1. The document discusses the organization and functions of the Indian judiciary as outlined in the Constitution. It describes the appointment and qualifications of Supreme Court judges, their tenure, and process for removal.
2. It also discusses the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court, including its role in judicial review and protecting fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has played an active role through public interest litigation.
3. The judiciary's relationship with the executive and legislative branches is also covered, including controversies around certain laws and the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case that set limits on parliamentary amendments.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the judiciary in India. It describes the following key points:
- The Supreme Court of India is the highest court with original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. It currently has 25 judges.
- High Courts exist for each state and have appellate jurisdiction over lower courts.
- The judiciary upholds fundamental rights and can declare laws unconstitutional.
- The Supreme Court has powers to issue writs, hear appeals, give advisory opinions to the President, and set precedents for lower courts.
- Judicial appointments are made through a political process but judges have security of tenure.
The judiciary plays both legal and political roles in India. As the document outlines, the Supreme Court has independence, security of tenure for judges, financial independence from other branches of government, and immunity from criticism to ensure it can perform its duties without fear or favor. The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction over legal cases. It also protects fundamental rights and can strike down unconstitutional laws.
Supreme Court and the Constitutional Process.pptxKhushiSalgaonkar
The Supreme Court is the highest court in India established under the Constitution. It upholds the rule of law and protects citizens' fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has original, appellate, advisory and review jurisdiction. It appoints its own officers without executive interference. Various constitutional provisions like the appointment process, security of tenure, and powers of judicial review help maintain the independence and impartiality of the Supreme Court in discharging its duties.
This document discusses judicial activism in India. It notes that the Supreme Court has increasingly made decisions on issues like pollution control, medical education standards, traffic safety regulations, and river interlinking projects. As politicians struggle with gridlock, the Supreme Court judges have taken a lead in shaping policy. However, others see this as a threat to democracy and investor interests. The document discusses the history of judicial activism in India since independence and debates around appropriate roles for the different branches of government. It also covers the rise of public interest litigation in India in expanding judicial power and access.
The document discusses the importance and functions of the judiciary. It notes that the judiciary is the third organ of government responsible for applying laws to specific cases and settling disputes. Its key functions include giving justice, interpreting and applying laws, playing a role in law-making through precedents, protecting rights, and acting as guardian of the constitution. An independent judiciary is important as it protects citizens from legislative and executive overreach and ensures the rule of law. The document also examines different methods of appointing judges to ensure judicial independence and impartiality.
The document discusses the structure and functions of state governments in India. It describes the key elements as follows:
1) The state legislative assembly is the lawmaking body, consisting of between 60-500 members elected for 5-year terms. It exercises legislative powers over state subjects.
2) Some states have an upper house called the legislative council as well. Members are elected or nominated by the governor.
3) The state legislature has powers to make laws, approve the budget, and exercise oversight of the executive. It also has a role in constitutional amendments affecting states.
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. The Supreme Court can have a maximum of 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India. Judges are appointed by the President of India. To be eligible for appointment, one must have been a high court judge for at least 5 years or practiced as a lawyer for 10 years. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the constitution, settle disputes between governments, protect fundamental rights, and its judgments are binding on all courts in the country.
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. The Supreme Court can have a maximum of 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India. Judges are appointed by the President of India. To be eligible for appointment, one must have been a high court judge for 5 years or practiced as a lawyer for 10 years. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the constitution, settle disputes between governments, protect fundamental rights, and take up appeals from high courts and other tribunals. Its judgments are binding on all courts in the country.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the judiciary in India. It describes the following key points:
- The Supreme Court of India is the highest court with original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. It currently has 25 judges.
- High Courts exist for each state and have appellate jurisdiction over lower courts.
- The judiciary upholds fundamental rights and can declare laws unconstitutional.
- The Supreme Court has powers to issue writs, hear appeals, give advisory opinions to the President, and set precedents for lower courts.
- Judicial appointments are made through a political process but judges have security of tenure.
The judiciary plays both legal and political roles in India. As the document outlines, the Supreme Court has independence, security of tenure for judges, financial independence from other branches of government, and immunity from criticism to ensure it can perform its duties without fear or favor. The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction over legal cases. It also protects fundamental rights and can strike down unconstitutional laws.
Supreme Court and the Constitutional Process.pptxKhushiSalgaonkar
The Supreme Court is the highest court in India established under the Constitution. It upholds the rule of law and protects citizens' fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has original, appellate, advisory and review jurisdiction. It appoints its own officers without executive interference. Various constitutional provisions like the appointment process, security of tenure, and powers of judicial review help maintain the independence and impartiality of the Supreme Court in discharging its duties.
This document discusses judicial activism in India. It notes that the Supreme Court has increasingly made decisions on issues like pollution control, medical education standards, traffic safety regulations, and river interlinking projects. As politicians struggle with gridlock, the Supreme Court judges have taken a lead in shaping policy. However, others see this as a threat to democracy and investor interests. The document discusses the history of judicial activism in India since independence and debates around appropriate roles for the different branches of government. It also covers the rise of public interest litigation in India in expanding judicial power and access.
The document discusses the importance and functions of the judiciary. It notes that the judiciary is the third organ of government responsible for applying laws to specific cases and settling disputes. Its key functions include giving justice, interpreting and applying laws, playing a role in law-making through precedents, protecting rights, and acting as guardian of the constitution. An independent judiciary is important as it protects citizens from legislative and executive overreach and ensures the rule of law. The document also examines different methods of appointing judges to ensure judicial independence and impartiality.
The document discusses the structure and functions of state governments in India. It describes the key elements as follows:
1) The state legislative assembly is the lawmaking body, consisting of between 60-500 members elected for 5-year terms. It exercises legislative powers over state subjects.
2) Some states have an upper house called the legislative council as well. Members are elected or nominated by the governor.
3) The state legislature has powers to make laws, approve the budget, and exercise oversight of the executive. It also has a role in constitutional amendments affecting states.
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. The Supreme Court can have a maximum of 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India. Judges are appointed by the President of India. To be eligible for appointment, one must have been a high court judge for at least 5 years or practiced as a lawyer for 10 years. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the constitution, settle disputes between governments, protect fundamental rights, and its judgments are binding on all courts in the country.
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. The Supreme Court can have a maximum of 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India. Judges are appointed by the President of India. To be eligible for appointment, one must have been a high court judge for 5 years or practiced as a lawyer for 10 years. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the constitution, settle disputes between governments, protect fundamental rights, and take up appeals from high courts and other tribunals. Its judgments are binding on all courts in the country.
The document discusses the role and structure of the judiciary in India. It notes that the judiciary enforces the rule of law and equal application of laws through a system of courts. It then describes the roles of the judiciary as resolving disputes, interpreting the constitution and protecting fundamental rights. It outlines the structure of courts from district courts up to the Supreme Court. It also distinguishes between civil and criminal law. The document emphasizes that while in principle all citizens can access courts, in reality access is difficult for many poor citizens, though public interest litigation has helped address this.
The document discusses the judiciary system in India. It begins by defining the judiciary as the system of courts and judges in a country. It then discusses the role of the judiciary in dispute resolution, judicial review, and upholding fundamental rights. The structure of courts in India is also summarized, including the Supreme Court, high courts, and subordinate courts. The appellate system which allows appealing decisions of lower courts to higher courts is also briefly described.
DescriptionThe Supreme Court of India is the premier judicial court under the Constitution of India. It is the highest constitutional court and has the power of judicial review.
The Indian judicial system has a single integrated structure with the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts in each state, and subordinate courts below the High Courts. It ensures an independent judiciary through measures like secure appointment and salaries of judges. The Supreme Court acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution and has powers like judicial review to evaluate the constitutionality of laws. High Courts also exercise judicial review and help resolve disputes between states and between states and the central government. The judiciary acts as protector of fundamental rights and citizens can approach courts to seek constitutional remedies.
The Indian judicial system has a single integrated structure with the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts in each state, and subordinate courts below the High Courts. It ensures an independent judiciary through measures like secure appointment and salaries of judges. The Supreme Court acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution and has powers like judicial review to evaluate the constitutionality of laws. High Courts also exercise judicial review and help resolve disputes between states and between states and the central government. The judiciary acts as protector of fundamental rights and citizens can approach courts for constitutional remedies.
The document provides an introduction to the Indian constitution. It discusses several key topics:
- The nature of the Indian constitution is described as quasi-federal, with some federal elements but overall more power given to the central government.
- The preamble establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic to secure justice, liberty, equality and dignity for all citizens.
- The sources that influenced the Indian constitution included previous British rule in India, other countries like the US, Ireland and Canada.
- Salient features include being one of the longest constitutions, a combination of rigidity and flexibility for amendments, an independent judiciary, fundamental rights and duties for citizens, and emergency powers.
The document provides information on the Indian judiciary system, including its hierarchy and evolution. It discusses the following key points:
1) The Indian judiciary system is hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts, and then District Courts and subordinate courts.
2) The evolution of the Indian judiciary can be classified into four phases - from a textual approach to a more structuralist one, then dealing with increased heterogeneity, and most recently pursuing social transformation.
3) The document outlines the key functions and powers of the different levels of courts, including their original and appellate jurisdiction. It provides details on the establishment and jurisdiction of High Courts across various states in India.
The document discusses the Indian judiciary system. It provides details about the Supreme Court of India, including its establishment under the constitution, current number of judges, qualifications for appointment of Chief Justice and other judges. It also describes the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court, including the power of judicial review and public interest litigation. The concept of judicial activism is explained through examples. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013 which established an anti-corruption ombudsman is also briefly outlined.
The judicial system in India has a single integrated structure with the Supreme Court at the apex, High Courts at the state level, and district courts at the local level. It also provides for an independent and powerful judiciary to act as guardian of the Constitution. The Supreme Court currently has 29 judges including the Chief Justice, who is currently Justice Uday Umesh Lalit but will soon be replaced by Justice Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud. The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction and its decisions have binding precedent. Below the High Courts are subordinate courts that deal with various cases. India has a separation of powers between the judiciary, executive, and legislature to maintain independence of the courts.
The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world, containing 395 articles and 12 schedules. It draws from multiple sources like the Government of India Act of 1935. The constitution establishes a federal system with both unitary and federal features, including a strong central government and all-India administrative services. It implements a parliamentary form of government with an executive branch drawn from the legislature. The constitution also balances parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy through the power of judicial review. It creates an independent and integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top.
This document discusses the concept of judicial review in India. It defines judicial review as the power of courts to review laws enacted by the legislature and declare them unconstitutional. It outlines that judicial review originated in the US and was later incorporated into the Indian constitution. The document discusses important cases where judicial review was exercised in India and explains that the power helps maintain the balance of federalism and protect fundamental rights. It also lists the relevant constitutional provisions and scope of judicial review in India.
Role of Judiciary In Strengthening Democracy in IndiaIshan Bhavsar
Role of Judiciary In Strengthening Democracy in India.
Deals with how the independent Indian Judiciary has helped maintain a democratic state as vast & mighty and culturally different as India all together as a single nation.
Grade 10 Civics Project, made by Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
Constitution of india- A melting pot of constitutionsPrati Jain
The presentation talks about the formation of indian constitution, focusing on its various aspects as being inspired from various other constitutions of world. It was a class assignment. :)
The document discusses the three branches of power in Nepal - legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch makes laws through the Constituent Assembly. The executive branch is headed by a Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, and interprets laws and hears civil and criminal cases. Each branch has separate powers and provides checks and balances on the other branches under Nepal's system of governance.
The document provides an overview of the judicial system of India, including:
- The history of the system from ancient times through British rule to the post-independence era.
- The structure of the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, and including high courts, subordinate courts like district courts, and village courts.
- Details on the appointment and removal of judges at different levels of the system.
- An explanation of the relationship between the judiciary and the Constitution of India, with the judiciary serving as guardian of the constitution.
The document provides information about the three branches of the US government as established by the Constitution:
1) The legislative branch is Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate, which has the power to create and pass laws.
2) The executive branch is led by the President, who enforces laws and commands the military.
3) The judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, which interpret laws and the Constitution.
The Indian Judiciary is a system of courts that interpret and apply the law i...AsifShaikh623674
The Indian Judiciary is a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Republic of India. India uses a common law system, first introduced by the British East India Company and with influence from other colonial powers and Indian princely states, as well as practices from ancient and medieval times. The constitution provides for a single unified judiciary in India.
The Indian judicial system is managed and administrated by officers. Judges of Subordinate Judiciaries are appointed by the governor on recommendation by the High Court. Judges of the High Courts and Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a collegium.
The Indian Constitution has several key features:
- It is the longest written constitution in the world, drawing from various international models.
- It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government.
- It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens and establishes an independent judiciary with the power of judicial review.
- Other features include a federal structure, an independent election commission, provisions for amendment, and recognition of local self-governance.
The judiciary in India has a hierarchical structure of courts with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts in each state and union territory. Below the High Courts are district courts and subordinate courts that handle civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Court has original and appellate jurisdiction and ensures the independence of the judiciary from the legislature and executive. Key functions of the Indian judiciary include upholding the constitution, resolving disputes, protecting fundamental rights, assisting in lawmaking, and interpreting laws.
Graphs are non-linear data structures used to represent connections between pairs of elements called nodes. Nodes represent real-world objects and edges represent the connections between nodes. Graphs can be used to model transportation networks, social networks, and more. There are different types of graphs including directed graphs, undirected graphs, weighted graphs, and more. Common graph algorithms include depth-first search, breadth-first search, topological sorting, minimum spanning trees, and more which have various applications.
This document discusses various non-linear data structures including AVL trees, splay trees, B-trees, and red-black trees. It provides information on their properties, rotations, insertion, deletion, and search operations. AVL trees are self-balancing binary search trees that balance after each insertion or deletion. Splay trees dynamically balance trees by rotating nodes to the root after access. B-trees are balanced m-way search trees used for external storage, with nodes containing multiple sorted keys. Red-black trees are self-balancing binary search trees that use color attributes to balance rotations.
The document discusses the role and structure of the judiciary in India. It notes that the judiciary enforces the rule of law and equal application of laws through a system of courts. It then describes the roles of the judiciary as resolving disputes, interpreting the constitution and protecting fundamental rights. It outlines the structure of courts from district courts up to the Supreme Court. It also distinguishes between civil and criminal law. The document emphasizes that while in principle all citizens can access courts, in reality access is difficult for many poor citizens, though public interest litigation has helped address this.
The document discusses the judiciary system in India. It begins by defining the judiciary as the system of courts and judges in a country. It then discusses the role of the judiciary in dispute resolution, judicial review, and upholding fundamental rights. The structure of courts in India is also summarized, including the Supreme Court, high courts, and subordinate courts. The appellate system which allows appealing decisions of lower courts to higher courts is also briefly described.
DescriptionThe Supreme Court of India is the premier judicial court under the Constitution of India. It is the highest constitutional court and has the power of judicial review.
The Indian judicial system has a single integrated structure with the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts in each state, and subordinate courts below the High Courts. It ensures an independent judiciary through measures like secure appointment and salaries of judges. The Supreme Court acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution and has powers like judicial review to evaluate the constitutionality of laws. High Courts also exercise judicial review and help resolve disputes between states and between states and the central government. The judiciary acts as protector of fundamental rights and citizens can approach courts to seek constitutional remedies.
The Indian judicial system has a single integrated structure with the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts in each state, and subordinate courts below the High Courts. It ensures an independent judiciary through measures like secure appointment and salaries of judges. The Supreme Court acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution and has powers like judicial review to evaluate the constitutionality of laws. High Courts also exercise judicial review and help resolve disputes between states and between states and the central government. The judiciary acts as protector of fundamental rights and citizens can approach courts for constitutional remedies.
The document provides an introduction to the Indian constitution. It discusses several key topics:
- The nature of the Indian constitution is described as quasi-federal, with some federal elements but overall more power given to the central government.
- The preamble establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic to secure justice, liberty, equality and dignity for all citizens.
- The sources that influenced the Indian constitution included previous British rule in India, other countries like the US, Ireland and Canada.
- Salient features include being one of the longest constitutions, a combination of rigidity and flexibility for amendments, an independent judiciary, fundamental rights and duties for citizens, and emergency powers.
The document provides information on the Indian judiciary system, including its hierarchy and evolution. It discusses the following key points:
1) The Indian judiciary system is hierarchical, with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts, and then District Courts and subordinate courts.
2) The evolution of the Indian judiciary can be classified into four phases - from a textual approach to a more structuralist one, then dealing with increased heterogeneity, and most recently pursuing social transformation.
3) The document outlines the key functions and powers of the different levels of courts, including their original and appellate jurisdiction. It provides details on the establishment and jurisdiction of High Courts across various states in India.
The document discusses the Indian judiciary system. It provides details about the Supreme Court of India, including its establishment under the constitution, current number of judges, qualifications for appointment of Chief Justice and other judges. It also describes the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court, including the power of judicial review and public interest litigation. The concept of judicial activism is explained through examples. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013 which established an anti-corruption ombudsman is also briefly outlined.
The judicial system in India has a single integrated structure with the Supreme Court at the apex, High Courts at the state level, and district courts at the local level. It also provides for an independent and powerful judiciary to act as guardian of the Constitution. The Supreme Court currently has 29 judges including the Chief Justice, who is currently Justice Uday Umesh Lalit but will soon be replaced by Justice Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud. The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction and its decisions have binding precedent. Below the High Courts are subordinate courts that deal with various cases. India has a separation of powers between the judiciary, executive, and legislature to maintain independence of the courts.
The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world, containing 395 articles and 12 schedules. It draws from multiple sources like the Government of India Act of 1935. The constitution establishes a federal system with both unitary and federal features, including a strong central government and all-India administrative services. It implements a parliamentary form of government with an executive branch drawn from the legislature. The constitution also balances parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy through the power of judicial review. It creates an independent and integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top.
This document discusses the concept of judicial review in India. It defines judicial review as the power of courts to review laws enacted by the legislature and declare them unconstitutional. It outlines that judicial review originated in the US and was later incorporated into the Indian constitution. The document discusses important cases where judicial review was exercised in India and explains that the power helps maintain the balance of federalism and protect fundamental rights. It also lists the relevant constitutional provisions and scope of judicial review in India.
Role of Judiciary In Strengthening Democracy in IndiaIshan Bhavsar
Role of Judiciary In Strengthening Democracy in India.
Deals with how the independent Indian Judiciary has helped maintain a democratic state as vast & mighty and culturally different as India all together as a single nation.
Grade 10 Civics Project, made by Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
Constitution of india- A melting pot of constitutionsPrati Jain
The presentation talks about the formation of indian constitution, focusing on its various aspects as being inspired from various other constitutions of world. It was a class assignment. :)
The document discusses the three branches of power in Nepal - legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch makes laws through the Constituent Assembly. The executive branch is headed by a Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, and interprets laws and hears civil and criminal cases. Each branch has separate powers and provides checks and balances on the other branches under Nepal's system of governance.
The document provides an overview of the judicial system of India, including:
- The history of the system from ancient times through British rule to the post-independence era.
- The structure of the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, and including high courts, subordinate courts like district courts, and village courts.
- Details on the appointment and removal of judges at different levels of the system.
- An explanation of the relationship between the judiciary and the Constitution of India, with the judiciary serving as guardian of the constitution.
The document provides information about the three branches of the US government as established by the Constitution:
1) The legislative branch is Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate, which has the power to create and pass laws.
2) The executive branch is led by the President, who enforces laws and commands the military.
3) The judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, which interpret laws and the Constitution.
The Indian Judiciary is a system of courts that interpret and apply the law i...AsifShaikh623674
The Indian Judiciary is a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Republic of India. India uses a common law system, first introduced by the British East India Company and with influence from other colonial powers and Indian princely states, as well as practices from ancient and medieval times. The constitution provides for a single unified judiciary in India.
The Indian judicial system is managed and administrated by officers. Judges of Subordinate Judiciaries are appointed by the governor on recommendation by the High Court. Judges of the High Courts and Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a collegium.
The Indian Constitution has several key features:
- It is the longest written constitution in the world, drawing from various international models.
- It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government.
- It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens and establishes an independent judiciary with the power of judicial review.
- Other features include a federal structure, an independent election commission, provisions for amendment, and recognition of local self-governance.
The judiciary in India has a hierarchical structure of courts with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts in each state and union territory. Below the High Courts are district courts and subordinate courts that handle civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Court has original and appellate jurisdiction and ensures the independence of the judiciary from the legislature and executive. Key functions of the Indian judiciary include upholding the constitution, resolving disputes, protecting fundamental rights, assisting in lawmaking, and interpreting laws.
Graphs are non-linear data structures used to represent connections between pairs of elements called nodes. Nodes represent real-world objects and edges represent the connections between nodes. Graphs can be used to model transportation networks, social networks, and more. There are different types of graphs including directed graphs, undirected graphs, weighted graphs, and more. Common graph algorithms include depth-first search, breadth-first search, topological sorting, minimum spanning trees, and more which have various applications.
This document discusses various non-linear data structures including AVL trees, splay trees, B-trees, and red-black trees. It provides information on their properties, rotations, insertion, deletion, and search operations. AVL trees are self-balancing binary search trees that balance after each insertion or deletion. Splay trees dynamically balance trees by rotating nodes to the root after access. B-trees are balanced m-way search trees used for external storage, with nodes containing multiple sorted keys. Red-black trees are self-balancing binary search trees that use color attributes to balance rotations.
The document outlines the syllabus for the II Year / III Semester 20IT302 - C++ AND DATA STRUCTURES course. It covers 5 units - (1) Object Oriented Programming Fundamentals, (2) Object Oriented Programming Concepts, (3) C++ Programming Advanced Features, (4) Advanced Non-Linear Data Structures, and (5) Graphs. Some key concepts covered include classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, templates, containers, iterators, trees, and graph algorithms.
The document discusses several advanced C++ programming concepts including abstract classes, exception handling, standard libraries, templates, and containers. It defines abstract classes as classes that contain pure virtual functions and cannot be instantiated. Exception handling allows programs to continue running or terminate gracefully after errors using try, catch, and throw blocks. The standard library provides common functions and classes for input/output, strings, and containers. Templates allow writing generic and reusable code for different data types, including class templates and function templates. The Standard Template Library includes common containers like vectors, lists, and maps that store and organize data using templates and iterators.
This document discusses object oriented programming concepts in C++ including string handling, copy constructors, polymorphism, and dynamic memory allocation. It provides examples of:
1) Using string class functions like append(), find(), length(), replace(), and swap() as well as string operators like =, +, +=, ==, <, and >.
2) Defining and using a copy constructor to initialize an object using another object of the same class.
3) Compile-time polymorphism through function and operator overloading allowing functions or operators to work with multiple types.
4) Dynamic memory allocation using new and delete to allocate and free memory for objects at runtime rather than compile-time.
1. The document provides historical background on the development of the Indian constitution, beginning with British rule and various acts that led to independence and the formation of the constitution.
2. It discusses the making of the Indian constitution from 1946-1950, highlighting key committees and individuals involved in drafting it like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
3. The preamble of the Indian constitution outlines objectives of justice, equality, and fraternity and establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic.
The document discusses the federal system in India. It outlines the division of powers between the central and state governments as laid out in the constitution. The central government has powers listed in the Union List, states have powers in the State List, and both have concurrent powers in the Concurrent List. Residuary powers primarily rest with the central government. The distribution of powers aims to balance unity and diversity in India.
The document discusses the powers and functions of the President and Prime Minister of India. It covers:
- The President's executive, legislative, financial, emergency and other powers.
- The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and advises the President on key appointments. As the leader of the Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister guides the administration.
- The relationship between the President and Prime Minister is defined in the Constitution - the President exercises powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of state and local governments in India. It outlines that state governments have an executive branch headed by a governor and chief minister. States have a legislative assembly elected for 5 years, with some states also having an upper house. Local governments are comprised of Panchayats at village level and municipalities that govern towns and cities. Panchayats are constituted by gram sabhas, panchayat samitis and zilla parishads. Municipalities take responsibility for services like police, parks and public works.
The document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses that Python is an interpreted, high-level and general-purpose programming language. It describes Python's history and mentions some of its key features like being easy to learn and use, having extensive libraries, and being free and open source. The document also covers Python data types like integers, floats, strings; variables and expressions; and input/output functions. It provides examples of Python code for basic operations like arithmetic, strings, and input from the user.
This document discusses files and exception handling in Python. It begins by defining files and describing different types of files like data, text, and program files. It then covers topics like sequential and random file access, opening and closing files, reading and writing to files, and using file dialogs. The document also discusses retrieving data from the web using functions like urlopen. Finally, it defines exceptions and different types of errors like syntax, runtime, and logical errors. It explains how to handle exceptions in Python using try/except blocks and predefined or user-defined exceptions.
The document discusses various Python control structures and functions. It begins by explaining selection structures like if, if-else, and elif statements used for decision making. It then covers iteration structures like while and for loops. Next, it discusses function definition, calling functions, passing arguments, and returning values. Finally, it explains recursion, modularization using modules, and abstraction in functions.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Python including:
- Classes define templates for objects with attributes and methods. Objects are instances of classes.
- The __init__ method initializes attributes when an object is constructed.
- Classes can make attributes private using double underscores. Encapsulation hides implementation details.
- Objects can be mutable, allowing state changes, or immutable like strings which cannot change.
- Inheritance allows subclasses to extend and modify parent class behavior through polymorphism.
The document provides information about various Python data structures concepts related to lists. It discusses list basics like creating, accessing and updating lists. It also covers list methods like append(), pop(), sort() etc. and how to pass, return and search lists in functions. Key topics include list operations, looping through lists, copying lists, multidimensional lists and comparing performance of lists and tuples.
The document discusses fundamentals of computer programming. It covers topics like computer systems, hardware, software, data representation, number systems, programming fundamentals, the program development life cycle, algorithms, control structures, flow charts, and pseudo code. It also discusses the components of a computer system including input/output units, the central processing unit, and memory. The central processing unit contains a control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers.
The document provides an overview of the basics of C programming, including:
- C is a general-purpose, block-structured, procedural programming language. It has features of both high-level and low-level languages.
- The main data types in C are integer, floating point, character, and void. Variables and constants are also introduced.
- Operators in C include arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, and bitwise operators.
- The document discusses various C programming concepts like identifiers, keywords, tokens, data types, variables, constants, and operators in detail with examples.
The document provides information about strings, functions, and their operations in C programming. It discusses strings as character arrays, reading string input, lists of strings, and various string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), etc. It also covers the basics of functions including declaration, definition, parameters, return types, and function calls. The document presents examples of various string and function concepts in C code snippets.
This document discusses various C programming concepts related to structures, unions, files, and the preprocessor. It defines structures and unions, and describes how to declare structure variables, initialize structures, use structures with functions, and create nested and self-referential structures. It also covers the different storage classes in C and provides examples of preprocessor directives like #include, #define, and #ifdef. Finally, it discusses file handling in C, including opening, reading, writing and closing files, and some common file functions like fopen(), fclose(), fprintf(), and fscanf().
This document discusses arrays and pointers in C programming. It begins by defining arrays as a collection of homogeneous data stored under a common name. It then covers single dimensional arrays, multidimensional arrays, pointers, void pointers, null pointers, and the relationship between arrays and pointers. It provides examples of array declaration, initialization, and accessing elements. It also discusses pointers, dereferencing, pointer arithmetic, arrays of pointers, and pointers to arrays.
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UNIT 4.pptx
1. Unit IV
JUDICIARY
Organization and Composition of Judiciary – Constitution – Appointment
- Qualifications - Powers and functions of the supreme court– High
courts – Control over subordinate courts.
2. Organization and Composition of Judiciary
• Many times, courts are seen only as arbitrators in disputes between
individuals or private parties.
• But judiciary performs some political functions also. Judiciary is an
important organ of the government.
• The Supreme Court of India is in fact, one of the very powerful
courts in the world.
• Right from 1950 the judiciary has played an important role in
interpreting and in protecting the Constitution.
Organization
3. WHY DO WE NEED AN INDEPENDENT
JUDICIARY?
• All disputes must be settled by an independent body in accordance
with the principle of rule of law.
• This idea of rule of law implies that all individuals — rich and poor,
men or women, forward or backward castes — are subjected to the
same law.
• The principal role of the judiciary is to protect rule of law and ensure
supremacy of law. It.
• It safeguards rights of the individual, settles disputes in accordance
with the law and ensures that democracy does not give way to
individual or group dictatorship.
Organization
4. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY
• the other organs of the government like the executive and legislature
must not restrain the functioning of the judiciary in such a way that
it is unable to do justice.
• the other organs of the government should not interfere with the
decision of the judiciary.
• judges must be able to perform their functions without fear or
favour.
• Judiciary is a part of the democratic political structure of the
country.
Organization
5. How can the independence of judiciary be
provided and protected?
• The Indian Constitution has ensured the independence of the
judiciary through a number of measures.
• The legislature is not involved in the process of appointment of
judges.
• In order to be appointed as a judge, a person must have experience
as a lawyer and/or must be well versed in law.
• The judges have a fixed tenure.
• They hold office till reaching the age of retirement. Only in
exceptional cases, judges may be removed. But otherwise, they have
security of tenure.
Organization
6. • Security of tenure ensures that judges could function without fear or
favour.
• The Constitution prescribes a very difficult procedure for removal of
judges.
• The judiciary is not financially dependent on either the executive or
legislature.
• The Constitution provides that the salaries and allowances of the
judges are not subjected to the approval of the legislature.
7. • The judiciary has the power to penalise those who are found guilty of
contempt of court.
• This authority of the court is seen as an effective protection to the
judges from unfair criticism.
8. Unit IV
JUDICIARY
Organization and Composition of Judiciary – Constitution –
Appointment - Qualifications - Powers and functions of the supreme
court– High courts – Control over subordinate courts.
Constitution
9. 1. Composition:
• Art124 of the constitution provides that there shall be supreme court
of India with consisting of chief Justice and seven judges.
• Further it says Parliament by law may increase the number of
judges.
• The supreme court of present comprises 25 judges including chief
Justice of India.
Constitution
10. 2. Appointment of Judges:
• Art 124 (2) Provides that judge of supreme court shall be appointed
by the president of India after consultation with the Judges of the
supreme court and of the High courts. In case of chief Justice
appointment the president may not consult other judges.
• After 1993, Supreme Court decision it is now convention that senior
most judge of Supreme Court becomes chief Justice of India. nd of
the High courts.
Constitution
11. 3. Qualifications for appointment of Judges:
• Act 123 provides following qualification
• a.He must be a citizen of India
• b. He has been Judge of a High court for at least five yeas
continuously; or he has been on advocate of High court for at
least ten years continuously or he is in the opinion of the
President of India a distinguished jurist.
Constitution
12. 4. Tenure:
• A person continues as judge of Supreme Court during his good
behaviour or till he attains 65 years, whichever is earlier.
Constitution
13. 5. Removal:
• Under Article 124 a Supreme Court Judge can be removed on the
grounds of misbehaviour or incapacity only.
• The procedure to remove a judge is called impeachment' Any house
can initiate impeachment motion and if it is passed by 2/3 rd
majority in each house the judge will be removed.
Constitution
14. 6. Immunities:
• Action and decisions of the judges in their official capacity are
immune from criticism.
• Under Article 121 conduct of Supreme Court judge cannot be
questioned in parliament.
Constitution
15. Unit IV
JUDICIARY
Organization and Composition of Judiciary – Constitution –
Appointment - Qualifications - Powers and functions of the supreme
court– High courts – Control over subordinate courts.
Constitution
16. Appointment of Judges
• The appointment of judges has never been free from political
controversy. It is part of the political process.
• It makes a difference who serves in the Supreme Court and High
Court—
17. • As far as the appointment of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is
concerned, over the years, a convention had developed whereby the
senior-most judge of the Supreme Court was appointed as the Chief
Justice of India. n how the Constitution is interpreted.
• This convention was however broken twice. In 1973 A. N. Ray was
appointed as CJI superseding three senior Judges. Again, Justice M.H.
Beg was appointed superseding Justice H.R. Khanna (1975).
18. • The other Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court are
appointed by the President after ‘consulting’ the CJI.
• This matter came up before the Supreme Court again and again
between 1982 and 1998. Initially, the court felt that role of the Chief
Justice was purely consultative.
19. • Then it took the view that the opinion of the Chief Justice must be
followed by the President.
• Finally, the Supreme Court has come up with a novel procedure: it
has suggested that the Chief Justice should recommend names of
persons to be appointed in consultation with four senior-most
judges of the Court.
• At the moment therefore, in matters of appointment the decision of
the group of senior judges of the Supreme Court carries greater
weight.
20. Removal of Judges
• The removal of judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts is
also extremely difficult.
• A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be removed only on
the ground of proven misbehaviour or incapacity.
• A motion containing the charges against the judge must be approved
by special majority in both Houses of the Parliament
21. STRUCTURE OF THE JUDICIARY
• The Constitution of India provides for a single integrated judicial
system. This means that unlike some other federal countries of the
world, India does not have separate State courts.
• The structure of the judiciary in India is pyramidal with the Supreme
Court at the top, High Courts below them and district and
subordinate courts at the lowest level (see the diagram below). The
lower courts function under the direct superintendence of the higher
courts.
24. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM
• In the 1980s weakening of congress rule increased regional
politics growing corruption and criminalisation, decline of
parliament etc.
• The welfare state was failing to deliver promises
• The parliament and the Executive were lacking the will and
efficiency Difficult to implement public policies.
• In the scenario the Supreme Court assumed the role to itself of
acting as guardian of the poor and deprived sections of the society,
25. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM
• The SC started looking into issues related to
• poverty,
• public service,
• corruption,
• rights of dalits,
• adivasis women and children,
• environmental protection, labour problems etc.
• This was done through the mechanism of public Interest Litigation.
(PIL).
26. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM
• Judicial Activism started due to eminent judges like Justice Bhagwati
and Justice Krishna Iyer who believed that it is the duty of Supreme
Court to protect the rights of the weaker sections of the society
through judicial means.
• Judicial activism played vital role in reinforcing constitutional values
that were flouted by the executive and legislature
27. JUDICIARY AND RIGHTS
• First it can restore fundamental rights by issuing writs of Habeas Corpus;
mandamus etc. (article 32). The High Courts also have the power to issue
such writs (article 226).
• Mandamus - 'Mandamus' means 'we command'. It is issued by the Court
to direct a public authority to perform the legal duties which it has not or
refused to perform.
• Secondly, the Supreme Court can declare the concerned law as
unconstitutional and therefore non-operational (article 13).
• Together these two provisions of the Constitution establish the Supreme
Court as the protector of fundamental rights of the citizen on the one hand
and interpreter of Constitution on the other. The second of the two ways
mentioned above involves judicial review.
28. • Perhaps the most important power of the Supreme Court is the
power of judicial review.
• Judicial Review means the power of the Supreme Court (or High
Courts) to examine the constitutionality of any law if the Court
arrives at the conclusion that the law is inconsistent with the
provisions of the Constitution, such a law is declared as
unconstitutional and inapplicable.
• The term judicial review is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution.
29. JUDICIARY AND PARLIAMENT
• The court has been active in seeking to prevent subversion of the
Constitution through political practice.
• Many Instances SCDirections given to Executive
Agencies.(Administration of Justice)
30. JUDICIARY AND PARLIAMENT
• directions to CBI to initiate investigations against politicians and
bureaucrats in the hawala case.
• the Narasimha Rao case, illegal allotment of petrol pumps case etc.
• The Indian Constitution is based on a delicate principle of limited
separation of powers and checks and balances. This means that each
organ of the government has a clear area of functioning.
31. JUDICIARY AND PARLIAMENT
• During the period 1967 and 1973, this controversy became very
serious.
• Apart from
• land reform laws,
• laws enforcing preventive detention,
• laws governing reservations in jobs,
• regulations acquiring private property for public purposes,
• and laws deciding the compensation for such acquisition of private
property were some instances of the conflict between the
legislature and the judiciary.
32. JUDICIARY AND PARLIAMENT
• In 1973, the Supreme Court gave a decision that has become very
important in regulating the relations between the Parliament and the
Judiciary since then.
• This case is famous as the Kesavananda Bharati case. In this case, the
Court ruled that there is a basic structure of the Constitution and
nobody—not even the Parliament (through amendment)—can
violate the basic structure.
33. FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF SUPREME COURT
• 1. Original Jurisdiction:
• Article 131 deals with original jurisdiction.
• disputes between Union and the states, Government of India and
government of states or between two or more states.
• If a suit is brought against government by private party it cannot be
tolerated.
34. • 2. Writ Jurisdiction:
• If there is violation of fundamental rights a person under Article
32 can ask the Supreme Court to issue writs. But this applies only
if fundamental rights of a person are infringed.
35. • 3. Appellate Jurisdiction:
• Supreme Court is a court of appeal. When lower or High court gives a
judgments the person can appeal to the supreme court against the
judgment of the lower court.
• Supreme Court can be made in three type of cases.
a. Cases involving interpretation of the constitution
b. Civil cases, irrespective of any constitutional question
c. Criminal cases, irrespective of any constitutional question
36. 4. Appeal by special Leave: There may be some instance where
Supreme Court may interfere with the judgment of High Court or
tribunals where the question of justice is involved. Such residuary
power is given to Supreme Court under Article 136.
5. Advisory Jurisdiction: In some circumstance the President may refer
the matter to Supreme Court to seek opinion.
37. 6. Court of Record: All the proceedings of the Supreme Court are
recorded and assume the form of case law. Such decisions are binding
on all courts in India.
38. SUBORDINATE COURTS
• 233. Appointment of district judges.
• 233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered
by, certain district judges.
• 234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial
service.
• 235. Control over subordinate courts.
• 236. Interpretation.
• 237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or
classes of magistrates