) How biologists use various forms of scientific inquiry, including discovery science and hypothesis-based science, to explore life.
Expains in detail the Plant Growth Hormones, Plant growth promoters and plant growth retardants/inhibitors. The role of Growth hormones in Physiological process of Plants and their application in Plant Tissue culture (Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology from the first chapter of a biology textbook. It discusses how biology studies life from microscopic to global scales through various levels of organization, from molecules to ecosystems. Cells are introduced as the basic functional units of life, with eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells distinguished. Systems biology seeks to model whole biological systems and their emergent properties. Feedback loops help regulate biological processes. Taxonomy and the three domain system classify the diversity of life into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya domains.
This document discusses behavioral ecology and how behaviors evolve through natural selection. It covers topics like how humans have studied animal behavior, the distinction between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior, examples of innate behaviors and how they are genetically influenced (e.g. fixed action patterns, imprinting, directed movements), communication methods like chemical signals, and how environment can interact with genetics to influence learned behaviors. Learning and problem solving are also examined from the perspectives of behavioral ecology.
This document discusses behavioral ecology and how it studies animal behavior. It covers key topics like proximate and ultimate causes of behavior, fixed action patterns, imprinting, genetically influenced behaviors like migration and communication. Specific examples are given to illustrate concepts, like male stickleback fish attacking other males due to their red coloration as a sign stimulus for aggression. The relationship between behavior, genetics and environment is explored.
Auxin is the first plant hormone discovered. It is produced throughout the plant and regulates many growth processes. There are two main pathways for auxin (IAA) biosynthesis - tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent. Auxin's mechanism of action involves binding to receptor proteins and promoting proton pumping, which acidifies the cell wall and activates expansin proteins, leading to cell wall loosening and elongation. The physiological effects of auxin include stimulating cell elongation, controlling apical dominance, initiating root formation, preventing abscission, and promoting callus growth and vascular differentiation.
Similar to Unit 5 responding to the environment plants (20)
This document summarizes the senses of smell, hearing, and balance. It describes the parts of the nose and ear involved in smell and hearing, including the olfactory epithelium, nasal cavity, outer ear, middle ear with ossicles, inner ear structures like the cochlea and semicircular canals, and vestibular system including utricle and saccule. It explains how smell and hearing are perceived through stimulation of olfactory and auditory receptor cells, and how balance is maintained through the vestibular system detecting movement.
The endocrine system regulates activities in the body through chemical signals called hormones. It consists of endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, targeting specific organs. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control hormone production. The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate other glands like the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders like diabetes, dwarfism, and thyroid issues. Hormones work in feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
Plants respond to environmental stimuli through complex signaling pathways. Light triggers responses like phototropism and photoperiodism through photoreceptors. Plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellins regulate growth processes and mediate responses to stimuli. Plants also have internal circadian rhythms and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses through mechanisms like closing stomata during drought.
Inclusive education aims to accommodate all learners by acknowledging differences, maximizing participation, and minimizing barriers to learning. It means educating all learners in age-appropriate general classes with supports so all can learn the core curriculum. Inclusive schools have a collaborative culture where students with disabilities are fully participating members. To deal with learning barriers, teachers can provide multi-sensory materials, demonstrations, additional exercises and time, and be aware of socio-economic factors that may impact learning.
Human activities have significantly impacted the environment through deforestation, pollution, overpopulation, and overuse of natural resources. Deforestation occurs as forests are cut down to make way for agriculture and settlements, contributing to habitat loss. Pollution in the forms of waste, water contamination, and air pollution from industry and vehicles degrade ecosystems. A growing human population places more stress on the environment by consuming more resources. Increased carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel usage enhance the greenhouse effect and global warming, raising Earth's temperatures and threatening ecosystems. Conservation efforts are needed to protect biodiversity and restore degraded habitats.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human senses of taste, touch, sight, and their associated sensory organs. It describes the main taste receptors on the tongue and their role in perceiving the five basic tastes. It also outlines the main mechanoreceptors in skin responsible for sensing touch. Regarding sight, it details the main parts of the eye and retina, and how light stimulation leads to vision. It discusses accommodating for near and far vision and common visual disorders like myopia.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
8. Fig. 39-5b
RESULTS
Light
Tip
removed
Darwin and Darwin: phototropic response
only when tip is illuminated
Tip covered
by opaque
cap
Tip
covered
by trans-
parent
cap
Site of
curvature
covered by
opaque
shield
45. Fig. 39-28
Recruitment of
parasitoid wasps
that lay their eggs
within caterpillars
Synthesis and
release of
volatile attractants
Chemical
in saliva
Wounding
Signal transduction
pathway
1 1
2
3
4
A maize leaf “recruiting”
a parasitoid wasp as a
defensive response to
an armyworm
caterpillar, an herbivore